Loading...
The URL can be used to link to this page
Your browser does not support the video tag.
Home
My Public Portal
About
002-2024 - Mitigation Plan
Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Wayne County, Indiana Original Adoption Date: 2010 Updated: 2022 1 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Acknowledgements Wayne County's Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan was initially developed in 2010, and updated in 2016, and then again in 2022 by Vantage Point Consulting. The Wayne County Emergency Management Agency would like to thank Vantage Point Consulting and the planning team for their contributions and assistance in development of a plan that will assist the county to continue to build their ability to prevent, mitigate, prepare, respond, and recover from all -hazards disasters. 2 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Acronyms AEGL- Acute Exposure Guideline Levels ALOHA- Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres BFE- Base Flood Elevation CAMEO- Computer -Aided Management of Emergency Operations CDP- Census Designated Place CEMP- Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan CRS- Community Rating System DEM- Digital Elevation Model DFIRM- Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map DHS- Department of Homeland Security DMA- Disaster Mitigation Act EAP- Emergency Action Plan EMA-Emergency Management Agency EPA- Environmental Protection Agency FEMA- Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM- Flood Insurance Rate Maps GIS- Geographic Information System HAZUS-MH- Hazards USA Multi -Hazard HUC- Hydrologic Unit Code IDEM- Indiana Department of Environmental Management IDHS- Indiana Department of Homeland Security INDOT- Indiana Department of Transportation IDNR- Indiana Department of Natural Resources IGS- Indiana Geological Survey MHMP- Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan NCDC- National Climatic Data Center NEHRP- National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program 3 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Acronyms Continued NFIP- National Flood Insurance Program NOAA- National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration NWS- National Weather Service PPM- Parts Per Million SPC- Storm Prediction Center USACE- United States Army Corps of Engineers USDA- United States Department of Agriculture USGS- United States Geological Survey 4 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents Updated: 2022 Acronyms.......................................................................................................................................................3 ExecutiveSummary.......................................................................................................................................7 Section1: Introduction.................................................................................................................................8 Section2: Prerequisites..............................................................................................................................10 2.1 Multi -Jurisdictional Plan Adoption....................................................................................................10 2.2 Jurisdiction Participation...................................................................................................................10 Section3: Planning Process........................................................................................................................12 3.1 Planning Team Information...............................................................................................................13 3.2 Review of Existing Plans....................................................................................................................15 3.3 Review of Technical and Fiscal Resources.........................................................................................16 3.4 Public Involvement............................................................................................................................17 Section4: County Profile............................................................................................................................17 4.1 Geography, Topography, and Climate...............................................................................................18 4.2 Demography......................................................................................................................................19 4.3 Population Change............................................................................................................................22 4.4 Special Needs Populations................................................................................................................23 4.5 Economy and Industry.......................................................................................................................24 4.6 Commuter Patterns...........................................................................................................................26 4.7 Transportation...................................................................................................................................26 4.8 Major Waterways and Watersheds...................................................................................................28 4.9 Land -Use and Development..............................................................................................................29 Section5: Risk Assessment.........................................................................................................................30 5.1 Identifying Hazards............................................................................................................................30 5.1.1 Existing Plans..................................................................................................................................30 5.1.2 Historical Hazards Records.............................................................................................................31 5.1.3 Hazard -Ranking Methodology........................................................................................................32 5,1.4 Hazard Scoring Method..................................................................................................................35 5.2 Accessing Vulnerability......................................................................................................................35 5.2.1 Identify Facilities............................................................................................................................35 5.2.2 Building Replacement Costs...........................................................................................................36 5.3 Profiling Hazards................................................................................................................................37 5.3.1 Severe Thunderstorm Hazard........................................................................................................37 5 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 5.3.2 Tornado Hazard..............................................................................................................................41 5.3.3 Extreme Temperatures...................................................................................................................48 5.3.4 Flood Hazard...................................................................................................................................54 5.3.5 Drought..........................................................................................................................................74 5.3.6 Winter Storm Hazard......................................................................................................................78 5.3.7 Hazardous Materials Incident........................................................................................................82 53.8 Earthquake Hazard.........................................................................................................................88 5.3.9 Dam/Levee Failure Hazard.............................................................................................................96 5.3.10 Ground Failure............................................................................................................................105 5.3.11 Wild/Crop Fire Hazard................................................................................................................109 5.3.12 Active Assailant..........................................................................................................................111 5.3.13 Cyber-Attack Events...................................................................................................................112 5.3.14 Civil Unrest.................................................................................................................................113 Section 6: Mitigation Strategies...............................................................................................................115 6.1 Plans and Ordinances......................................................................................................................115 6.2 Public School Corporation Participation.........................................................................................115 6.3 Mitigation Goals..............................................................................................................................117 6.4 Mitigation Process, Prioritization, and Implementation.................................................................118 6.5 Multi -Jurisdictional Mitigation Strategy and Actions......................................................................122 6.6 Completed Mitigation Actions for Wayne County..........................................................................123 Section 7: Plan Maintenance....................................................................................................................129 7.1 Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan..............................................................................129 7.2 Implementation through Existing Programs...................................................................................130 7.3 Continued Public Involvement........................................................................................................132 Appendix A: Meeting Attendance and Minutes.......................................................................................133 Appendix B: Critical and Essential Facilities.............................................................................................143 Appendix C: Kaiser-Permanente Hazard Assessment..............................................................................156 Appendix D: County and Municipal Adoption Statements......................................................................158 6 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Executive Summary The Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan (MHMP) was developed to guide the county in a risk -based approach to preventing, mitigating, preparing, responding, and recovering from disasters that may threaten the county's citizens. The plan is hazard and community specific. It documents historical disasters, assesses probabilistic disasters through Hazus-MH and GIS analysis, and addresses specific strategies to mitigate the potential impacts of these disasters. This update was a collaborative effort between the Wayne County planning team and Vantage Point Consulting. The team updated the following content in the plan: • Historical hazards: Each hazard section within this plan documents the most current data about NCDC-reported hazards since the 2010 plan. • Profile hazards: The planning team revised the hazard priority rankings utilizing a Hazard Vulnerability Assessment matrix. County planning documents, e.g., CEMP and hazard - specific reports, are integrated into this plan. • Community profile: Demographics, social, and economic data, as well as existing and future land use descriptions were updated to represent the status of the county and its jurisdictions. • NFIP: The plan includes the effective date of the DFIRM. • Planning description: The new planning team and updated planning process were described and documented. • Risk assessment: Hazus-MH and GIS analysis were updated using site -specific data from the county. Updated loss estimation is provided for tornados, floods, earthquakes, and hazardous materials releases. • Mitigation: The team reviewed and updated the previous mitigation goals, objectives, and strategies. 7 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Section 1: Introduction Hazard mitigation is defined as any sustained action to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to human life and property from hazards. