HomeMy Public PortalAboutAugust 2019 Legal Eagle
IPM.Note
August 2019 Legal Eagle
Barry Krischer
SMTP
bkrischer@sa15.org
August 2019 Legal Eagle
X-Vipre-Scanned: 0F917AE501363C0F917C32
Received: from GSEXCH-1.GulfstreamTH.local (10.0.0.22) by
GSEXCH-1.GulfstreamTH.local (10.0.0.22) with Microsoft SMTP Server (TLS) id
15.0.1130.7 via Mailbox Transport; Wed, 31 Jul 2019 08:12:45 -0400
Received: from GSEXCH-1.GulfstreamTH.local (10.0.0.22) by
GSEXCH-1.GulfstreamTH.local (10.0.0.22) with Microsoft SMTP Server (TLS) id
15.0.1130.7; Wed, 31 Jul 2019 08:12:37 -0400
Received: from proofa3v-gcc.co.palm-beach.fl.us (151.132.50.246) by
GSEXCH-1.GulfstreamTH.local (10.0.0.22) with Microsoft SMTP Server (TLS) id
15.0.1130.7 via Frontend Transport; Wed, 31 Jul 2019 08:12:27 -0400
Received: from pps.reinject (proofa3v-gcc.co.palm-beach.fl.us [127.0.0.1])
by proofa3v-gcc.co.palm-beach.fl.us (8.16.0.27/8.16.0.27) with ESMTPS id x6VCBD7Z037771
(version=TLSv1.2 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 bits=256 verify=NOT);
Wed, 31 Jul 2019 08:11:13 -0400
Received: from proofa3v-gcc.co.palm-beach.fl.us (proofa3v-gcc.co.palm-beach.fl.us [127.0.0.1])
by pps.reinject (8.16.0.27/8.16.0.27) with SMTP id x6VCBCDF037751;
Wed, 31 Jul 2019 08:11:13 -0400
Received: from mail-4.sa15.state.fl.us ([151.132.207.19])
by proofa3v-gcc.co.palm-beach.fl.us with ESMTP id x6VCBBpG037745
(version=TLSv1 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA bits=256 verify=NOT);
Wed, 31 Jul 2019 08:11:12 -0400
Received: from MAIL-4.sa15.state.fl.us (172.19.100.25) by
MAIL-4.sa15.state.fl.us (172.19.100.25) with Microsoft SMTP Server (TLS) id
15.0.847.32; Wed, 31 Jul 2019 08:11:06 -0400
Received: from MAIL-4.sa15.state.fl.us ([172.19.100.25]) by
MAIL-4.sa15.state.fl.us ([172.19.100.25]) with mapi id 15.00.0847.040; Wed,
31 Jul 2019 08:11:06 -0400
From: Barry Krischer <bkrischer@sa15.org>
To: Attorneys <Attorneys@sa15.state.fl.us>
CC: Patty Isola <Pisola@sa15.org>
Subject: August 2019 Legal Eagle
Thread-Topic: August 2019 Legal Eagle
Thread-Index: AQHVR5i9OS2cag2x+EKJE/PLiQoZKg==
Date: Wed, 31 Jul 2019 12:11:06 +0000
Message-ID: <789a437c83f248af96af57d84866bdf3@MAIL-4.sa15.state.fl.us>
Accept-Language: en-US
Content-Language: en-US
X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AuthAs: Anonymous
X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AuthSource: GSEXCH-1.GulfstreamTH.local
X-MS-Has-Attach: yes
X-MS-TNEF-Correlator:
x-originating-ip: [151.132.243.123]
x-proofpoint-virus-version: vendor=fsecure engine=2.50.10434:,,
definitions=2019-07-31_05:,, signatures=0
x-vipre-scanned: 23255070012E04232551BD
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
boundary="_004_789a437c83f248af96af57d84866bdf3MAIL4sa15stateflus_"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Barry Krischer
SMTP
bkrischer@sa15.org
Patty Isola
Attorneys
Deleted Items
August 2019 Legal Eagle
Good morning;
Summer's nearly over - schools re-start. Wow!
This month's Legal Eagle leads off with an important case setting out how and when a suspect can be compelled to disclose his cellphone password.
