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HomeMy Public PortalAbout1993-11-18 TRAFFIC & PARKING COMMISSION0 0 AGENDA ITEMS FOR CONSIDERATION AT THE REGULAR MEETING OF THE LYNWOOD TRAFFIC AND PARKING COMMISSION TO BE HELD ON NOVEMBER 18, 1993 AT 6:00 P.M. OPENING CEREMONIES 1. CALL FOR ORDER — CHAIRMAN DELMAR CABARET 2. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF POSTING 4. ROLL CALL OF COMMISSIONERS DELMAR CABARET EDMOND R. ARCHAMBAULT WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM JOE DARYL BATTLE EDWARD PACHECO 5. APPROVAL OF MINUTES / r RECEIVED CITY OF LYNW( c 0 CITY CLERKS OFFICE NOV 15 1993 AM PM 71819110111112111213141$16 .t9 SCHEDULED MATTERS 6. REQUEST FOR VACATION OF ALLEY EASEMENT, FIRST ALLEY EAST OF ALAMEDA STREET BETWEEN 109TH AND 110TH STREET. 7. REQUEST FOR OVERWEIGHT /OVERSIZED VEHICLE STUDY. PUBLIC ORAL COMMUNICATIONS INFORMATIONAL ITEMS COMMISSION ORAL COMMUNICATIONS ADJOURNMENT T07 -229 0 A REGULAR MEETING OF THE TRAFFIC AND PARKING COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF LYNWOOD October 28, 1993 A regular meeting of the Traffic and Parking Commission of the City of Lynwood was held on Thursday, October 28, 1993. The meeting was called to order at 6:00 p.m. in the City Council Chambers at 11330 Bullis Road in the City of Lynwood, California. CALL TO ORDER The meeting was called to order by Chairman Delmar Cabaret. Commissioners, Edmond R. Archambault, William Cunningham, Edward Pacheco, Joe D. Battle and Chairman Cabaret answered roll call. Emilio M. Murga, Director of Public Works was also present. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE The pledge of allegiance was led by Commissioner Cunningham. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF POSTING Mr. Murga announced that the agenda of October 28, 1993 was duly posted on October 25, 1993. APPROVED OF MINUTES Commissioner Archambault moved to approve the minutes, Commissioner Pacheco seconded the motion and the minutes were approved. SCHEDULED MATTERS 6. Election of new officers for the year 1994 of the Traffic and Parking Commission. Commissioner William Cunningham made a motion to nominate Delmar Cabaret for a second term as Chairman, Commissioner Edward Pacheco seconded the motion, the motion passed unanimously. Commissioner Cunningham made a motion to nominate Edward Pacheco as Vice - Chair. Commissioner Archambault seconded the motion and the motion passed unanimously. 0 7. Request for vacation of alley easement - first alley South of Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, between the first alley East of Atlantic Avenue and Virginia Avenue. Commissioner Cunningham wondered why the alley was put in since it was not needed for circulation or access. Commissioner Cunningham made a motion to support the vacation of the alley. Commissioner Archambault seconded the motion, and the motion passed unanimously. 8. Request for overweight /oversized vehicle study. Request for overweight /oversized vehicle study. Staff explained that at the last City Council meeting, there were some complaints regarding trucks parking. Acting City Manager Chief Wallace asked that the Traffic and Parking Commission review the city ordinance and bring back recommendations to council. Chairman Cabaret said a problem with the ordinance was that it wasn't being enforced. He said he read the city of Lomita Vision Safety Ordinance and wanted something similar. Cabaret said he would also like to see a time limit and would like to see an exemption for recreational vehicles. Commissioner Cunningham said something should be done about large trucks parking on residential property . Cunningham said this is a big problem, since some businesses find it easier to park at home that at place of business. He also said that a lot of the complaints have to do with enforcing the current ordinance. Commissioner Cunningham also mentioned the truck routes would have to be changed due to the opening of the I -105 freeway. Commissioner Pacheco mentioned that a big problem is that parking enforcement only works four days a week and should work 7 days a week. The Traffic and Parking Commission agreed that the following items should be incorporated into the Lynwood Ordinance and be brought back to the commission for review. They are: 1. Adding height and time limits on trucks parked on residential streets. 2. Adding a no parking restriction for trucks on private property in residential areas. 3. Modifying the truck route due to the opening of the I -105 freeway. 