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has made reduction of the hazards one of its primary goals. Hazard Mitigation Planning and the subsequent implementation of the projects, measures, and policies developed as part of this plan, is a primary mechanism in achieving FEMA's goal. The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires jurisdictions to develop and maintain a Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan (MHMP) to remain eligible for certain federal disaster assistance and hazard mitigation funding programs. Renewal of the plan every five years is required to encourage the continual awareness of mitigation strategies. In order for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) communities to be eligible for future mitigation funds, they must adopt the MHMP. In the past decade, FEMA has declared three emergencies and disasters for the state of Indiana. Figure 1.1: Disaster Declarations for Indiana 1 Wayne County h - i Layer Disaster Declarations by County (June 2014 - December 2021) v i Federal Emergency Management Agency 8 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 In the event of a federally declared disaster, individuals, families, and businesses may apply for financial assistance to help with critical expenses. Assistance may be categorized as Individual Assistance (IA), Public Assistance (PA), or Hazard Mitigation Assistance. The following types of assistance may be available in the event of a disaster declaration. Individuals and Household Program: Provides money and services to people in presidentially declared disaster areas. Housing Needs: Provides assistance for disaster -related housing needs. Public Assistance: Disaster grant assistance available for communities to quickly respond to and recover from major disasters or emergencies declared by the President. Small Business Administration -If you live in a declared disaster area and have experienced damage to your home or personal property, you may be eligible for financial assistance from SBA -even if you do not own a business. As a homeowner, renter, or personal property owner, you may apply to SBA for a loan to help you recover from a disaster. Emergency Work (Categories A-B: Work that must be performed to reduce or eliminate an immediate threat to life, to protect public health and safety, and to protect improved property that is significantly threatened due to disasters or emergencies declared by the President. Permanent Work (Categories C-G): Work that is required to restore a damaged facility, through repair or restoration, to its pre -disaster design, function, and capacity in accordance with applicable codes and standards. Hazard Mitigation Assistance: Provides assistance to states and local governments through the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures after a major disaster declaration. Wayne County has received federal aid for two declared disasters since the last Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan was adopted. Table 1.1: FEMA-Declared Disasters and Emergencies for Wayne County (June 2014-December 2021) Z Disaster Date of Type of Number Date of Incident Declaration Disaster Description Assistance DR-4515 1/31/2020-Continue 4/3/2020 COVID-19 Pandemic IA -PA EM-3456 1/20/2020-Continue 3/13/2020 COVID-19 Pandemic PA z Federal Emergency Management Agency 9 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 PA- Public Assistance Program IA -Individual Assistance Program Section 2: Prerequisites The 2022 Wayne County MHMP meets the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which amended the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act to require state, local, and tribal entities to closely coordinate mitigation planning and implementation efforts. It also meets the requirements of the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) grant program, Pre -Disaster Mitigation (PDM) grant program, and other National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) grants. 2.1 Multi -Jurisdictional Plan Adoption This plan represents a comprehensive description of Wayne County's commitment to significantly reduce or eliminate the potential impacts of disaster through planning and mitigation. Adoption by the local governing bodies within the county legitimizes the plan and authorizes responsible agencies to implement mitigation responsibilities and activities. To be eligible for federal mitigation funding, each participating jurisdiction must adopt the plan. After thorough review, the Wayne County Board of Commissioners adopted the plan on ( ). Additional adoptions are included in Appendix D. 2.2 Jurisdiction Participation The Wayne County Emergency Management Agency (EMA) invited representatives from each jurisdiction to participate in the planning process. All communities were encouraged to participate in meetings, comment on issues and actions, and review the draft plan. Jurisdictions were also invited to come to the Wayne County EMA office to review and discuss the plan at their convenience. Distribution information is included in Appendix A. Table 2.1 lists each jurisdiction and describes its participation status in 2015 and 2022. 10 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Table 2.1: Participating Jurisdictions Jurisdiction Name Type Participated in 2015 Plan Participated in 2022 Plan Boston Town No Yes Cambridge City Town No Yes Centerville Town Yes Yes Dublin Town No Yes East Germantown Town Yes No Economy Town Yes Yes Fountain City Town Yes Yes Greens Fork Town Yes No Hagerstown Town Yes Yes Milton Town Yes No Mount Auburn Town No No Richmond City Yes Yes Spring Grove City Yes No Whitewater Town Yes No Wayne County County Yes Yes The county also invited representatives from local organizations to participate in the plan, which are included in Appendix A. Surrounding counties were invited to participate in the planning process, with Preble County, Ohio and Union County, Indiana attending and participated in the July 13, 2022 meeting. A final copy of the Wayne County MHMP was sent to each for review and the following feedback is shown below: Table 2.2: Surrounding County EMA Plan Review Surrounding County EMA Plan Review County EMA Director Comments Fayette Adrian Ellis No Response Henry Don Showalter No Response Randolph Chris Shaneyfelt No Response Union Jim Franklin Supported risk assessment and strategies Darke, OH Mindy Saylor No Response Preble, OH David Anderson Supported risk assessment and strategies 11 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Section 3: Planning Process The Wayne County Emergency Management Agency and Vantage Point Consulting (VPC) have joined efforts to develop this five-year plan update. The planning process consisted of the following tasks: Task 1: Organizing Resources The Wayne County EMA created a planning team to attend meetings, gather data and historical information, and participate in mitigation brainstorming sessions. Task 2: Risk Assessment The planning team identified the natural, man-made, and technological hazards to include in this plan, and VPC developed hazard event profiles to address the possible magnitudes and severities associated with losses. The team then used local resources to inventory the county's assets and estimate losses. Task 3: Public Involvement The public was invited to attend a meeting to review the risk assessment results and discuss mitigation strategies. Wayne County EMA sent the meeting announcement to the local media via press release and also sent email notification to community leaders. Copies of the advertisement materials are available in Appendix A. Task 4: Develop Mitigation Strategies During the public meeting, Vantage Point Consulting used previous mitigation strategies as a framework for the mitigation brainstorming session with the planning team. The team provided status on incomplete strategies and also developed and prioritized several new strategies that would reduce the costs of disaster response and recovery, protect people and infrastructure, and minimize overall disruption to the county in the event of a disaster. Table 6.2 in Section 6 of this plan lists mitigation and the status of each. Task 5: Complete the Plan VPC compiled all the planningteam documentation and research with the risk assessment and mitigation strategies to produce a draft plan for review. The Wayne County planning team had multiple opportunities to review and revise the plan before submitting to the Indiana Department of Homeland Security and FEMA for approval. Task 6: Plan Adoption The Wayne County Emergency Management Agency coordinated the effort to collect adoptions from each participating jurisdiction. 12 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 3.1 Planning Team Information The planning team is headed by Wayne County EMA. Other members of the planning team include representatives from various county departments, cities, and towns, school districts, and public and private utilities. All members of the planning committee were actively involved in attending the MHMP meetings, providing available Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data and historical hazard information, reviewing and providing comments on the draft plans, coordinating and participating in the public input process, and coordinating the county's formal adoption of the plan. Table 3.1 identifies the planning team individuals and the organizations they represent. Table 3.1: Multi -Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Members Name Title Organization Jurisdiction Matthew Cain Director Wayne County Emergency Wayne County Management Agency John Duke Deputy Director Wayne County Emergency Wayne County Management Agency Tammy Spears Administrative Assistant Wayne County Emergency Wayne County Management Agency Randy Retter County Sheriff Wayne County Sheriffs Wayne County Department Ken Paust County Commissioner Wayne County Wayne County Commissioner Laura Miller Director Wayne County Planning Wayne County Department Dan Burk Emergency Preparedness Wayne County Health Wayne County Coordinator Department Jane Bumbalough Council Member City of Richmond Common Council Richmond Steven Sorah Inspector Wayne County Planning Wayne County Gary Saunders County Council Wayne County Council Wayne County Richmond Police Donnie Benedict Lieutenant Department Richmond Jerry Purcell Fire Chief Richmond Fire Department Richmond Ian Vanness City Planner City of Richmond Richmond Pat Smoker Director Richmond Sanitary District Richmond Greg Stiens Engineer City of Richmond Richmond City of Richmond Common Dr. Lucinda Wright Council Member Council Richmond Doug Goss Council Member City of Richmond Richmond Jeff Locke Council Member City of Richmond Richmond Amber Ramsey Town Board Member Town of Boston Boston 13 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Nick Ramsey Town Board Member Town of Boston Boston Joseph Kalscheur Citizen Town of Boston Boston Gene Kates Building Commissioner Town of Centerville Centerville Lenny Payne II Superintendent Town of Dublin Dublin Ken Risch Public Works Superintendent Town of Cambridge City Cambridge City Shane Shroyer Town Board President Town of Fountain City Fountain City Allan Bullock Councilor Town of Hagerstown Hagerstown Robert Bullock Building Commissioner Town of Hagerstown Hagerstown Shirley Williams Town Board Member Town of Economy Economy Michelle Bunger Town Board Member Town of Economy Economy Sean Stevenson Centerville Schools Education -Public Schools Matthew Hicks Superintendent Northeast School Corporation Education -Public Schools Allan Bullock Teacher Nettle Creek School Corporation Education -Public Schools Jason Elliot Public Safety Earlham College Education - University Travis Williams Public Safety Earlham College Education - University Samantha Clevenger Emergency Management Indiana University East Education - University John Summerlot Emergency Management Indiana University East Education - University Ryan Williams Director of EMS Reid Health Hospital Whitneylones Director of Risk Management Reid Health Hospital Derrick Mullins Operations Manager Whitewater Valley REMC Utility The planning team held three meetings to support the MHMP process. The dates and objectives of these meetings are as follows: Meeting 1, November 18, 2021 • Introduce/overview of the project • Review and update critical and essential facilities • Review past MHMP strategies • Review community profile • Planning team members were asked to research community updates and new planning ordinances in place since the last plan was completed. 