Also a discussion of the impact medical marijuana has on the smell of burning marijuana emanating from a vehicle. Privacy in the workplace, specifically a police department computer.
And a particularly good discussion of force to overcome resistance. Lastly, a case analysis from the AGO on the search of a RV.
As always distribute as you need.
Stay safe,
--B
________________________________
Please note: Florida has a very broad public records law. Most written communications to or from state officials regarding state business are public records available to the public and
media upon request. Your e-mail communications may therefore be subject to public disclosure.
F4FA126589D4F043BCEE5BF8A3D0AB92@gulf-stream.org
<789a437c83f248af96af57d84866bdf3@MAIL-4.sa15.state.fl.us>
Good morning;
Summer's nearly over - schools re-start. Wow!
This month's Legal Eagle leads off with an important case setting out how and when a suspect can be compelled to disclose his cellphone password.
Also a discussion of the impact medical
Edward Allen
Edward Allen
EX
/O=EXCHANGELABS/OU=EXCHANGE ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP (FYDIBOHF23SPDLT)/CN=RECIPIENTS/CN=CAD5B837DE1E49D48EA9BB5B6008829E-EALLEN
EX
/O=EXCHANGELABS/OU=EXCHANGE ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP (FYDIBOHF23SPDLT)/CN=RECIPIENTS/CN=CAD5B837DE1E49D48EA9BB5B6008829E-EALLEN
Barry Krischer
Barry Krischer
Edward Allen
Edward Allen
bkrischer@sa15.org
bkrischer@sa15.org
eallen@gulf-stream.org
eallen@gulf-stream.org
II=[CID=6a9c2d39-b10d-42f8-8913-f3cb890a192a;IDXHEAD=01D54798BD;IDXCOUNT=1];TFR=NotForking;Version=Version 15.20 (Build 2178.0), Stage=H4;UP=10;DP=1C5
en
GSEXCH-1.GulfstreamTH.local
en-US
F2832FA632363F02
Anonymous
0F917AE501363C0F917C32
Attorneys
SMTP
Attorneys@sa15.state.fl.us
Attorneys@sa15.state.fl.us
Attorneys
Patty Isola
SMTP
Pisola@sa15.org
Pisola@sa15.org
Patty Isola
August 2019.pdfC:\Users\Barry\AppData\Local\Temp\mso4AA7.tmp
L egal Eagle ͖͔͕͝ ,QWKLVLVVXH v0HGLFDO 0DULMXDQD v 3ULYDF\LQ 2IILFH &RPSXWHU v)RUFHDQG $FWLYH 5HVLVWDQFH v6HDUFKRI59