0 9 Staff will review the commissions recommendations and bring back the item at the next Traffic and Parking Commission meeting. PUBLIC ORALS COMMUNICATION None INFORMATIONAL ITEMS Staff reviewed the status of ongoing capital improvement projects including: Reconstruction of Palm and El Segundo 1993 Tree Planting project awarding Atlantic Avenue Reconstruction Imperial Highway widening Slurry seal project The Public Works monthly report for the month of September was attached for review. COMMISSIONER ORALS Commissioner Archambault was concerned that Sammons and Sons located at 2815 Los Flores, was being continually broken into. He said that there are people going into the property and taking material and equipment from the place. Wants to know if anything can be done about it. Commissioner Archambault also mentioned that at 1154 Penn Street, the lawn is not being maintained or watered. Would lice Code Enforcement to be notified to take appropriate action. Also, a private tree in that same area blocking view /sidewalk still needs to be trimmed. Commissioner Pacheco had no orals. Commissioner Cunningham was concerned that requests from the Traffic and Parking Commission were not being fully addressed. He also noted that some requests to Code Enforcement were not being followed through. He mentioned some items such as Arlington Street limit line, tree needing trimming at Imperial Hwy and Cornish Avenue, the letter to Bernie Lake addressing the no U -Turn on Long Beach Blvd at Imperial Hwy and the guy wire at the Frontier Food Market. Commissioner Cunningham asked what the white marks where labeled USA in the streets. It was explained by Mr. Murga that the white markings indicated the area that is to be excavated, so utilities could be marked accordingly. 0 0 Commissioner Cunningham inquired as to who was in charge of the Positive Motion program. He had some concerns and said the program should be looked at. Said maybe some seniors would volunteer their time to help with the program. Chairman Cabaret said that the Third Lane on Imperial seems necessary at this time in light of the reduced traffic due to the opening of the I -105 Fwy. However, he said that the Long Beach Blvd and Imperial Hwy intersection needs to be looked at to address the new demand for left turns on Imperial for access to the I -105 Fwy. Mr. Murga said that Caltrans will be looking at that area in six (6) months after traffic stabilizes but that staff will look to see if something can be done before then. Chairman Cabaret also said that there are two 55 gallon drums at the corner of Norton and Drury Lane. He said that they have been reported before and have not be removed. A motion was made by Commissioner Pacheco to adjourn the meeting. The motion was seconded by Commissioner Cunningham. It passed unanimously. The meeting was adorned at 7:10 pm. DATE: NOVEMBER 18, 1993 TO: THE HONORABLE CHAIRMAN AND MEMBERS OF THE TRAFFIC AND PARKING COMMISSION FROM: Emilio M. Murga, Director of Public Works Christian Valtierra, PW Division Superviso SUBJECT: Vacation of Alley Easement First Alley East of East Alameda Street Between 109th Street and 110th Street PURPOSE: To recommend that Traffic and Parking Commission support the vacation and abandoning of the first alley east of East Alameda Street, between 109th Street and 110th Street. BACKGROUND: The above mentioned alley is being proposed to be vacated as part of the city's ongoing alley vacation program to vacate alleys in the city that are not needed for circulation or access purpose. ANALYSIS: Based on an investigation conducted by the Engineering Division, it has been determined that the alley is not needed for access or circulation purposes and that utility easements will be maintained for all existing utilities in the alley. The item will be taken to City Council in the near future and a public hearing on the matter will be held by the City Council before making the final decision on the proposed alley vacation. RECOMMENDATION: To recommend that Traffic and Parking Commission support the vacation and abandoning of the first alley east of East Alameda Street, between 109th Street and 110th Street. tll -710 DATE: NOVEMBER 18, 1993 TO: THE HONORABLE CHAIRMAN AND MEMBERS OF THE TRAFFIC AND PARKING COMMISSION FROM: Emilio Murga, Director of Public Works t Christian Valtierra, Public Works Supervisdr SUBJECT: Overweight /Oversize Vehicle Study PURPOSE To recommend that the Traffic and Parking Commission review proposed changes to the Overweight /Oversize Vehicle ordinance and make recommendations to City Council. BACKGROUND At its regularly scheduled meeting of October 28, 1993, the Traffic and Parking Commission reviewed various oversize /over weight vehicles ordinances from surrounding cities and requested that changes be made to the existing City ordinance. ANALYSIS 1. Set height limits and time limits on vehicles parking on residential streets. Subsection 7.17 (k) Height and Time Limits on Vehicles Parked in Residential Streets. No person shall stop, park or stand vehicles, including but not limited to vehicles which are six feet or more in height (including any load thereon), for more than three hours, except while necessarily loading or unloading property, or when such parking is reasonably necessary in the performance of a service to or upon the property in the block where the vehicle is parked. 