14 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Meeting 2, February 23, 2022 • Update planning team of the project status • Review findings and results of community profile • Review past risk assessment results • Introduced Kaiser Permanente tool to score community risks • Conducted training session on creating strategies for their communities Meeting 3, July 13, 2022 • Conducted public meeting -one member of the public attended • Reviewed new risk assessment to planning team members • Reviewed all past strategies from all MHMPs • Solicited input on new strategies from planning team • Finalized new strategies for 2022 MHMP 3.2 Review of Existing Plans Wayne County and the local communities utilize land use plans, emergency response plans, municipal ordinances and building codes to direct community development. The planning process also incorporated the existing natural hazard mitigation elements from these previous planning efforts. The development of the plan utilized the following plans, studies, reports, documents, and ordinances. Table 3.2: Planning Documents Used for the 2022 MHMP Planning Process Title Year Description Area of Plan County -wide mitigation, Throughout Wayne County Comprehensive preparedness, response, and MHMP Emergency Management Plan 2020recovery activities appropriate for the hazards faced by the citizens of Wayne County Section 5: Risk To evaluate, schedule, and Assessment Centerville Storm Water Master coordinate the management of storm Plan Preliminary 2003 water runoff and to address the Section 6: capacity of the existing storm system, Mitigation identify problems in the system, and Strategies recommend future improvements, 15 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Past multi -hazard mitigation plan Wayne County Multi -Hazard approved by Wayne County. The Throughout Mitigation Plan 2016 MHMP discusses risk assessment, MHMP strategies, and implementation steps for hazard mitigation in future activities Richmond Indiana Comprehensive Preserving and enhancing economic Section 4: County Plan 2006 sustainability and quality of life Profile Centerville Water Emergency Planning for ground water Section 5: Risk Contingency Plan 2021 contamination disaster Assessment Adaptation and mitigation efforts to Section 5: Risk Richmond Climate Action Plan 2021 ensure climate change is Assessment incorporated in planning Richmond Unified Development Article 5: Protect floodplain Section 5: Risk Ordinance 2010 standards Assessment 3.3 Review of Technical and Fiscal Resources The MHMP planning team has identified representatives from key agencies to assist in the planning process. Technical data, reports, and studies were obtained from these agencies. The organizations and their contributions are summarized in Table 3.3. Table 3.3: Key Agency Resources Provided Resources Provided Source Repetitive Loss Information FEMA Region V Digital Flood Maps, Dams, and Levee Information FEMA Region V GIS Data, Digital Elevation Models Indiana Geological Survey 2016 Wayne County MHMP Wayne County Emergency Management Agency Critical Facility GIS Data and GIS Basemap Data Wayne County GIS Department Buyout/Retrofitting Information and Planning Data FEMA Flood, Dam, and Levee Information Indiana Department of Natural Resources 16 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 3.4 Public Involvement The planning team invited the public to a meeting on 7-13-22 in order to encourage the public to actively participate in the planning process. The county established an announcement in the local newspaper (available in Appendix A ). Section 4: County Profile Wayne County was formed in 1811 and named after Anthony Wayne, a Revolutionary War General. Wayne County is in east central Indiana and is adjacent to the Indiana/Ohio state line. The county is comprised of one city, Richmond, and thirteen incorporated towns: Boston, Cambridge City, Centerville, Dublin, East Germantown, Economy, Fountain City, Greens Fork, Hagerstown, Milton, Mount Auburn, Spring Grove, and Whitewater. These communities are distributed across fifteen townships, which include Abington, Boston, Center, Clay, Dalton, Franklin, Greene, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, New Garden, Perry, Washington, Wayne, and Webster townships. The city of Richmond is the county seat and sits on the far -eastern portion of the county next to the Ohio border. Figure 4.1: Wayne County, Indiana Communities and Townships L4� �- i► f ,t•4.J'4t r , Vilea Wayne County, Indiana C'I.i1TM�J+i{+s vvl lncfwlv.++.MAreu 17 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan 4.1 Geography, Topography, and Climate Updated: 2022 Wayne County is located along the eastern border of Indiana, adjacent to Darke and Preble counties in Ohio. Neighboring Indiana counties include Fayette, Henry, Randolph, and Union. Wayne County has a total area of 404 square miles of which 401.74 square miles is land and 2.6 square miles is water. It sits at an elevation of 966 feet above sea level and includes Indiana's highest natural elevation, Hoosier Hill, at 1257 feet. The geologic factors, combined with Wayne County's climatic conditions of wind, temperature, and precipitation range, generally favor a hardwood forest climax community dominated by beech and maple trees. Woodlands are scattered throughout Wayne County, while wetlands are found in the low areas of the county. Stream corridors run generally north to south through the county. These floodplain areas prohibit development but provide fertile farmland and opportunities for recreation corridors to link parks and communities. Groundwater reserves supply the majority of water used in Wayne County. The only major surface water supply is the Middlefork Reservoir, which supplies half of the water in Richmond. Although temperature, precipitation, and snowfall can vary year to year, Wayne County's climate is typical of Central Indiana with hot humid summers and cold damp winters. Winter temperatures may fall below freezing starting as early as October and extending as late as April. Based on National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) 2021 data, the average high temperature is 62 and the low is 41 with 40.7 inches of annual precipitation, 15 inches of that precipitation being snow. The warmest month on average is July and the coldest is January.3 A well-defined north -south climatic gradient across Indiana results in a cool, temperate, continental climate in the north and a warm, temperate climate in the south. Precipitation patterns in Indiana vary gradually, both geographically and seasonally. Precipitation, received each month of the year, is greatest from March through July and generally peaks in late May. Average annual precipitation is 40.7 inches throughout the year and snowfall averages 17 inches from November through April.^ Indiana is prone to severe thunderstorms that can produce strong winds, lightning, hail, and sometime tornados. Historically, these storms can occur at almost anytime throughout the year but are most common in the spring and summer months. 3 httos•//www usclimatedata com/climate/richmond/indiana/united-states/"usin0560 4 httos•//www usclimatedata.comlclimate/richmond/indiana/united-states/usin0560 18 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Table 4.1: Wayne County Average Temperatures and Precipitations Month ' Average Maximum ` Average Minimum Average Precipitation January 35 19 2.73 February 40 22 2.27 March 51 30 3.18 April 63 40 3.78 May 73 50 4.77 June 82 59 4.31 July 85 63 4.15 August 83 61 3.28 September 77 53 2.68 October 65 42 3.12 November 52 33 3.5 December 39 23 2.93 4.2 Demography As of the 2020 US Census, there were 65,778 people residing in Wayne County, with a population density of 163.75 people per square mile. The updated data provided by STATS Indiana, report an estimated five percent loss of population from 2010 to 2020. More than half of Wayne County residents live within the City of Richmond. Although there are numerous incorporated communities within Wayne County, the remaining bulk of the population lives in unincorporated areas of Wayne County. Table 4.2 shows the distribution of population for each community in the county. s https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/richmond/indiana/united-states/usin0S60 19 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Table 4.2: Population by Community6 Community 2020 Population Percent of County Population Boston 128 0.2 Cambridge City 1,744 2.7 Centerville 2,611 4 Dublin 746 1.1 East Germantown 351 0.5 Economy 175 0.3 Fountain City 753 1.1 Greens Fork 384 0.6 Hagerstown 1,684 2.6 Milton 443 0.7 Mount Auburn 104 0.2 Richmond 35,239 53.6 Spring Grove 319 0.5 Whitewater 70 0.1 The median age of Wayne County residents is 41.1, compared to the Indiana median age of 38.0. Figure 4.2 shows Wayne County's population pyramid, which illustrates the distribution of the county's population in terms of age groups and gender. Population pyramids are used to analyze growth or decline of fertility, mortality, and migration within the specified area. It shows the same general shape as the population pyramid for both Indiana and the United States. 6 https://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18177 20 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 4.2: Population Pyramid' Updated: 2022 85 years and over 80 to 84 years MIM 75 to 79 years mm 70 to 74 years M 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 55 to 59 years Na. 50 to 54 years 45 to 49 years ■ Niale (%) 40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years . Female 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years ZEN 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years �4 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years Under 5 years N� 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 Population (%) Wayne County's population is 90.5% white and 5.0% Black or African American. The other minority cultures are small, yet a significant percentage. All of these cultures and sub -cultures are important to consider in mitigation planning. Minority cultures are essential to take into consideration for mitigation planning because they may require special attention fortheir unique needs which may include difficulty understanding English, misunderstanding intercultural situations, have limited mobility or harbor distrust for authority figures due to past experiences as refugees. ' 2016-2019 American Communities Survey 21 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 4.3 Population Change Populations grow or decline through migration and natural increase, and often these two components offset each other, a positive natural increase (meaning more people were born than died) and a negative net in -migration (meaning more people moved out of the county than into the county). Because international migration data was not as consistent as domestic migration data, this plan only references net domestic trends. STATS Indiana reports a 4.7% decrease in Wayne County population over the past ten years. In the most recent census estimates, Wayne County's 2020 population of 65,778 is projecting a trend to show a decrease in population to 65,321 by 2030. The breakdown of population change is documented in Table 4.3. Table 4.3: Population Change by Community' Community 2010 Population 2020 Population Population Change Boston 138 128 -7.3 Cambridge City 1,870 1,744 -6.7 Centerville 2,552 2,611 1.1 Dublin 790 746 -5.6 East Germantown 410 351 -14.4 Economy 187 175 -0.07 Fountain City 796 753 -0.55 Greens Fork 423 384 -9.3 Hagerstown 1,787 1,684 -5.8 Milton 490 443 -9.6 Mount Auburn 117 104 -0.12 Richmond 36,812 35,239 -4.3 Spring Grove 344 319 -0.08 Whitewater 83 70 -15.7 Wayne County 68,917 65,778 -4.6 ' STATS Indiana 2020 22 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 4.4 Special Needs Populations Certain populations require special attention in mitigation planning because they may suffer more severely from the impacts of disasters. It is important to identify these populations and develop mitigation strategies to help them become better disaster resilient. Although there are numerous types of vulnerable populations, Wayne County has identified five significant groups, which include low-income citizens, older adults, non-English speaking, people with disabilities, and people without a high school diploma. Table 4.4 lists data for Wayne County and the four adjacent Indiana counties. Table 4.4: Wayne County and Adjacent Indiana Counties Special Needs Populations (Percentage)9 Below Age 65 and Non -English No High County Poverty Over Speaking Disabilities School Level Diploma Wayne 15.2 19.5 5.3 13.2 13.5 Fayette 13.5 20.5 1.5 13.7 17.9 Henry 12.9 19.3 1.9 12.8 10.7 Randolph 13.3 20.8 3 12 12.5 Union 9.6 19.7 2.5 10.2 12.6 At 19.5%, the special needs populations group over the age of 65 is the largest and most significant group in Wayne County. The below poverty level is the second highest special needs group at 15.2% of the population. During a disaster emergency, literacy and communication are typically issues for groups without a high school diploma and non-English as a primary language. Additionally, persons with disabilities and those overthe age of 65 years require special attention and accommodations. Examples of activities to improve emergency mitigation and preparedness for the special needs populations include, but are not limited to, the following: • Ensure public shelters provide appropriate facilities for the physically disabled • Printed material on when and how to shelter in place • Specialized disability training for emergency shelter staff • Development of resource guide for disabled citizens with available housing, medical, and basic needs services • Warning sirens and media announcements should be accessible in low-income housing areas 9 US Census Data 2020 23 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 4.5 Economy and Industry Due to its proximity to US Highway 40 (National Road), Wayne County and the City of Richmond have a long history in commerce which continues today. The current Wayne County economy is based primarily on education, healthcare, and manufacturing. The education sector is supported by three higher education institutions: Indiana University East, Earlham College, and Ivy Technical Institute, while the largest employer is Reid Health System. Wayne County is industrially diverse with food processing, packaging, plastics, manufacturing, and distribution. The Wayne County Economic Development Corporation administers the economic development initiatives for Wayne County, while working to improve the business and community environment. In 2020, STATS Indiana reported a workforce of 27,981 and an unemployment rate of 6.8 percent. The sector breakdown is included in Table 4.5. The top ten employers of Wayne County are