Published by: Office of the State Attorney West Palm Beach, FL 33401 Dave Aronberg, State Attorney B. Krischer, Editor 0DWWKHZ7\OHU3ROODUGZDVDUUHVWHG DQGFKDUJHGZLWKDUPHGUREEHU\RI
WZRYLFWLPVZKRZHUHPLVOHGLQWR EHOLHYLQJWKH\ZHUHEX\LQJGUXJV 3XUVXDQWWRDZDUUDQWWKH6WDWH VHL]HGDQL3KRQHIURP3ROODUG¶VFDU DQGILOHGDPRWLRQWRFRPSHO3ROODUG WRGLVFORVHWKHSKR
QH¶VSDVVFRGHVR WKDWLWFRXOGDFFHVVLQIRUPDWLRQRQ WKHFHOOSKRQH7KHLQIRUPDWLRQ VRXJKWZDVGHVFULEHGLQJHQHUDO WHUPVDQGEURDGFDWHJRULHVLQWKH LQYHVWLJDWLQJGHWHFWLYH¶VDIILGDYLWLQ
VXSSRUWRIWKHVHDUFKZDUUDQW &DOO WH[WFRPPXQLFDWLRQKLVWRU\RQDQG EHWZHHQ-XQH DQG-XQH &RQWHQWRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQVRQ DQGEHWZHHQ-XQH DQG-XQH 3LFWXUHV
RIQDUFRWLFVPRQ H\ILUHDUPV 7KHDIILGDYLWGLGQRWVWDWH WKHH[LVWHQFHRUFRQWHQWRIDQ\VSH FLILFWH[WSLFWXUHFDOORURWKHUSDUWLF XODULQIRUPDWLRQ,WQRWHGKRZHYHU
WKDW³LWZDVUHDVRQDEOHWREHOLHYH´ WKDWDFR-GHIHQGDQWKDG³FRPPXQLFDWHGZLWK3ROODUGYLDFHOOSKRQH´ ERWKSULRUWRDQGRQWKHGD\RIWKH UREEHU\SUHVXPDEO\WRFRRUGLQDWH WKHUREEHU\%DVHGR
QKLVWUDLQLQJ DQGH[SHULHQFHWKHGHWHFWLYHVWDWHG WKDWSHUVRQVLQ³FULPLQDOHQWHUSULVHV´ VRPHWLPHVXVHFHOOSKRQHVWRFRP PXQLFDWHDQGFRRUGLQDWHDFWLYLWLHV ZLWKDFFRPSOLFHVWRGRFXPHQWFULP
LQDODFWLYLWLHVDQGWRFRPSLOHFRQ WDFWVXVHIXOLQDFULPLQDOLQYHVWLJD WLRQ KHGLGQRWKRZHYHULGHQWLI\ DQ\VSHFLILFLWHPWKDWZDVRQ3RO ODUG¶VFHOOSKRQHRQO\WKDWWKH6WDWH
ZLVKHGWRVHL]HIURPWKHFHOOSKRQH DOOLWHPVLQWKHFDWHJRULHVRILQIRU PDWLRQOLVWHGDERYH $FFHVVLQJWKHFHOOSKRQH¶V FRQWHQWUHTXLUHGDSDVVFRGHZKLFK WKH6WDWHLQDRQH-SDJHPRWLRQ
VRXJKWWRFRPSHOIURP3ROODUG7KH 6WDWH¶VPRWLRQ—DQGWKHWULDOFRXUW¶V IDYRUDEOHUXOLQJ—UHOLHGH[FOXVLYHO\ RQDQHDUOLHUFDVHZKLFKXSKHOGWKH FRPSHOOHGSURGXFWLRQRIDFHOO SKRQH¶VSDVVFRGHR
YHUDGHIHQGDQW¶V )LIWK$PHQGPHQWREMHFWLRQ-WKDW GRLQJVRYLRODWHGKLVULJKWQRWWR WHVWLI\DVWRWKH³FRQWHQWVRIKLV PLQG´LHNQRZOHGJHRIWKH SDVVFRGHLWVHOI 3ROODUGDSSHDOHGWKHWUL
DO FRXUW¶VRUGHUFRPSHOOLQJKLPWRSUR YLGHWKHSDVVZRUGWRKLVL3KRQH7KH VW'&$DJUHHGDQGTXDVKHGWKH WULDOFRXUW¶VRUGHU ,VVXH 'RHVWKH)LIWK$PHQGPHQWULJKW DJDLQVWVHOI-LQFULPLQDWLR
QSURWHFWD VXVSHFWLQDFULPLQDOFDVHIURPWKH FRPSHOOHGGLVFORVXUHRIDSDVVZRUG WRDFHOOSKRQHLQWKH6WDWH¶VSRVVHV VLRQ"<HV )LIWK$PHQGPHQW 86&RQVW$PHQG9³1RSHU