0 2. Set limits on number of parking /citations that will be issued prior to vehicle being towed. Subsection 7.17 (j) Tow Away of Commercial Vehicles. Commercial vehicles described in 7 -17 (h) will be subject to tow away after they have received four or more parking citations within 12 months and whereas all the citations are issued within a radius of 1/4 mile. 3. Prohibit the parking of commercial vehicles on residential streets except for recreational vehicles. Subsection 7 -17 (i) Parking of Commercial Vehicles on Private Property Located in Residential Areas. No person shall park any commercial vehicle, as described in Subsection 7 -17 (h) of this Code, on any private property, where vehicle access made from a street that has not been appropriately designated a "truck route," or located within any residential area, except commercial vehicles registered to public or private schools and /or nonprofit corporations. 4. Modify truck routes in view of opening of I -105 Freeway Add Long Beach Boulevard form Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard to the South City limit to the truck route (see attached map). T07 -283 S afety, New Fuels Drive Techno ■ 7ransportation:Offerings at biannual Tokyo event reveal that Japanese and U.S. firms are moving in same direction. By DAV ID HOLLEY TINES STAFF WNII CH TOKYO —Mazda Motor Corp. is show- ing off its clean - burning hydrogen -pow- cred car Mitsubishi is showcasing an environmentally friendly auto that is powered by batteries for city driving and a gasoline engine for the open road. Dazzling new safety features draw attention to other vehicles —made by Japanese as well as American auto mak- ers—on display through Friday at the 30th Tokyo Motor Show Indeed, that both the Japandse and American manufacturers seem to be going in the same direction may be. the most striking aspect of the biannual auto show To the surprise of some observers the Japanese, who have been struggling with the impact of a worldwide recession. a strong yen and smarter competition from the Americans, show no inclination to stray far from the park. "This show is a very interesting one from the standpoint that the Japanese auto industry really did not produce anything that suggested they were offer- at Adfo Show ing a new direction to explain what their competitive advantage would be In the future," Maryann Keller, managing di- roctor at New York brokerage Furman Selz, said while attending the show All of the world's auto makers see safety and sensitivity to the environment as necessary to compete, she noted. For one thing, governments are mandating new environmental standards. Cahfor- ma—a crucial market —is requiring that by 1998, 2% of cars and trucks produced for sale in the state have zero emissions Makio Sakurazawa, managing ednor of the independent monthly trade journal Japan Automotive News, said Japanese manufacturers will meet the standard not only to sell cars in California, but also - to avoid the negative image of not being able to sell." Said Keller "It's hard for me to see [environment and safety[ as a compet- itive advantage that will be uniquely Japan s " The motor show indicates that recent slow sales and poor profits have taken their toll on Japanese firms, she said. "As I walked through the halls, I felt that the weight of poor car sales was very definite in the atmosphere in the exhibition halt. Japanese auto makers had a price advantage in the 1970s; and a "design and technology" advantage in the 1980s, but now they are "lust sort of muddling along," said Peter Boardman, an auto Please see AUTOS. D6 • �i -tl MONDAT, NOVEMBER 1, 1995 AUTOS: Firms Emphasize New Safety Equipment and Fuels Continued from Dl analyst with UBS Securities in Tokyo. "Maybe the environmental as- pect will he the selling point for them in the 1990s. It's too early to say " This show s focus on environ- ment and safety is markedly dif- ferent from past Tokyo shows, which featured dazzling displays of new cars, especially sports cars and luxury cars," Keller said. The show has plenty of electric car prototypes —the only current technology that would meet the California standard T'oyota's nod to the environment is low - emission compressed natural -gas and lique- tied petroleum gas engines. The flashiest prototypes feature technology that is still years away from widespread commercializa- tion. The Mazda His -XL, powered by a rotas