documented in Table 4.6. Table 4.5: 2020 Employment by sector10 Employment Sector % of County Workforce Education, Health Care, Social Services 19.9 Manufacturing 15.1 Government 13.2 Retail Trade 11.3 Accommodations, Food Service 7.4 Construction 4.1 Transportation, Warehousing 2.7 Professional, Technical Services 2.6 Wholesale Trade 2.3 Arts, Entertainment, Recreation 0.8 Information 0.6 Other Private Not Specified 20.4 10 STATS Indiana Community Survey 2020 24 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Table 4.6: Top Employers of Wayne County (200 Employees)" Company Name Type of Business Employees Reid Health Healthcare 2,998 Richmond Community Schools Education 723 Belden Wire Product Manufacturer 707 Sugar Creek Brandworthy Food Solutions Food Processor 575 Richmond State Hospital Hospital 420 Primex Plastics Corporation Plastic Sheeting Manufacturer 420 Wayne County Government Municipality 400 City of Richmond Municipality 400 Earlham College Higher Education 388 Color Box Packaging 370 Indiana University East Higher Education 350 DOT Foods, Inc Food Processor 270 Wolverine Worldwide Customer Service 208 Berry Global Plastics Manufacturing 200 The 2020 estimated median income in Wayne County was $47,885, compared to an Indiana average of $57,615.11 The financial crisis of recent years along with the 2020 pandemic currently has had an impact on Wayne County as it did in Indiana and the United States. The percentage unemployed population in Wayne County has historically been greater than both the state and the nation but has begun to decline in recent years. The Pandemic event occurring in 2020 and 2021 has had an effect on the unemployment rate for Wayne and surrounding counties. Shutdowns, business closures and employee layoffs were all experienced in Wayne County during this health pandemic. Table 4.7 is a breakdown of the unemployment rates for Wayne and surrounding counties. Table 4.7: Unemployment Rates (Percent) of Wayne and Surrounding Countiesi3 County 2017 2018 2019 ''` 2020 2021 Delaware 3.7 3.3 4.3 16.5 4.8 Fayette 4.3 4.1 5.1 25.5 5.2 Franklin 3.6 3.3 3.5 18.3 3.0 Henry 3.1 3.1 3.5 17.4 3.7 Randolph 36 3.5 3.8 17.8 3.6 Rush 2.8 2.6 2.9 18.6 3.2 Union 1 2.7 2.7 3.4 16.3 2.7 Wayne 1 3.2 3.2 3.9 14.8 4.0 11 EDC of Wayne County 2020 12 STATS Indiana -Wayne County 13 www hooiserdata.in.gov 25 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 4.6 Commuter Patterns County -to -county commuting patterns provide a gauge of the economical connectivity of neighboring communities. The US Census reports (2019) nearly 30 percent of US workers travel outside of their home communities to work. According to STATS Indiana 2020 data, the current labor force of Wayne County totals 29, 989, of which 27,951 were employed. While a significant percent of the Wayne County residential labor force travels out of state for employment, 82.4 percent of Wayne County residents work in Wayne County.14 The average travel time to work in Wayne County is 20 minutes compared to 28-minute average in the United States.ls Commuter safety is an important consideration in disaster mitigation and planning. Employers can help their employees prepare by encouraging the development of Commuter Emergency Plans through assistance from FEMA. 4.7 Transportation Major transportation routes have crossed the Richmond and Wayne County, Indiana area since it was settled in 1806. Wayne County is bisected east/west by the National Road (U.S. Highway 40) and Interstate 70, north/south by U.S. Highway 27 and US Highway 227, and crossed by U.S. Highway 35, State Road 1, running north -south, and State Road 38, running northeast from Richmond, are also significant corridors of transportation. Interstate 70 runs east -west through Wayne County, bisecting the county and running through the city of Richmond. The county is served by two airports, Richmond Municipal Airport and Hagerstown Airport. The Richmond Municipal Airport has two runways and can accommodate multi -engine aircraft and helicopters. Both airports are open to the public. There are four rail services that operate in Wayne County, C & NC Railroad, CSX, Indiana Eastern Railroad, and Norfolk Southern. Figure 4.3 depicts the major transportation roads, railroads, and bridge ownership within Wayne County. 14 STATS Indiana -Wayne County Commuting is US Census Bureau 2020 26 Wayne County Multi -Hazard midoationPlan Updated: 2022 Figure 4.3: Major Roads, Rail, and Bridge Ownership in Wayne County 14 23 Wayne County, Indiana 27 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan 4.8 Major Waterways and Watersheds Updated: 2022 Wayne County crosses two HUC8 watersheds. The Whitewater Watershed is located in east central Indiana and western Ohio, draining 605 square miles into Wayne, Randolph, Fayette, Henry, and Franklin counties. The majority of Wayne County is located in this watershed. A small portion of the Lower Great Miami Watershed runs through the southeast corner of Wayne County. The surface area encompasses a small portion of Wayne County and does not affect a large percentage of the population in the county. Figure 4.4 maps the major waterbodies and labels the larger rivers within the county, including from west to east; Whitewater River, Greens Fork, Nolands Fork, and the East Fork Whitewater River. Figure 4.4: Major Waterbodies and Watersheds County, liana k>,d NtuabWic� Groundwater reserves supply the majority of water used in Wayne County. Most of Wayne County has good groundwater supplies, however, the area around the exposed bedrock south of Richmond has very poor water supply. The only major surface water supply is the Middle Fork Reservoir, which supplies half of the water in Richmond. 28 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan 4.9 Land -Use and Development Updated: 2022 Land use and development is regulated through the Zoning Ordinances of Wayne County, Indiana. These ordinance regulations are enacted in accordance with a comprehensive plan for the desirable future development of Wayne County. Wayne County land use is primarily agricultural. Wayne County reflects the national trend toward fewer and larger farms. The USDA reports approximately 900 farms in Wayne County. The vast majority, over 80 percent, of land in farms is dedicated to crop lands, primarily grains corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, and canola). Livestock farming focuses on beef, pork, and poultry. Figure 4.5 shows the distribution of USGS land cover throughout Wayne County Figure 4.5: Land Use of Wayne County Wayne County, Indiana L 'd C.-- 201, 29 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Section 5: Risk Assessment The goal of mitigation is to reduce the future impacts of a hazard including loss of life, property damage, disruption to local and regional economies, and the expenditure of public and private funds for recovery. Sound mitigation must be based on sound risk assessment. A risk assessment involves quantifying the potential loss resulting from a disaster by assessing the vulnerability of buildings, infrastructure, and people. This assessment identifies the characteristics and potential consequences of a disaster, how much of the community could be affected by a disaster, and the impact on the community assets. A risk assessment consists of three components: 1) Hazard identification, 2) Vulnerability Assessment, and 3) Risk Analysis and Hazard Profiling. 5.1 Identifying Hazards 5.1.1 Existing Plans To facilitate the planning process the planning team reviewed existing plans and data, including the 2016 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan and the current effective FEMA Flood Insurance Flood Maps (FIRMS). The 2016 MHMP identified the following natural hazards ranked from most severe to least: 1. Winter Storms 2. Severe Thunderstorms 3. Extreme Temperatures 4. Hazardous Materials 5. Tornados 6. Flash Flooding 7. Dam Failure 8. Droughts 9. Levee Failures 10. Flood 11. Earthquake 12. Ground Failure 13. Wildfire 30 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 In 2022 the planning team updated the county's hazards to: Natural Hazards Man -Made Hazards Thunderstorms Cyber Attack Tornados Civil Unrest Extreme Temperatures Hazardous Materials Incident Flooding Active Assailant Drought Winter Events Wildfires Earthquake Dam Failure Ground Failure 5.1.2 Historical Hazards Records To assist the planning team, historical storm -event data from the past ten years was compiled from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The NCDC Storm Events database includes events related to tornados, severe storms, winter storms, droughts, and extreme temperatures. NCDC records are estimates of damage reported to the National Weather Service from various local, state, and federal sources. These estimates, however, are often preliminary in nature and may not match the final assessment of economic and property losses related to given weather events. The NCDC data included 110 reported events in Wayne County between 2012 and 2021. The breakdown by event type and year is shown in Figure 5.1. Figure 5.1: Wayne County NCDC Reports 2012-2021 WAYNE COUNTY NCDC REPORTS (2012-2021) IN Flood to Hail . severe storm iiwinterstorm 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 '.. 31 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 5.1.3 Hazard -Ranking Methodology During Planning Meeting 1, held November 18, 2021, the Planning Team reviewed historical hazard information and was directed to bring additional hazard information not included in the presentation. During Planning Meeting 2, held on February 23, 2022, the Planning Team participated in a risk analysis exercise to rank hazards by community and severity of risk. The planning team calculated the probability rating utilizing the Kaiser Permanente Hazardous and Vulnerability Analysis tool. Events were calculated with the probability rating (Low, Medium, High) of each hazard based on the number of events that have occurred in the county since 2017. Throughout the planning process, the planning team had the opportunity to update the data with more accurate local information. With these situations, the probability rating assigned to the county was applied to all jurisdictions within the county. After collecting the Wayne County data with additional local data, the Planning Team determined each hazard's potential impact on the communities. The impact rating (Low,.Medium, High) was based on the planning team's input on their communities and Wayne County. The overall hazard risk was determined by the probability/impact score in the Kaiser Permanente formula. It is important to consider both probability and impact when determining the risk. While some hazards are widespread and will impact communities similarly, others are localized leaving certain communities at greater risk than others. For example, Cambridge City is at greater risk of flooding caused by a canal running through the downtown area. The same example can be used for hazardous materials spills. A chemical incident in Richmond would have a higher impact due to the increased population. The following table describes each community's risk to flooding and hazardous materials incidents. The cities and towns listed in Table 5.1 were surveyed to determine the risk of flooding and hazardous material events in their own communities. Based on history of past events, damage costs, new construction in their communities, and forecasting future events, each city and town scored their local risk as low, medium, or high for flooding and hazardous materials events. Each rating was approved by the Wayne County Emergency Management Director. 32 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Table 5.1: Community Risk to Localized Events (Flooding and Hazardous Materials) Updated: 2022 Municipality Flooding Hazardous Materials Dam/Levee Ground Failure Boston Low Low Low Low Cambridge City High Medium Low Low Centerville Low Low Low Low Dublin Low Low Low Low East Germantown Low Low Low Low Economy Low Low Low Low Fountain City Low Low Low Low Greens Fork High Low Low Low Hagerstown Low Low Medium Low Milton Low Low Low Low Richmond Low High Medium Low Spring Grove Low Medium Low Low Whitewater Low Low Low Low The Wayne County Hazard Vulnerability Analysis scores are presented in Tables 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, S- and 5-6. The entire Kaiser Permanente HVA scoring system is listed in Appendix C. Table 5.2: Kaiser Permanente Hazardous and Vulnerability Analysis Scores (Natural) KaiseHaz rPermanenle ard Vulnerability Scores Natural Hazard Relative Risk Percentage Severe Thunderstorm 72 Tornado 52 Temperature Extremes 50 Flooding 48 Drought 48 Blizzard/Winter Storm 41 Wildland/Crop Fire 33 Landslide 22 Earthquake 19 Dam Failure 17 Table 5.3: Kaiser Permanente Hazard and Vulnerability Score (Technology) 'Kaiseir Pe�manen#e Hazard Vulnerability Score: � _ ,=" Technological Hazard Relative Risk Percentage Cyber Attack 78 Formatted Table 5 Formatted Table ' Formatted Table 33 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Table SA: Kaiser Permanente Hazards and Vulnerability Scores (Human) Kaiser Permariente'Nazard Vulnerability Scores , Human Hazard Relative Risk Percentage Civil Unrest 52 Active Assailant 37 Table 5.5: Kaiser Permanente Hazard and Vulnerability Score (Hazardous Materials) Kaiser,Pe'rmanente Hazard.VulnerabilitOcc res Hazardous Materials Relative Risk Percentage Large Spill with Evacuation 1 44 Table 5.6: Wayne County HVA Analysis Updated: 2022 Wayne County Hazard Vulnerability Analysis -Kaiser Permanente Event Probability Human, '1 Property Business Preparedness' Internal External Risk Impact Impact Impact" Response Response CyberAttack 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 78% Severe 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 72% Thunderstorm Flooding 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 52% Temperature 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 50% Extreme Civil Unrest 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 52% Drought 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 49% Tornado 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 48% Hazmat with 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 44% Evacuation Winter Storm 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 41% Active 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 37% Assailant Wildland/Crop 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 33% Fires Earthquake 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 19% Landslide 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 17% 34 Formatted Table Formatted Table Formatted Table Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 5.1.4 Hazard Scoring Method When addressing and scoring risk, results from the Kaiser Permanente were broken down into three areas: high, medium, and low. High scores were based on risk percentages between 66- 100. Medium scores were based on risk percentages between 33-65. Low scores were based on risk percentages between 0-32. Probability scores are also based on high, medium, and low results with a three -designation representing high, a two -representing medium, and a one - representing low. Event impacts are also scored utilizing the same method. All event breakdowns are listed in Table 5.7. 