VRQVKDOOEHFRPSHOOHGLQDQ\ &HOOSKRQH3DVVZRUG Officers should consult with their agency advisors to confirm the interpretation provided in this publication and to what
extent it will affect their actions. Past issues of the Legal Eagle are available at //SA15.org under “Resources.” Legal Eagle August 2019 L egal Eagle ͖͔͕͝
FULPLQDOFDVHWREHDZLWQHVVDJDLQVW KLPVHOI ´VHHDOVR$UW, )OD &RQVW
VDPH
7KH)LIWK$PHQGPHQW IRUELGVDJRYHUQPHQWDOO\-FRPSHOOHG WHVWLPRQLDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
RUDFW
WKDWWHQGVWRLQFULPLQDWHWKHFRPPX QLFDWRU
RUDFWRU
6HH,QUH*UDQG -XU\6XESRHQD'XFHV7HFXP'DWHG 0DUFK
WK&LU
³7KHWRXFKVWRQHRIZKHWKHU DQDFWRISURGXFWLRQLVWHVWLPRQLDOLV ZKHWKHUWKHJRYHUQPHQWFRPSHOVWKH LQGLYLGXDOWRXVHµWKHFRQWHQWVRIKLV RZQPLQG¶WRH[SOLFLWO\RULPSOLFLWO\
FRPPXQLFDWHVRPHVWDWHPHQWRI IDFW´ )RUFLQJDGHIHQGDQWWRGLV FORVHDSDVVZRUGZKHWKHUE\VSHDN LQJLWZULWLQJLWGRZQRUSK\VLFDOO\ HQWHULQJLWLQWRDFHOOSKRQHFRPSHOV
LQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKDWSHUVRQ¶VPLQG DQGWKHUHE\IDOOVZLWKLQWKHFRUHRI ZKDWFRQVWLWXWHVDWHVWLPRQLDOGLVFOR VXUH,QWKLVFDVHWKHVW'&$IRXQG 3ROODUGZDVFRPSHOOHGWRDFWLQD
WHVWLPRQLDOPDQQHUE\GLVFORVLQJD SDVVZRUGNQRZQRQO\LQKLVPLQG 7KXVWKH'&$KDGWRGHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHUD³IRUHJRQHFRQFOXVLRQ´ H[FHSWLRQPLJKWDSSO\LHZKHUH WKHJRYHUQPHQWNQHZWKDW
LGHQWLILD EOHGRFXPHQWVH[LVWHGXQGHUWKHGH IHQGDQW¶VFRQWUROVXFKWKDWREWDLQLQJ WKHPYLDDFRPSHOOHGGLVFORVXUHRID SDVVZRUGLVDPHUHIRUPDOLW\DQG WKHUHE\QRQ-WHVWLPRQLDO7KH6X
SUHPH&RXUWKDVLQWKHSDVWDSSURYHG WKHH[FHSWLRQ¶VXVHEXWQRWLQWKH FRQWH[WRIDFRPSHOOHGSDVVFRGH GLVFORVXUH ³)RUHJRQH&RQFOXVLRQ´ ([FHSWLRQ 7KHTXHVWLRQIRUWKH'&$ZDV
ZKHWKHUWKHFRPSHOOHGSDVVZRUG SURGXFWLRQZDVSHUPLVVLEOHXQGHUWKH ³)RUHJRQH&RQFOXVLRQ´H[FHSWLRQ EHFDXVHLWVWHVWLPRQLDOYDOXHZDV ³$SSOLHGKHUHWKH6WDWH¶V JHQHUDOL]HGUHTXHVWVIRUPXOWLS
OH FDWHJRULHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQVSLF WXUHVDQGVRFLDOPHGLDDFWLYLW\ILWWKH GHVFULSWLRQRIDQHWFDVWIDUWRR EURDGO\7KHRQO\FDWHJRU\RILQIRU PDWLRQWKDWSRWHQWLDOO\PHHWVWKH
UHDVRQDEOHSDUWLFXODULW\VWDQGDUGLV WKHLQYHVWLJDWLQJRIILFHU¶VDIILGDYLW ZKLFKDYHUVRQO\WKDWµLWLVUHDVRQD EOHWREHOLHYH¶WKDWDFR-GHIHQGDQW KDGµFRPPXQLFDWHGZLWK3ROODUGYLD