engine tins burns hy- drogen, is one higntight of the show The vehicle, which emits water - vapui as <xhaust, fails short of being entirely pollutant -free, because some engine lubricants burn aluug with the hydrogen fuel. But it is fat cleaner than gasoline - powered cars. Mazda is a recognized leader in developing hydrogen engines. But a host of mvblems remain to be solved, including cost-effective- ness and adjustments for the weight of tic iuil iuei tank. There are alao safety questions to be resolved. given that hy- drogen c highly explosive. On the safety front, American manufacturers at the show are touutig r.ignt vi.iun systenis —de- veloped from military technolo- gy -that track tharmal energy to spot pedestrians or ammals oth- erwise in-isible in the darkness. Soiuc American prototypes at tai sho, :eaturc collision avoid- ance radar that is already begin- ning to find commercial applica- tions. Laser radar scanning that detects obstacles, triggers a warn- ing to the driver and then throws the engine from fourth into third gear has been available as an option on the Mitsubishi Debonair since last October "There have been radar systems on the front of cars, experimental- ly, for I suppose 15 or 20 years," said Thomas W Evernham, senior vice president for engineering, re- search and development at Delco Electronics Corp., a division of General Motors Corp.'s Hughes Aircraft subsidiary "But those things have been technical curiosi- ties and are nowhere near what we are describing today, which is an interactive dynamic system that works." One of Delco's goals, he said, is to commercialize Hughes' military technology, including night vision equipment and radar signal pro- cessing. Two key questions on the minds of auto makers are: What do car buyers mean when they say they want safety? And how well will they be able to adjust to new technology? "The consumer marketplace tells us that they want cars that are safer," Evernham said. "Safe means a very broad range of thmgs —safe from the standpoint of crash - worthiness and security from the standpoint of theft pre- vention. But going well beyond that, I think we're going to see the demands emerge even stronger for cars that don't collide, for cars that aren't a target to be stolen." Some researchers say they are worried about just how well people will adjust to all the things cars should eventually be able to do for them. Automatic braking, for example, may sometimes be a mixed bless- ing, said Yasuo Nakajima, general manager of research at Nissan Motor Co., which is displaying the Nissan AQ -X and Nissan AP -X cars that feature radar collision prevention and automatic braking. "The more we add safety devic- es, the more people lose their safety consciousness," Nak a said. "The more that cars are e safe, the faster people wa to drive. There needs to be prog- ress in people's consciousness to go along with this kind of new tech- nology " — stivEDTIOES /WANeu,n. worker checks hinge seats that will support the Santa Monica Freeway as part of state's technologically advanced earthquake retrofitting project. tting Bridges on Fi file as area that are arthquake damage is en completed. Work has coat $33 million; on another 40 bridges er oundations s ue yr ea tar ecea¢or retroutting were but t main y during the height of freeway construction in the 1950s and 1960s. Those constructed after the 1971 Sylmar earthquake and those built in the 1940s werejudged not to need retrofitting. .54'4�a`e. :.� ...,.- " '•i {d.nr ^,;ri,j'A ..:'+. :. t i.... ..+...,c�.L.. 0 Wety:'Collapsingstructures killed 42 people 'during the Loma Prieta quake, galvanizing a seismic retrofitting effort. The massive Project, although unfinished, has made major improvements. By VIRGINIA ELLIS TIMES STAFF WAITER' - SACRAMENTO —Out of the darkest mo- ment in.lts history, the California Department of Transoortatinn hnv. rnehf . d'.. ., M ti....... cinuaraeaon a retrofitting program of un- precedented scale, conducting new research and ,spending millions of dollars to strengthen rr4ridges. )i J ,Ftom the research, it9has produced new • for toughening Structures, deter - "mined ways to predict how earthquake force, will affect individual bridges grid developed methods for testing the ability of retrofitted 'bridges to withstand the rocking and shaking from temblors. Caltrans has used a variety of new methods to Increase bridge resistance to earthquake forces, lneiuding fitting columns with steel Jacket's, enlarging footings and attaching con- , deete Supports along the adeas of long bridge "In terms of seismic n retrofit there's no question that California is the leader world- wide," said Frieder Settle, professor of struc- tural engineering at UC San Diego, which has done much of thaDeseareh for the