5.2 Accessing Vulnerability The Wayne County/City of Richmond GIS Department provided 2022 parcel boundaries and Wayne County Assessor records to Vantage Point Consulting. The default Hazus-HM data were updated as follows: • The Hazus-MH general building stock (to include building count, building square footage, content, and structure exposure), Hazus-MH critical facilities, and Hazus-MH essential facilities have been updated based on the most recent available data sources. Hazus-MH critical and essential point facilities have been reviewed, revised as necessary, and approved by local subject matter experts. • The essential facility updates (schools, medical care facilities, fire stations, police stations, and EOCs) were applied to the Hazus-HM model data. Hazus-MH reports of essential facility losses reflect updated data. 5.2.1 Identify Facilities This MHMP plan includes two types of facilities: critical facilities and essential facilities. Critical facilities are buildings that are deemed economically or socially viable to the county. Wayne County has the following categories of critical facilities. • Transportation Systems: 2 airports, 1 bus facility -necessary for transport of people and resources including airports, highways, railways, and waterways. • Lifeline Utility Systems: 6 wastewater treatment plants, 9 potable water systems, 14 communications facilities, 33 electric facilities -vital to public health and safety including potable water, wastewater, oil, natural gas, electric power, and communication systems. • High Potential Loss Facilities: 10 dams -failure or mai-operation may have significant physical, social and/or economic impact to neighboring community including power plants, high hazard dams, and military installations. 35 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 • Hazardous Material Facilities: 96 hazardous materials facilities -involved in the production, storage, and/or transport of corrosives, explosives, flammable materials, radioactive materials, and toxins. Wayne County's critical facilities are listed in Appendix B. Essential facilities are defined as those that are vital to the county in the event of a hazard. These include emergency operations centers, police departments, fire stations, schools, and care facilities. Essential facilities are a subset of critical facilities. Table 5.7 identifies the essential facilities that were verified, added, or updated for the analysis. Wayne County's essential facilities are listed in Appendix B. Table 5.7: Essential Facilities of Wayne County Category Number of Facilities Care Facilities 14 Emergency Operations Center 1 Fire Stations 17 Police Stations 8 Schools 52 Total 92 5.2.2 Building Replacement Costs The total building exposure for Wayne County is identified in Table 5.8 along with the estimated number of buildings within each occupancy class. These counts and costs were derived from th Wayne County Assessor's Office and parcel data. Table 5.8: Building Exposure General Occupancy Estimate Total Buildings Total Building Exposure ($) Agriculture 14,097 $596,952,066 Commercial 4,525 973,251,108 Education 233 236,522,977 Government 1,017 329,143,717 Industrial 1,223 646,687,181 Manufactured Homes 2,393 28,519,809 Religious/NFP 1,474 585,805,606 Residential 42,650 3,037,987,438 Utilities 139 13,913,908 Totals 67,751 $6,448,783,811 Formatted Table e Formatted Table 36 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan 5.3 Profiling Hazards 5.3.1 Severe Thunderstorm Hazard Updated: 2022 Severe thunderstorms are defined as thunderstorms with one of more of the following characteristics: strong winds, large damaging hail, or frequent lightning. Severe thunderstorms most frequently occur in Indiana during the spring and summer but can occur any month of the year at any time of the day. A severe thunderstorm's impact can be localized or can be widespread in nature. A thunderstorm is classified as severe when it meets one or more of the following criteria: • Hail of diameter .75 inches or higher • Frequent and dangerous lightning • Wind speeds equal to or greater than 58 miles per hour Hail Hail is a product of a strong thunderstorm. Hail usually falls near the center of a storm; however, strong winds occurring at high altitudes in the thunderstorm can blow the hailstones away from center, resulting in damage in other areas near the storm. Hailstones range from pea -sized to baseball -sized, but hailstones larger than softballs have been reported on rare occasions. As documented in Table 5.9, there have been seven NCDC reported hail events in Wayne County since January 1, 2015. None of these reported hailstorms resulted in death, injury, property damage or crop damage that was reported. Table 5.9: Wayne County Hail Events i nratinn nato niametAw In Inches Greens Fork 7/17/2015 1 Webster 7/17/2015 1 Richmond 7/17/2015 1 Economy 8/3/2015 1 Richmond 8/3/2015 1 Richmond 7/7/2017 1 Milton 4/3/2018 0.75 Centerville 5/20/2018 0.75 Fountain City 5/27/2019 1 Richmond 4/8/2020 0.75 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Lightning Lightning is the discharge of atmospheric electricity from a thunderstorm. It can travel at speeds up to 140,000 miles per hour and reach temperatures approaching 54,000 degrees. Lightning often is perceived as a minor hazard; in reality, lightning damages structures and kills, or severely injures numerous people in the United States each year. It is estimated that there are 16 million lightning storms worldwide every year. 16 According to The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service there are an average of over 500,000 cloud -to -ground lightning strikes in Indiana per year. Lightning is identified by the National Park Service as one of the leading causes of wildfires after human -caused fires. Lightning strikes cost approximately $2.1 billion in homeowner's insurance losses in 2021.17 Common misconceptions can impede lightning safety practices, so it is vital to hazard mitigation planning to ensure that the general public and first responders are informed about how to prevent and respond to lightning related incidents. Victims of lightning strikes frequently go into cardiac arrest, so performing CPR immediately may save their life. Increased awareness and proactivity about lighting safety has been shown to decrease the number of lightning related fatalities. Many accidents can be avoided by heeding weather warning and practicing proper lightning safety. Although numerous storms have been reported in Wayne County in the past five years, there was only one lightning event recorded by NCDC, which is shown in Table 5.10. Table 5.10: NCDC Lighting Strike Data for Wayne County Location Date Damage Costs Hagerstown 6/7/2018 $1,000 Property Severe Winds (Straight -Line Winds) Straight-line winds from thunderstorms are a common occurrence across Indiana. Straight-line winds can cause damage to homes, businesses, power lines, and agricultural areas, and may require temporary sheltering of individuals who are without powerfor extended periods of time. 16 The National Severe Storms Laboratory. NSSL. "Thunderstorm Basics," littp://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education 1' State Farm Insurance, 2021 38 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Previous Occurrences of Thunderstorms As shown in Table 5.11, the NOAA database reported 25 severe storms in Wayne County since January 1, 2015. A severe thunderstorm in June 2021 caused $25,000 in property damage in the community of Greens Fork. Table 5.11: Wayne County Storm Events Reported to NCDC Year Events Property Damage ' Totals 2015 6 $40,500 2016 4 $13,500 2017 3 $33,000 2018 1 $1,250 2019 3 $12,000 2020 4 $41,000 2021 3 $31,025 Totals 24 $172,275 NCDC records are estimates of damage compiled by the National Weather Service from various local, state, and federal sources. These estimates, however, are often preliminary in nature and may not match the final assessment of economic and property losses related to a given weather event. Geographic Location for Thunderstorm Hazard The entire county has the same risk for the occurrence of thunderstorms. They can occur at any location within the county. Hazard Extent for Thunderstorm Hazard The extent of the historical thunderstorms varies in terms of the extent of the storm, the wind speed, and the size of hailstones. Thunderstorms can occur at any location within the county. Risk Identification Based on historical information, the probability of a severe thunderstorm (including high winds, hail, and lightning) event is high, and the potential impact of a severe thunderstorm event is high; therefore, the overall risk of a severe thunderstorm event in Wayne County is high. 39 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Vulnerability Analysis for Thunderstorm Hazard Severe thunderstorms are an equally distributed threat across the entire jurisdiction; therefore, the entire population of Wayne County and all buildings are vulnerable to a severe thunderstorm, and the same impacts can be expected within the affected area. This plan will therefore consider all buildings within the county as vulnerable. Facilities All facilities are vulnerable to severe thunderstorms. An essential or critical facility will encounter many of the same impacts as any other building within the county. These impacts include structural failure, damaging debris, roofs blown off or windows broken by hail or high winds, fires caused by lightning and the loss of building functionality. Names and locations of critical and essential facilities are in Appendix B. Building Inventory Impacts like those discussed for critical facilities can be expected for the buildings within the county. These impacts include structural failure, damaging debris, roofs blown off or windows broken by hail or high winds, fires caused by lightning, and loss of building functionality. Infrastructure During a severe thunderstorm, the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, utility lines/poles, railroads, and bridges. Because the county's entire infrastructure is equally vulnerable, it is important to emphasize that any number of these structures could become damaged during a severe thunderstorm. The impacts to these structures include failed, or impassable roadways, broken orfailed utility lines, or railwayfailure from broken or impassible rail lines. Bridges could fail or become impassable, causing risk to traffic. Additionally, aerial navigation aids in Wayne County, including components of the national air traffic control system, located at the Richmond Municipal Airport, could be damaged, or destroyed possibly impacting nationwide air travel. Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Thunderstorm Hazard Due to the unpredictability of this hazard, all new buildings and infrastructure in Wayne County are at risk of damage including temporary or permanent loss of function. For hailstorms, thunderstorms, and windstorms, it is not possible to isolate specific essential or non -essential facilities that would be more or less vulnerable to damage. NCDC data for the past seven years reports damage of $172,250. It should also be noted that property owners often do not report damages caused by the events recorded by the NCDC. Therefore, damages to property should be expected to be significantly higher than the stated range. 