FHOOSKRQH¶OHDGLQJXSWRDQGRQWKH GD\WKHUREEHU\RFFXUUHG7KHEDVLV IRUWKLVEHOLHILVWKDWEHFDXVHWKHFRGHIHQGDQWKDGVHQWWH[WPHVVDJHVWR DQRWKHUSHUVRQLQYROYHGLQWKHURE
EHU\LWZRXOGEHUHDVRQDEOHWREH OLHYHWKDWWKHFR-GHIHQGDQWPXVWKDYH FRPPXQLFDWHGZLWK3ROODUGLQDVLP LODUPDQQHUDVZHOOHYHQWKRXJKQR VSHFLILFFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVLGHQWLILHG
RUDOOHJHG«7KHHYLGHQWLDU\UHFRUG LVWRRWKLQWRFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHIRUH JRQHFRQFOXVLRQH[FHSWLRQDSSOLHV $WEHVWWKHRIILFHUEHOLHYHGWKDWWH[W PHVVDJHVOLNHO\H[LVWHGRQ3ROODUG¶V
SKRQHEHFDXVHPRVWFULPLQDOHQWHU SULVHVRIWKLVW\SHRSHUDWHYLDFRRUGL QDWHGHOHFWURQLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWKDW ZRXOGOHDYHDGLVFRYHUDEOHGLJLWDO WUDLOEXWWKLVJHQHUDOL]HGEHOLHIIDOOV
VKRUWRIWKHUHDVRQDEOHSDUWLFXODULW\ VWDQGDUG6HH8QLWHG6WDWHVY+XE EHOO
6&W
JRYHUQPHQW¶VGHIL FLHQWLGHQWLILFDWLRQRISDUWLFXODUGRF XPHQWVVRXJKWFDQQRWEHFXUHGE\ µWKHRYHUEURDGDUJXPHQWWKDWDEXVL QHVVPDQVXFKDV>+XEEHOO@ZLOODO ZD\VSRVVHVVJHQHUDOEXVLQHVVDQG
WD[UHFRUGVWKDWIDOOZLWKLQWKHEURDG FDWHJRULHVGHVFULEHGLQWKLV VXESRHQD¶
´ ³,QFRQFOXVLRQZH«TXDVK WKHWULDOFRXUW¶VRUGHU´
&RQWLQXHGRQSDJHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVVXFKDVD FRPSHOOHGRUDOGLVFORVXUHRIDSDVV ZRUGLWLVQRWDSSOLFDEOHKHUHEH FDXVHWKH6WDWHIDLOHGWRLGHQWLI\ZLWK SDUWLFXODULW\DQGFHUWDLQW\ZKDWLQ
IRUPDWLRQH[LVWHGEH\RQGWKHSDVV ZRUG-SURWHFWHGFHOOSKRQHZDOO PHUH LQIHUHQFHWKDWHYLGHQFHPD\H[LVWLV QRWHQRXJK6HH,QUH*UDQG-XU\ 6XESRHQD
WK&LU
µ&DVH ODZIURPWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWGRHV QRWGHPDQGWKDWWKH*RYHUQPHQW LGHQWLI\H[DFWO\WKHGRFXPHQWVLW VHHNVEXWLWGRHVUHTXLUHVRPHVSHFL ILFLW\LQLWVUHTXHVWV—FDWHJRULFDO
UHTXHVWVIRUGRFXPHQWVWKH*RYHUQ PHQWDQWLFLSDWHVDUHOLNHO\WRH[LVW VLPSO\ZLOOQRWVXIILFH¶
´ L egal Eagle ͖͔͕͝ L egal Eagle ͖͔͕͝ Recent Case Law 0HGLFDO0DULMXDQD DQG6PHOORI%XUQW 0DULMXDQD 2IILFHUVLQLWLDWHGD DPWUDIILF VWRSDIWHUQRWLFLQJDKHDGOLJKW
RXWRQ -RUGDQ-RKQVRQ¶VFDU2IILFHUVWKHQ VPHOOHGEXUQWPDULMXDQDHPDQDWLQJ IURPYHKLFOH7KHRIILFHUVGHWDLQHG -RKQVRQDQGVHDUFKHGKLVYHKLFOH ,QVLGHWKHFDUWKH\IRXQGDILUHDUP