state. Please see SEISMIC, Alg S LO 0 W J ✓d-.. S LOS ANGELES TIMES C: Caltrans Is Retrofitting Bridges from Ali no -other country has ed as many bridges as and the program is un- i983'tniWOn has been etrofitthig that is either or well under way on ,ted structures on the at heavily traveled free - hnfittlna strateaim for dch is scheduled to be the dawn of the new umected to reach $1.5 in s in Los Angeles can- amble to, earthquake either under way or contracts for the last a'flve -mile elevated the Santal4onlca Free- hing fie v, the: Harbor the Las Angeles River, ad In late summer, m Franc oic Bay Area, intercharmis and the [eta have also been ed, but the biggest proj. the meet difficult and retrofitting jobs lie r the latter years of the m'have been the state's es, including the San -Oakland *Bay Bridge, complex elevated strue- i forma and one that will $200 million to retrofit. three- believes that resear ed so far since Loma men all the strenathe with you can drive any place ;hway in the elate and ave rock and roll once in I, In my opinion, you're to have e'bridge trage- I in an interview. minutes later, he tem. s optimism slightly course, is no absolute," "But I think we can U', as well as anybody in , that we can prevent JF+ t'tsaye,is the "silver 1 th I' mat Prieto trage- rtha fact that the deaths of 42 people spawned a program that could save thousands of lives. " Indeed, no other natural disaster has had a greater impact on Cal- trans than Loma Prieto, which literally shook the very founda- tions of the agency's road - building program. Until Loma Preta hit on Oct. 17, 1989, only two people had died on California highways as a result of earthquakes. Seismic ret- rofitting was treated as a poor stepsister, underfunded and low in priority compared to other Cal- trans programs. After Loma Prieto, the vulnera- bility of California's bridges was spotlighted around the world. Earthquake safety became a prime goal for Caltrans and the state's political leaders. Then -Gov George Deukmejian appointed a board of inquiry to examine the damage from the quake and make recommendations for changes in the retrofit program. The Legislature ordered Cal- trans to make seismic safety a top priority and set deadlines on bridge retrofitting. In the past, the attitude may have been that seismic retrofit was a necessary evil. The attitude after Loma Prieto was: 'Let's do every- thing we can do to make sure that we never have that kind of disaster again; " said Assembly Transpor- tation Committee Chairmen Rich - ard (D- Sylunar). "In the en- gineering community there became almost a missionary zeal about this earthquake work." With the collapse of a nearly two -mile stretch of the double - deck Nimitz Freeway in Oakland and a 50 -toot section of the Bay bridge's upper deck, Loma Prleta not only exposed structural design problems on the bridges but, even, more important, flaws in the de- partment's entire approach to ret. rofitting. Calling Loma Prieto "a clear and powerful warning;' Deukmejian's panel said Caltrans' retrofitting program had been driven purely by experience. If an earthquake re- vealed a weakness in bridge de- sign, Caltrans would move to cor- rect it. Loma Prieta.showed, the panel said, that those weaknesses had to be uncovered before a quake struck. "Before Loma Prieto they (Cal- trans] would wait to get a kick before they moved. Now that atti- tude's out. That's gone," sod George Roamer, engineering pro- lessor emeritus at Caltech who headed Deukmejlan's Inquiry. As a result, the department de- cided to examine 7,000 of the state's 13,000 bridges, culled those that would need retrofitting and set p riorities for which fi wou first. Initial retrofitting estimates soared from $300 million to $1.5 billion. . A bridge's position on the priori- ty list was determined by its prox- imity to an active fault and the kind of soils that anchored it. Structures nearest faults and on soft soils, like those that anchored the Nimitz, were scheduled for Immediate overhaul. The number of people who could be killed or hurt In a bridge collapse was also calculated, and structures carrying heavy traffic were put high on the list. Likewise, If their collapse could affect another artery -a road or railroad underneath, for example— or if their' closure could cut off access to a hospital or other critical fac0lty, they were given top priori- ty. Consequently, interchanges such the Interstate •10 connection with 1.405 and the 1.405 connec- tion with the 1 -605 were among the first projects completed. T he old engineering designs on each bridge were re- examined and each construction detail was studied for potential weaknesses. Single - column bridges, proven vulnerable In previous earth- quakes, and those with hinges similar to the ones