40 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 5.3.2 Tornado Hazard Tornadoes can occur at any time during the day or night and within any month of the year. The unpredictability of tornadoes makes them one of Indiana's most dangerous hazards. Their extreme winds are violently destructive when they touch down in the region's developed and populated areas. Current estimates place the maximum potential velocity of tornados at about 300 miles per hour, but higher and lower values can occur. A wind velocity of 200 miles an hour will result in a wind pressure of 102.4 pounds per square foot of surface area; a load that exceeds the tolerance limits of most buildings. Tornadoes are defined as violently rotating columns of air extending from thunderstorms to the ground. Funnel clouds are rotating columns of air not in contact with the ground; however, the violently rotating column of air can reach the ground quickly and become a tornado. If the funnel picks up and blows debris, it has reached the ground and is a tornado. 11 Tornadoes are classified according to the Enhanced Fujita tornado intensity scale shown in Table 5:12. Table 5.12: Enhanced Fujita Tornado Rating18 Fujita Estimated path Width Path Length Description of Destruction Number Wind Speed Light damage, some damage tochimneys, EFO Gale 65-85 mph 6-17 yards 0.3-0.9 miles branches broken, sign boards damaged, shallow - rooted trees blown over. Moderate damage, roof surfaces peeled off, FE1 Moderate h 86-110 mph 18-55 yards y 1.0-3.1 miles mobile homes pushed off foundations, attached garages damaged. Considerable damage, entire roofs torn from EF2 Significant 111-135 mph 56-1 75 yards 3.2-9.9 miles frame houses, mobile homes demolished, boxcars pushed over, large trees snapped or uprooted. Severe damage, walls torn from well- EF3 Severe 136-165 mph 176-666 10-31 miles constructed houses, trains overturned, most yards trees in forests uprooted, heavy cars thrown about. Complete damage, well -constructed houses EF4 166-200 mph 0.3-0.9 miles 32-99 miles leveled, structures with weak foundations Devastating blown off for some distance, large missiles generated. Foundations swept clean, automobiles EF5 Incredible Over 200 mph 1.0-3.1 miles 100-315 miles become missiles and thrown for 100 yards or more, steel -reinforced concrete structures badly damaged. Previous Occurrences for Tornadoes 11 NOAA Storm Prediction Center 41 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 There have been 13 reported tornadoes in Wayne County in the last 50 years. There has been one reported injury in the year 1977 from an F-1 scale tornado in Centerville and two reported injuries in the 2019 at the Richmond Airport. NCDC-reported tornado activity in Wayne County is documented in Table 5.13. Table 5.13: Wayne County NCDC-Reported Tornadoes-50 year Location Date F-Scale Death Injuries Property Damage Crop Damage Wayne County 8/2/1972 F1 0 0 $250K 0 Wayne County 3/12/1976 F1 0 0 $250K 0 Wayne County 10/1/1977 F1 0 1 $250K 0 Wayne County 4/8/1980 FO 0 0 $250 0 Wayne County 11/22/1992 F2 0 0 $2.5M 0 Economy 4/27/1994 FO 0 0 $0 0 Milton 6/21/1995 FO 0 0 $15K 0 Centerville 5/17/1999 FO 0 0 $100K 0 Centerville 6/21/2000 FO 0 0 $45K 0 Richmond 6/24/2000 F1 0 0 $40K 0 Boston 11/24/2004 FO 0 0 $5K 0 Fountain City 12/23/2015 EFO 0 0 $150K 0 Webster 6/4/2016 EFO 0 0 $40K 0 Richmond Mall 6/15/2019 EFO 0 2 $225K 0 Totals: 0 3 $3.87M 0 Figure 5.2: Wayne County Tornado Tracks l Geographic Location for Tornado Hazard The entire county has the same risk for tornadoes because they can occur at any location. 42 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Hazard Extent for Tornadoes The historical tornadoes generally moved west to east across the county. The extent of the hazard varies in terms of the extent of the path and the wind speed. Tornadoes can occur at any location within the county. Risk Identification for Tornadoes Based on historical information, the probability of a tornado is medium, and the potential impact of a tornado is high; therefore, the overall risk of a tornado in Wayne County is medium. Vulnerability Analysis for Tornadoes Tornadoes can occur within any area in the county; therefore, the entire population and all buildings are vulnerable to tornadoes. To accommodate this risk, this plan will consider all buildings within the county as vulnerable. Essential and Critical Facilities All essential and critical facilities are vulnerable to tornadoes. These facilities will encounter many of the same impacts as any other building within the jurisdiction. The impacts will vary, based on the magnitude of the tornado, but can include structural failure, damaging debris, roofs blown off or windows broken by hail or high winds, and loss of facility function. For example, a damaged fire station may no longer be able to serve the community. Building Inventory The same risks to facilities are shared by other buildings within the county. The impacts can include structural failure, damaging debris, roofs, blown off or windows broken, and loss of building function, such as a damaged home which will no longer be habitable, causing residents to seek or require shelter. Infrastructure During a tornado event, the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, utility lines and pipes, and bridges. Because the county's entire infrastructure is equally vulnerable, it is important to consider that many of these structures could become damaged during a tornado. The potential impacts to these structures include damaged or impassable roadways, broken or failed utility lines, and railway failure from broken or impassable tracks. Bridges could fail or become impassable, causing additional risk to traffic. 43 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 GIS Tornado Analysis For the 2016 MHMP, GIS analysis estimated 2,640 buildings receiving damages, resulting in a potential building loss of $591 million. GIS overlay modeling was used to determine the potential impact of an F4 tornado. The analysis used hypothetical tornado path running across the county from southside of Centerville to the northwest side of Richmond and continuing to southwest of Whitewater. The modeled path will impact residential, commercial, and industrial facilities. The selected widths were modeled after a recreation of the Fujita-Scale guidelines based on conceptual wind speeds, path widths, and path lengths. There is no guarantee that every tornado will fit exactly into one of these five categories. Table 5.14 depicts tornado damage curves, as well as path widths. Table 5.14: Tornado Path Widths and Damage Curves Enhanced Fujita Scale Path Width (feet) Maximum Expected Damage EF5 2,400 100% EF4 1,800 100% EF3 1,200 80% EF2 600 50% EF1 300 10% Within any given tornado path there are degrees of damage. The most intense damage occurs within the center of the damage path with a decreasing amount of damage away from the center of the path. This natural process was modeled by GIS by adding damage zones around the hypothetical tornado path. Figure 5.3 and Table 5.15 describe the zone analysis. Figure 5.3: F4 Tornado Analysis, Using GIS Buffers Zane 4: 10% expected damage eet 44 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 An F4 tornado has four damage zones. Total devastation is likely to occur within 150 feet of the tornado path. The outer layer buffer is 900 feet from the tornado path within buildings will be damaged by approximately 10 percent. Table 5.15: F4 Tornado Zones and Damage Curves Fujita Scale Zone `-Buffer (feet) Damage Curve EF-4 4 600-900 10% EF-4 3 300-600 50% EF-4 2 150-300 80% EF-4 1 0-150 100% Tornado Scenario The tornado scenario is intended to replicate a hypothetical tornado and is shown in Figure 5.4. The damage curve buffers for this hypothetical tornado path are shown in Figures 5.4 and 5.5, and 5.6. Figure 5.4: Hypothetical F4 Tornado Path in Wayne County Legend� o,orx-..wi. A 45 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.5: Modeled F4 Tornado Damage Buffers in Wayne County Updated: 2022 A 46 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.6: Modeled F4 Tornado Damage in Centerville The results of this analysis are shown in Table 5.16. The GIS analysis estimates 1,079 buildings could be damaged. The estimated potential building losses would be $118 million. The building losses are an estimate of building costs multiplied by the percentages of damage. The overlay was performed against parcels provided by Wayne County (through IDHS and Indiana Map) that were joined with assessor records showing property improvement. The Assessor records often do not distinguish parcels by occupancy class when the parcels are not taxable; therefore, the total number of buildings and the building replacement costs for government, religious, including non-profit, and education may be underestimated. 47 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Table 5.16: Estimated Building Losses by Occupancy Type General Occupancy Buildings Damaged Building Losses Agriculture 18 $1,284,059 Commercial 71 $29,113,410 Education 14 $15,738,030 Government 28 $3,508,809 Industrial 11 $5,741,697 Religious 18 $4,280,025 Residential 919 $58,398,723 Total 1079 $118,064,753 Updated: 2022 Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Tornado Hazard Due to the unpredictability of this hazard, all buildings and infrastructure in Wayne County are at risk of damage including temporary or permanent loss of function. For tornadoes, it is not possible to isolate specific essential or non -essential facilities that would be more or less likely to be located in a tornado impact zone. 5.3.3 Extreme Temperatures Extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, can have a significant impact on human health and safety, commercial businesses, agricultures, and primary and secondary effects on infrastructure (burst pipes, power failures, etc.). Weather conditions described as extreme heat or cold vary across different areas of the country, based on the range of average temperatures within the region. Extreme Heat Hazard Definition Temperature that are over 10 degrees Fahrenheit or more above the average high temperature for a region, and last for several weeks, constitute an extreme heat event. An extended period of extreme heat of three or more consecutive days is typically referred to as a heat wave. Most summers see extreme heat events in one or more parts of the U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains, they tend to combine both high temperatures and high humidity, although some of the worst heat waves have been catastrophically dry. Criterial for extreme heat events typically shift by location and time of year and are dependent on the interaction of multiple meteorological variables (temperature, humidity, cloud cover). Heat alert procedures are based primarily on Heat Index Values. The Heat Index, given in degrees Fahrenheit, is often referred to as the apparent temperature and is a measure of how hot it really feels when the relative humidity is factored with the actual air temperature. The National Weather Service Heat Index Chart can be seen in Figure 5.7. 48 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.7: National Weather Service Heat Indexi9 Updated: 2022 Each National Weather Service Forecast Office may issue the following heat -related products as conditions warrant: • Excessive Heat Outlooks -issued when the potential exists for an extreme heat event in the next 3-7 days. An outlook provides information to those who need considerable lead time to prepare for the event, such as public utility staff, emergency managers, and public health officials. • Excessive Heat Watches -issued when conditions are favorable for an extreme heat event in the next 24-72 hours. A watch is used when the risk of a heat wave has increased but its occurrence and timing is still uncertain. It provides enough lead time so that those who need to prepare can do so, such as city officials who have excessive heat mitigation plans. • Excessive Heat Warnings/Advisories-issued when an extreme heat event is expected in the next 36 hours. These products are issued when an excessive heat event is occurring, is imminent, or has a very high probability of occurring. The warning is used for conditions that cause inconvenience and, if caution is not taken, could lead to a threat to life and/or property. 190ffice of Atmospheric Programs. (2006). 49 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Summary Vulnerability Assessment Excessive heat affects mostly humans, particularly special needs populations and animals. These events may be exacerbated by power loss. Extreme heat can also impact transportation facilities. Roads, specifically concrete constructed, can explode due to expansion during extreme temperatures. Asphalt constructed roads may become soft and damaged by heavy vehicles during high heat events. Railroad rails can bow or flex out due to expansion during extreme temperatures causing major railway failures. For this planning effort, it was not possible to analyze the number of lives or amount of property exposed to the impacts of extreme heat. Previous Occurrences for Extreme Heat There have been one reported excessive heat events in Wayne County in the last six years which lasted for two days. NCDC reported excessive heat event is listed in Table 5.17. Table 5.17: NCDC Excessive Heat Events 2017-2022 Location County State Date Time Type Deaths Injuries Property Crop Damage Damage Excessive Wayne Wayne IN 7/19/2019 1600 Heat 0 0 0 0 Excessive Wayne Wayne IN 7/20/2019 1600 Heat 0 0 0 0 Geographic Location for Extreme Heat Extreme temperature events are regional in nature. All areas of the state are vulnerable to the risk of extreme heat. Hazard Extent for Extreme Heat Excessive heat events typically occur in the summer months. The extent of excessive heat events varies in terms of the Heat Index and duration of the event. The duration will vary although it could span up to several months. 