WKDWOHGWRKLVFRQYLFWLRQIRUFDUU\LQJ DFRQFHDOHGZHDSRQ 7KHWULDOFRXUWGHQLHGKLV PRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVWKHILUHDUP+LV DUJXPHQWZDVWKDWWKHVPHOORIEXUQW PDULMXDQDDORQHLVQRORQJHUVXII
L FLHQWSUREDEOHFDXVHVLQFHVRPHRQH PLJKWEHDPHGLFDO-PDULMXDQDXVHU +HGLGQRWDUJXHWKDWKHZDVDPHGL FDO-PDULMXDQDXVHU7KHVW'&$ DIILUPHGWKHGHQLDORIKLVPRWLRQWR
VXSSUHVV ,VVXH ,QWKDW)ORULGDODZQRZDXWKRUL]HV PHGLFDOPDULMXDQDLVWKHVPHOORI EXUQWPDULMXDQDFRPLQJIURPDYHKL FOHVXIILFLHQWSUREDEOHFDXVHWRGH WDLQWKHVXVSHFWGULYHUWRFRQGXFWD
ZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFK"<HV 0HGLFDO0DULMXDQDDQG 6PHOORI%XUQW0DULMXDQD 7KHUHLVD³ORQJOLQHRIFDVHVWKDW KROGWKDWWKHVPHOORIEXUQWPDULMXD QDFRPLQJIURPDYHKLFOHSURYLGHV
DQRIILFHUZLWKSUREDEOHFDXVHWR GHWDLQWKHGHIHQGDQWDQGFRQGXFWD ZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFK´6WDWHY73
'&$
6WDWHY:LOOLDPV
'&$UQWPDULMXDQDFHUWDLQO\ZDU UDQWHGDEHOLHIWKDWDQRIIHQVHKDG EHHQFRPPLWWHGWKLVXQTXHVWLRQDEO\ SURYLGHGWKHSROLFHRIILFHUVRQWKH VFHQHSUREDEOHFDXVHWRVHDUFKWKH
SDVVHQJHUFRPSDUWPHQWRIWKHUH VSRQGHQW¶VYHKLFOH´
2QDSSHDOWKHGHIHQGDQW DUJXHGWKDWWKRVHFDVHVEHFDPHLUUHO HYDQWDIWHU)ORULGDDXWKRUL]HGPHGL FDOPDULMXDQD,QRWKHUZRUGVKH DUJXHGZKLOHWKHRIILFHU¶V³VHDUFK EDVHGRQWKHRGRURIPD
ULMXDQDZDV FRQVWLWXWLRQDOSULRUWRWKHHQDFWPHQW RI)6 QRZWKDWPHGLFDO PDULMXDQDLVOHJDOLWLVQRORQJHUD VXIILFLHQWEDVLVIRUSUREDEOHFDXVH´ +LVDUJXPHQWZDVWKDWWKHVPHOO
DORQHLVQRORQJHUHQRXJKVLQFH VRPHRQHPLJKWEHDPHGLFDOPDULMXDQDXVHU 7KHVWDWXWH
)6
M
DXWKRUL]LQJPHGLFDOPDULMXD QDSURYLGHVLQSDUW ³0HGLFDOXVH´PHDQVWKHDFTXLVL WLRQSRVVHVVLRQXVHGHOLYHU\WUDQV IHURUDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIPDULMXDQD DXWKRUL]HGE\DSK\VLFLDQFHUWLILFD
WLRQ7KHWHUPGRHVQRWLQFOXGH 3RVVHVVLRQXVHRUDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RIPDULMXDQDWKDWZDVQRWSXUFKDVHG RUDFTXLUHGIURPDPHGLFDOPDULMXD QDWUHDWPHQWFHQWHU « 8VHRUDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIPD
ULMXDQD LQWKHIROORZLQJORFDWLRQV D2QDQ\IRUPRISXEOLFWUDQVSRUWD WLRQH[FHSWIRUORZ-7+&FDQQDELV QRWLQDIRUPIRUVPRNLQJ « I,QDVFKRROEXVDYHKLFOHDQDLU FUDIWRUDPRWRUERDW
H[FHSWIRUORZ7+&FDQQDELVQRWLQDIRUPIRU VPRNLQJ &RXUW¶V5XOLQJ 7KH'&$IRXQGVHYHUDOSUREOHPV ZLWKWKHGHIHQGDQW¶VDUJXPHQWRQ DSSHDO³)LUVWDVWKH6WDWHQRWHV DWWKHWLPHRIWKHVWR