on the Nimitz rose to the top of the list. The year a bridge was designed became important. Those built af- ter the 1971 San Fernando Valley quake, which prompted radical changes In the way Caltrans de- signed bridges, were found to be strong and tough. The same was true of structures built in the 1940s-- before the age of comput- ers, when cautious engineers over - designed bridges to compensate for their inability to precisely calcu- late loads and stresses. a tti jr n �t S The years to worry about, Cal- trans officials concluded, were the 1950s and 1960s, when much of the state's freeway system was built, ), Simultaneously, the research arm of the program was developing ways to simulate the effect of earthquake forces on individual bridges by building large scale models at a UC San Diego laboratd- ry. "We can determine how far we can push a structure until It col- lapses and then we can determine how much the earthquake is going to try to push It. We compare the two numbers and we've got some idea how resistant It is to earth- quake ;' Roberts said. Using that knowledge, Roberts said, Caltrans i customizing its retrofit designs to each bridge. „ For the interchange connecting the Ventura and Glendale frge- ways in Glendale, Caltrane,detal mined that the nearest fault, .known as the Malibu -Santa Moni- ca- Raymond Fault, could produce. a maximum earthquake of magbi- tude 7.5. A quake of that magnitude, they predicted, would produce shaking for 24 to 35 seconds,putting sevens stress on columns and expansign joints. The retrofit strategy,called for Installing steel shells around the columns, strengthening the footings and upgrading the hinges that connect columns to the bridge decks. As the retrofit program nears the midway point, Roberts and other engineers say they no longer worry whether the job can get done, but whether the money will be there to pay for it. , I Ian Buckle, an engineer who is deputy director of the National Center for Earthquake Engineer- ing Research in Buffalo, N.Y., said money for research and retrofitting traditionally dries up as memories of the last big quake begin to fade+ "In this day and age, given the state's economic situation, 'seeing this amount of money spent for both research and strengthening the bridges is a surprise;" he said. "For it to be sustained (or (our years is remarkable." yn tU J :C C , J SOUTH GATE Parking Is Such Street Sorrow Too many cars, too little space. Stating the problem is simple, but solvmg it has become a touchy issue that has been on the agenda at City FUl for Years. Fo: the second time in as many years, the City Council voted 3 to 2 in ScPtendicr 10 P rohibit overnight Parking oil city streets except by Perrut A public, hearing is sched- ulad 'Tuesday at the Sports Center to determine peritnl, fees. Two years ago, the City Council Passed a similar ordinance, setting the Perimt fee at 565, but rescinded the measure after angry resi- dents charged that the parking Pohc•, would discriminate against large families and that the fee would be a hardship for poor residents. If the new plan takes effect in January, the city would charge a uroprsed fee of $25 for each car parkec on the street. A typical single -family home with a two -car bar u;e and a driveway has three on -s..e parking spaces, according tO ci- officials. If a household can demonstrate that '*lose spots are occupied by ve:uc'es, ,hey'll be issued permits L to park additional vehicles on the street, slid James A. Biery, the cnv's director of Public works. Under the proposal, individuals who are disabled would be allowed to park without permits and senior citizens would receive free per - nuts. The situation is that the width of our streets is 30 feet," Biery said. "And when you park them solid it's difficult for people who l there and emergency services to get through The streets are "literal!) packed with cars." according to a staff report. There are about 4°000 regis- tered vehicles in the city of 90,000. That's 6,000 vehicles more than in 1991, the last time restrictions were considered, Two or more families now live in single homes and some residents have converted garages into living areas, legally or illegally, Biery said. Critics of the plan sac residents should be allowed to park on public streets for free and argue that the city is using a permit program to control overcrowded housing con- ditions, a problem that should be addressed in other ways. The council has the option to rescind the overnight- parking prohibition and implement alterna- tives such as creating one -way streets or alternate side parking, Biery said. The public hearing is scheduled to begin at 7 p.m. in the Sports Center at 9520 Hildreth Ave. —MARY HELEN BERG -- --- -- LOS ANGELES-i1MES �MiAl4' 1 23J3'�rfa ` OiJ