50 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Vulnerability Analysis for Extreme Heat Prolonged exposure to extreme heat may lead to serious health problems, including heat stroke, heat, exhaustion, or sunburn. Certain populations, such as seniors, infants and young children, pregnant women, homeless or poor, the obese, and people with mental illness, disabilities, and chronic diseases, are at greater risk to the effects of extreme heat, Depending on severity, duration, and location, excessive heat events can also trigger secondary hazards, including dust storms, drought, wildfires, water shortages, and power outages. Mitigation Efforts The City of Richmond received $121,000 Beat the Heat Grant from Indiana University's Environmental Resilience Institute and the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs. This grant provided a salary for a full-time Heat Relief Coordinator, who was responsible for analyzing needs and worked with community partners in efforts to enhance cooling stations and oversee heat -related efforts. This grant is a one-time only award and is expired 12-31-2022. Extreme Cold Hazard Definition What constitutes an extreme cold event, and its effects, varies by region across the United States. In areas unaccustomed to winter weather, near freezing temperatures are considered extreme cold. Extremely cold temperatures are typically characterized by the ambient air temperature dropping to approximately zero degrees Fahrenheit or below. The magnitude of extreme cold temperatures is generally measured through the Wind Chill Temperature Index. Wind Chill Temperature (WCT) is the temperature that is felt when outside and is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin by the effects of wind and cold. As the wind increases, the body is cooled at a faster rate causing the skin's temperature to drop. In 2001, the National Weather Service implemented a new WCT Index, designed to more accurately calculated how cold air feels on human skin. The index, shown in Figure 5.8, includes a frostbite indicator, showing points where temperature, wind speed, and exposure time will produce frostbite in humans. 51 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.8: NWS Wind Chill Temperature Index �' � NWS Windchill Chart,* Updated: 2022 Each National Weather Service Forecast Office may issue the following wind chill -related products as conditions warrant: • Wind Chill Watch -Issued when there is a chance that wind chill temperatures will decrease to between 24 degrees to 0 degrees Fahrenheit in the next 24-48 hours. • Wind Chill Advisory -Issued when the wind chill could be life threatening if action is not taken. The criteria for this advisory are expected wind chill readings of 15 degrees to 24 degrees Fahrenheit below zero. • Wind Chill Warning -Issued when wind chill readings are life threatening. Wind chill readings of 25 degrees Fahrenheit below zero or lower are expected. 52 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Previous Occurrences for Extreme Cold NCDC data does not record any recent occurrences of extreme cold temperatures. Geographic Location for Extreme Cold Extreme cold temperature events are regional in nature. All areas of the state are vulnerable to the risk of extreme cold and heat. Hazard Extent for Extreme Cold Extreme cold events typically occur in the winter months. The extent of extreme cold varies in terms of the Wind Chill Temperature and duration of the event. Vulnerability to Extreme Cold Extreme temperatures affect mostly humans, particularly special needs populations, and animals. These events may be exacerbated by power loss. Extreme cold can result in damage to buildings, utilities, and infrastructure, due to the strong winds that often accompany these events. Additionally, extreme cold events often lead to severe short- and long-term health conditions, or even death. Extreme cold events can occur within any area in the county; therefore, the entire county population and all buildings are vulnerable to extreme cold hazards. Exposure to cold temperatures, indoors or outdoors, can lead to serious or life -threatening health problems, including hypothermia, cold stress, frostbite or freezing of the exposed extremities, such as fingers, toes, nose, and earlobes. Certain populations, such as seniors, infants and young children, individuals who are homeless or stranded, or those who live in a home that is poorly insulated or without heat are at greater risk for the effects of extreme cold. Extreme cold temperatures often accompany a winter storm, so individuals may also have to cope with power failures and icy roads. Although staying indoors can help reduce the risk of vehicle accidents and falls on the ice, individuals are susceptible to indoor hazards. Homes may become too cold due to power failures or inadequate heating systems. The use of space heaters and fireplaces to keep warm increases the risk of household fires, as well as carbon monoxide poisoning. Risk Identification for Extreme Temperatures Based on historical information, the probability of an extreme temperature event is high, and the potential impact of an extreme temperature event is medium; therefore, the overall risk of an extreme temperature event in Wayne County is medium. 53 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Extreme Temperatures Unlike other natural hazard events, extreme heat events leave little to no physical damage to communities; however, they can lead to severe short and long-term health conditions, or even death. Extreme heat events can also impact environmental and economic vulnerabilities as a result of water shortages and drought. With the effects of global warming and a general increase in temperatures and a decrease in precipitation, the effects of heat events will continue to worsen in the future. This will affect agriculture crops along with the need to increase electrical supplies for cooling measures. The effects of cold temperatures will become less as average temperatures are rising during traditionally cold months of the year. There will still be occurrences of extremely cold temperatures during the winter months. 5.3.4 Flood Hazard Flooding is a significant natural hazard throughout the United States and Indiana. The type, magnitude, and severity of flooding are functions of the amount and distribution of precipitation over a given area, the rate at which precipitation infiltrates the ground, the geometry of the catchment, and flow dynamics and conditions in and along the river channel. Floods can be classified as one of two types: flash floods or riverine floods. Both types of flooding are common in Indiana. Flash floods generally occur in the upper parts of the drainage basins and are generally characterized by periods of intense rainfall over a short duration. These flood events arise with very little warning and often result in locally intense damage, and sometimes loss of life, due to the high energy of the flowing water. Flood waters can snap trees, topple buildings, and easily move large objects and structures. Six inches of rushing water can upend a person; another 18 inches might carry off a car. Generally, flash floods cause damage over relatively localized areas, but they can be quite severe in the areas in which they occur. Urban flooding is a type of flash flood. Urban flooding involves the overflow of storm drain systems and can be the result of inadequate drainage combined with heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt. Flash floods can occur at any time of the year in Indiana, but they are most common in the spring and summer months. 54 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Riverine floods refer to floods on large rivers at locations with large upstream catchments. Riverine floods are typically associated with precipitation events that are relatively long duration and occur over large areas. Flooding on small tributary streams may be limited, but the contribution of increased runoff may result in a large flood downstream. The lag time between precipitation and time of the flood peak is much longer for riverine floods than for flash floods, generally providing ample warning for people to evacuate to safe locations and, to some extent, secure some property against damage. Riverine flooding on the large rivers of Indiana generally occurs during either the spring or summer months. Previous Occurrences of Flash and Riverine Flooding The NCDC Storm Events Database reported 18 flash and riverine flooding events in Wayne County since 2016. In November 2017, flash and riverine flooding resulting from severe thunderstorms caused property damage of $10,000 in Richmond and Centerville. NCDC identified flood events are detailed in Table 5.18. Table 5.18: Wayne County NCDC-Reported Flood Events Location Date Type Property Damage Crop Damage Fountain City 6/23/2017 Flood 0 0 Economy 7/16/2017 Flash Flood 0 0 Williamsburg 7/16/2017 Flash Flood 0 0 Richmond 7/16/2017 Flood 0 0 Richmond 7/16/2017 Flood 0 0 Richmond 11/5/2017 Flash Flood $5,000 0 Centerville 11/5/2017 Flash Flood $5,000 0 Pennville Rd. Area 11/5/2017 Flash Flood 0 0 Richmond 11/5/2017 Flash Flood 0 0 Richmond Airport 4/3/2018 Flash Flood 0 0 Mt. Auburn 4/3/2018 Flood 0 0 Centerville 4/3/2018 Flash Flood 0 0 Richmond 4/3/2018 Flash Flood 0 0 Fountain City 9/8/2018 Flood 0 0 Cambridge City 2/7/2019 Flood 0 0 Chester 2/7/2019 Flash Flood 0 0 Cambridge City 8/31/2021 Flood 0 0 East Germantown 9/15/2021 Flood 0 0 55 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Geographic Locations for Flooding Most riverine flooding occurs in the spring and is the result of excessive rainfall and/or the combination of rainfall and snowmelt. Severe thunderstorms may cause flooding during the summer or fall but tend to be localized. Flash floods, brief heavy flows in small streams or normally dry creek beds, also occur within the county. Flash flooding is typically characterized by high -velocity water, often carrying large amounts of debris. Urban flooding involves the overflow of storm drain systems and is typically the result of inadequate drainage following heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt. Many of the Wayne County communities experience flooding and flash flooding events. Cambridge City has the greatest overall exposure to flooding with 109 residential units in the 1% annual chance flood risk area. Detailed information on damage by community and Hazard Extent for Flooding FEMA provided the Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) that identifies studied streams. The Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA), which represents the modeling of the 1% -annual-chance flood, was used in the analysis to identify stream reaches for analysis. Flood hazard scenarios were modeled bythe Wayne CountyGIS Department using GIS and Hazus- HM analyses. The April 2015 DFIRMS maps were used to identify the areas of study. Planning team input and a review of historical information provided additional information on specific flood events. Risk Identification for Flooding Based on historical information, the probability of a flash flood is medium, and the potential impact of a flash flood is high, therefore, the over risk of a flash flood is medium. Based on historical information, the probability of a flood is possible, and the potential impact of a flood is moderate, therefore, the overall risk of a flood in Wayne County is low. Vulnerability Analysis 2016 Flood Analysis: For the 2016 MHMP, a 1%.-annual-chance flood would damage 689 buildings in Wayne County at a cost of $57.7 million. Data collected for the 2022 plan update resulted in estimation of damage with information received from Wayne County GIS, which is described in the following section. 