S)ORULGD¶V PHGLFDO-PDULMXDQDODZVGLGQRWDX WKRUL]HVPRNDEOHPDULMXDQDVHH
M
)OD6WDW
F
VHHDOVR*RQ]DOHVY5DLFK
6&W
QRWLQJWKDWIHGHUDOFRQWUROOHG VXEVWDQFHDFWµGHVLJQDWHVPDULMXDQD DVFRQWUDEDQGIRUDQ\SXUSRVH LQ IDFWE\FKDUDFWHUL]LQJPDULMXDQDDVD 6FKHGXOH,GUXJ&RQJUHVVH[SUHVVO\ IRXQGWKDWWKHGUX
JKDVQRDFFHSWDEOH PHGLFDOXVHV¶
)RXUWKHYHQLI VPRNLQJPDULMXDQDZHUHOHJDODOWR JHWKHUWKHRIILFHUVZRXOGKDYHKDG SUREDEOHFDXVHEDVHGRQWKHIDFWWKDW -RKQVRQZDVRSHUDWLQJDFDU6HH
D
)6
FULPLQDOL]LQJ GULYLQJXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRI GUXJV
´ ³)LQDOO\HYHQSXWWLQJDOORI WKLVDVLGHWKHSRVVLELOLW\WKDWDGULYHU PLJKWEHDPHGLFDO-PDULMXDQDXVHU ZRXOGQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\GHIHDWSURE DEOHFDXVH7KHSUREDEOHFDXVH
L egal Eagle ͖͔͕͝ UDLVHGDVDQDIILUPDWLYHGHIHQVH :DWWY6WDWH
'&$
6HHDOVR 6WDWHY5REDUJH
)OD
KROGLQJ WKDWXQGHUUXOHVRIVWDWXWRU\FRQVWUXF WLRQLIDQH[FHSWLRQLVFRQWDLQHGLQD FODXVHVXEVHTXHQWWRWKHHQDFWPHQW FODXVHRIDVWDWXWHWKHH[FHSWLRQLV DQDIILUPDWLYHGHIHQVHUDWKHUWKDQ
DQ HOHPHQWRIWKHRIIHQVH
DFFRUG +RGJHY6WDWH
'&$
´ 7KXVZKHWKHUWKHGULYHURI WKHYHKLFOHLVDQDXWKRUL]HGPHGLFDO PDULMXDQDXVHURSHUDWHVDVDGHIHQVH WRWKHFRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHFKDUJH ORGJHGDWWKHWLPHRIKLVDUUHVW,W
GRHVQRWQHJDWHWKHOLQHRIFDVHV ILQGLQJWKDWWKHVPHOORIEXUQWPDUL MXDQDFRPLQJIURPDYHKLFOHSUR YLGHVDQRIILFHUZLWKSUREDEOHFDXVH WRGHWDLQWKHGHIHQGDQWDQGFRQGXFWD
ZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFK7KXVDILUHDUP RURWKHUFRQWUDEDQGGLVFRYHUHGLQWKH YHKLFOHVHDUFKVKRXOGVXUYLYHDVXS SUHVVLRQPRWLRQ
ͳǤǤǤ ȋ
ͻǡʹͲͳͻȌ
HLQJLQYHVWLJDWHGIRUVHOOLQJ FRXQWHUIHLWVSRUWVVKRHV+RZHYHU IXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQE\WKHERVVDQG 3ROLFH'HSDUWPHQWUHYHDOHGWKDWWKH WZRSROLFHUHSRUWVKDGEH
HQIDOVLILHG DQGZHUHHPDLOHGIURPDFRS\PD FKLQHORFDWHGRQWKHVHFRQGIORRURI WKH3ROLFH'HSDUWPHQWZKHUH(G ZDUGVZRUNHG7KHHYLGHQFHDJDLQVW (GZDUGVLQFOXGHGWKHFRQWHQWVRID
86%IODVKGULYHWKDWZDVVHL]HGIURP (GZDUGV¶ZRUNFRPSXWHUSULRUWRKHU DUUHVW 3ULRUWRWULDO(GZDUGV PRYHGWRVXSSUHVVWKHHYLGHQFHRE WDLQHGIURPWKHIODVKGULYHWKDWKDG
EHHQDWWDFKHGWRKHUZRUNFRPSXWHU DWWKHWLPHLWZDVVHL]HGDVVHUWLQJ WKDWWKHIODVKGULYHZDVKHUSHUVRQDO SURSHUW\DQGZDVWKXVLOOHJDOO\ VHL]HGDWWKHWLPHKHUZRUNFRPSXWHU
ZDVOHJDOO\VHL]HG$IWHUDQHYLGHQ WLDU\KHDULQJWKHWULDOFRXUWGHQLHG (GZDUGV¶PRWLRQGHWHUPLQLQJVKH KDGQRUHDVRQDEOHH[SHFWDWLRQRI SULYDF\LQWKHIODVKGULYHDQGLWVFRQ
WHQWV2QDSSHDOWRWKHUG'&$ WKDWUXOLQJZDVDIILUPHG 5HDVRQDEOH([SHFWDWLRQRI 3ULYDF\ 7RLQYRNHWKHSURWHFWLRQRIWKH )RXUWK$PHQGPHQWDGHIHQGDQW PXVWHVWDEOLVKVWDQGLQJE\GHPRQ
VWUDWLQJDUHDVRQDEOHH[SHFWDWLRQRI SULYDF\LQWKHDUHDVHDUFKHGRUWKH LWHPVHL]HG7KHUHDVRQDEOHQHVVRI DQH[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\LQDSDUWLF XODUSODFHRULWHPGHSHQGVRQLWV
ORFDWLRQDQGXVH6SHFLILFDOO\WKH UHDVRQDEOHQHVVRIDQHPSOR\HH¶V H[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\LQKLVRUKHU RIILFHRUWKHLWHPVFRQWDLQHGWKHUHLQ GHSHQGVRQWKH³RSHUDWLRQDOUHDOL
WLHV´RIWKHZRUNSODFHDQGQRWRQ OHJDOSRVVHVVLRQRURZQHUVKLS7KH OLNHOLKRRGWKDWDSHUVRQKDVDUHDVRQ DEOHH[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\LQDQ RIILFHVHWWLQJLVLQFUHDVHGZKHUHWKH
DUHDRULWHPVHDUFKHGLV³UHVHUYHGIRU WKHGHIHQGDQW¶VH[FOXVLYHSHUVRQDO XVH´2WKHUIDFWRUVWKDWKDYHEHHQ FRQVLGHUHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHOHJLWL PDF\RIDQH[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\LQ
VWDQGDUGDIWHUDOOLVDµSUDFWLFDODQG FRPPRQ-VHQVLFDOVWDQGDUG¶)ORULGD Y+DUULV
6&W
,WLVHQRXJKLI WKHUHLVWKHNLQGRIµIDLUSUREDELOLW\¶ RQZKLFKµUHDVRQDEOHDQGSUXGHQW SHRSOHQRWOHJDOWHFKQLFLDQVDFW¶ +HUHZHFDQQRWVD\WKDWLWZRXOGEH XQUHDVRQDEOHIRUDQRIILFHUW
RFRQ FOXGHWKHUHLVDIDLUSUREDELOLW\WKDW VRPHRQHGULYLQJDURXQGDW DP VPHOOLQJRIPDULMXDQDLVDFWLQJXQ ODZIXOO\$QGWKLVLVWUXHZKHWKHURU QRW)ORULGDODZDOORZVWKHPHGLFDO
XVHRIPDULMXDQDLQVRPHFLUFXP VWDQFHV´ ³,QVKRUW-RKQVRQKDVQRW VKRZQWKDWWKHWULDOFRXUW¶VRUGHU GHQ\LQJVXSSUHVVLRQ«ZDVZURQJ $)),50(' /HVVRQV/HDUQHG ,Q0DFNH\Y6WDWH
UG'&$
WKHGHIHQGDQWDUJXHGWKDWWKHRIILFHU GLGQRWKDYHSUREDEOHFDXVHWRSDW KLPGRZQDIWHUVHHLQJDEXOJHEH FDXVHWKHRIILFHUGLGQRWNQRZ ZKHWKHU0DFNH\SRVVHVVHGDFRQ FHDOHGZHDSRQVSHUPLW
7KH'&$ UXOHG ³8QGHU)ORULGDODZWKH FULPHRIFDUU\LQJDFRQFHDOHGILUH DUPLVFRPSOHWHXSRQSURRIWKDWWKH GHIHQGDQWNQRZLQJO\FDUULHGDILUH DUPWKDWZDVFRQFHDOHGIURPWKH
RUGLQDU\VLJKWRIDQRWKHUSHUVRQ 6PLWKY6WDWH
'&$