56 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 The planning team analyzed vulnerability to flooding with an enhanced Hazus-MH analysis and an analysis of community participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). It is important to note the losses to buildings, particularly essential facilities, and state-owned properties, extend beyond physical damage. The economic and social impacts associated with loss of governmental, public safety, and health care infrastructures are more significant for a community. When assessing the cost of building construction, it is important for government agencies to consider these impacts. Hazus-MH Analysis Hazus-MH was used to generate a flood depth grid for a 100-year return period based upon the DFIRM boundary and a 1/3 ArcSecond DEM provided by the Wayne County GIS Department with information obtained from the Indiana Geological Survey. Hazus-MH was then used to perform a user -defined facility analysis of Wayne County. This was accomplished by creating points representing building locations that were generated from IDLGF-provided assessor data linked to parcel data provided by Wayne County and IDHS. This data was then analyzed to determine the depth of water at the location of each building point and then related to depth damage curves to determine the building losses for each structure. Hazus-MH estimates the 1%-annual-chance flood (100-year flood) would damage 208 buildings county -wide at a cost of $20.8 million. In the modeled scenario, Richmond sustained the most damage with 61 buildings at a cost of $12.3 million. The total estimated numbers and cost of damaged buildings by community are given in Tables 5.19 and 5.20. The Hazus-MH estimates were considerably lower than reported in the 2016 MHMP. Wayne County GIS reported the reason for the difference was data collected in 2016 was collected using parcel data with improvements. The data collected in 2022 utilized building footprint data that was converted to points and merged with assessment data, which caused an overestimation of improvements within the depth grid. 57 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Table 5.19: Number of Buildings Damaged by Community and Occupancy Community Buildings Damaged Agriculture Commercial Education Government Industrial Religious Residential Unincorporated 92 17 6 0 4 1 4 60 Boston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cambridge City 143 0 30 0 9 5 0 96 Centerville 10 0 2 0 1 0 0 7 Dublin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 East Germantown 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Economy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fountain City 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 Greens Fork 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Hagerstown 8 0 2 2 3 0 0 1 Milton 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mount Auburn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Richmond 61 1 8 0 12 1 3 36 Spring Grove 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Whitewater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 332 1 18 1 48 2 29 7 1 10 208 Table 5.20: Cost of Buildings Damaged by Community and Occupancy Community Buildings Damaged Agriculture Commercial Education Government Industrial Religious Residential Unincorporated $3,295,584 $250,852 $1,128,235 $0 $883,690 $33,125 $397,468 $602,213 Boston $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Cambridge City $4,237,198 $0 $1,115,903 $0 $650,116 $1,030,344 $16,827 $1,424,007 Centerville $283,001 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Dublin $0 $0 $2,559 $0 $12,677 $0 $0 $267,766 East Germantown $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Economy $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Fountain City $52,719 $0 $8,733 $0 $0 $0 $0 $43,986 Greens Fork $187,939 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $187,939 Hagerstown $481,893 $0 $150,518 $93,387 $237,715 $0 $0 $272 Milton $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Mount Auburn $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Richmond $12,299,949 $0 $1,185,023 $0 $3,246,961 $6,705,419 $249,568 $912,959 Spring Grove $24,554 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $24,554 Whitewater $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total $20,810,117 $250,852 $3,582,238 $93,387 $5,031,160 $7,768,888 $663,881 $3,419,710 58 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.9: Total Buildings in Floodplain (1% Annual Chance) Updated: 2022 1 j m. Satmi rsd, llZE. DC —OSGS. tea. Fkmaai P Cp MCAN, r.4 JL VER EM U.4 (IlwgYprgi: CVOOM,Mw)Lu Ot+ 0Ows"Clhupt Iiwl rd tr CAS Vrr N 0 Z 4 a Was • Damaged 80dinp 1%Annual Chance Mad Area 59 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.10: Cambridge City Flood -Prone Areas (1% Annual Chance Flood) 60 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.11: Centerville Flood -Prone Areas (1% Annual Chance Flood) 61 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.12: Fountain City Flood -Prone Areas (1% Annual Chance Flood) 62 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.13: Greens Fork Flood -Prone Areas (1%Annual Chance Flood) 63 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.14: Hagerstown Flood -Prone Areas (1% Annual Chance Flood) 64 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.15: Richmond Flood -Prone Areas (1%Annual Chance Flood) 65 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.16: Spring Grove Flood -Prone Areas (1% Annual Chance Flood) Updated: 2022 66 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.17: Wayne County Flood -Prone Areas (1%Annual Chance Flood) Updated: 2022 N Legend hcorpit M FENIAnraled I%An yeas 0 4 S I(Miles FM FLMAI%Annualflood ChanccArca Damaged Buildings Hazus-MH Overlay Analysis of Essential Facilities An essential facility will encounter many of the same impacts as other buildings within the flood boundary. These impacts can include structural failure, extensive water damage to the facility and loss of facility functionality. The overlay analysis estimates that one of the police stations in Wayne County is located within the 1%Annual Chance Floodplain. 67 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.18: Wayne County Flood -Prone Essential Facilities Hazus-MH Overlay Analysis of Critical Facilities A critical facility will encounter many of the same impacts as other buildings within the flood boundary. These impacts can include structure failure, extensive water damage to the facility and loss of facility functionality. The results of the overlay analysis indicate that there are three wastewater facilities, three potable water facilities, four electric power facilities, and one dam in Wayne County within the 1% Annual Chance Flood Area. As shown in the figures below, there are wastewater facilities located in Hagerstown, Cambridge City, and Green Fork with the 1% Annual Chance Flood Area. There are potable water facilities located in Milton, Richmond, and Cambridge City. The Middle Fork Reservoir Dam is located near downtown Richmond. 68 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.19: Wayne County Flood -Prone Critical Facilities 69 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.20: Milton and Cambridge City Flood -Prone Wastewater Treatment and Potable Water Facilities 70 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.21: Hagerstown and Greens Fork County Flood -Prone Wastewater Facilities Flood Damage to Special Needs/Vulnerable Populations Certain populations require special attention in the event of an all -hazards event. The census tracts in the Richmond community have a relatively higher proportion of the population with special needs when compared to the rest of the county. The tract which includes Richmond has 22.1 percent of its residents living in poverty and 18.7 percent age 65 or older. In addition, 15.1 percent have a disability. These populations will need particular attention in the event of an all - hazards event. Figure 5.22 show the flood damage areas for special needs vulnerable areas. 71 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.22: Special Needs Vulnerability Flooding NFIP Analysis FRMA provides annual funding through the Nation Flood Insurance Fund (NFIF) to reduce the risk of flood damage to existing buildings and infrastructure. These grants include Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA), Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC), and the Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) program and have been rolled into the Flood Mitigation (FMA) Grant Program. The long-term goal is to significantly reduce or eliminate claims under the NFIP through mitigation activities. FEMA defines a repetitive loss structure as a structure covered by a contract of flood insurance issued under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which has suffered flood loss damage costs to repair the flood damage is 25 percent of the market value of the structure at the time of each flood loss. The Indiana State NFIP Coordinator and FEMA Region V were contacted to determine the location of repetitive loss structures. 72 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Table 5.22: NFIP Claims Data Updated: 2022 Repetitive Total Total Total Single Two- Non- Other Other Community Loss Losses Building Contents Family Four Residential Residential Non - Properties Payments Payments Family Business Residential Wayne County 3 9 $134,205.05 $34,830.41 2 0 1 0 0 Cambridge City 3 4 $26,410.82 $0.00 2 0 0 0 0 Hagerstown 1 2 $14,843.57 $0.00 0 0 1 0 0 Grand Total 6 15 $175,459.44 $34,830.41 4 0 2 0 0 Most of the county's communities entered the NFIP during the 198Os. Table 5.23 identifies the date that the communities who participate joined the program. The following five communities currently do not participate in the program: Boston, East Germantown, Economy, Mount Auburn, and Whitewater. Table 5.23: Participation Date for Communities Participating in the NFIP Community Participation Date Wayne County (Unincorporated) 9/2/1982 Cambridge City 1011 511981 Centerville 9/2/1982 Dublin 9/211 982 Fountain City 11/4/1981 Greens Fork 11/4/1981 Hagerstown 10/15/1981 Milton 10/15/1981 Richmond 8/16/1982 Spring Grove 9/2/1982 At this time, none of Wayne County communities participate in the NFIP's Community Rating System (CRS). The NFIP's CRS is a voluntary incentive program that recognizes and encourages community floodplain management activities that exceed the minimum NFIP requirements. As a result, flood insurance premium rates are discounted to reflect the reduced flood risk resulting from the community actions, meeting the three goals of the CRS: reduced flood losses, facilitate accurate insurance rating, and promote the awareness of flood insurance. 73 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Flooding The Wayne County 2020 Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan discourages new construction in the defined floodplains through the implementation of floodplain ordinances. The Comprehensive Plan also encourages the conservation of natural areas including wetlands and floodplains by limiting development in those areas. 5.3.5 Drought The meteorological condition that creates a drought is below normal rainfall. However, excessive heat can lead to increased evaporation, which will enhance drought conditions. Droughts can occur in any month. Drought differs from normal and conditions found in low rainfall areas. Drought is the consequence of a reduction in the amount of precipitation over an undermined length of time, usually a growing season or more. There are several common types of droughts including meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socioeconomic. Figure 5.23 describes the sequence of drought occurrence and impacts of drought types. • Meteorological: Defined by the degree of dryness and the duration of the dry period. These are region -specific and only appropriate for regions characterized by year-round precipitation. • Hydrological: Associated with the effects of periods of precipitation shortfalls on surface or subsurface water supply, including stream flow, reservoir and lake levels, and groundwater. Impacts of hydrological droughts do not emerge as quickly as meteorological and agricultural droughts. For example, deficiency on reservoir levels may not affect hydroelectric power production or recreation uses for many months. • Agricultural: Links characteristics of meteorological or hydrological drought to agricultural impacts. An agricultural drought accounts for the variable susceptibility of crops during different stages of crop development from emergence to maturity. • Socioeconomics: Links the supply and demand of some economic good, such as water, forage, food, grains, and fish, with elements of meteorological, hydrological, or agricultural droughts. This type of drought occurs when demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of weather -related shortfall in water supply. 74 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.23: Sequence of Drought Occurrence and Impacts Sequence of drought occurrence and impacts for commonly accepted drought types. All droughts originate from a deficiency of precipitation or meteorological drought but other types of drought and impacts cascade from this deficiency. ( Source: National Drought lAitigation Center, University of Nebraska -Lincoln, U.S.A.) Since 1980, the U.S. has sustained 258 weather and climate disasters where the overall damage costs reached or exceeded $1 billion (including adjustments based on the Consumer Price Index, as of January 2020). The severity of a drought depends on location, duration, and geographical extent. Additionally, drought severity depends on the water supply usage demands made by human activities, vegetation, and agricultural operations. Drought brings several different problems that must be addressed. The quality and quantity of crops, livestock, and other agricultural assets will be affected during a drought. Drought can adversely impact forested areas, leading to an increased potential for extremely destructive forest and woodland fires that could threaten residential, commercial, and recreational structures. 75 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Drought conditions are often accompanied by extreme heat, which is defined as temperatures that are over 10 degrees Fahrenheit or more above the average high for the area and last for several weeks. Extreme heat can occur in humid conditions when high atmospheric pressure traps the damp air near the ground or in dry conditions, which often provoke storms. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) developed by W.C. Palmer in 1965 is a soil moisture algorithm utilized by most federal and state government agencies to trigger drought relief programs and responses. The objective of the PDSI is to provide standardized measurements of moisture, so that comparisons can be made between locations and periods of time, usually months. The U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) provides a national assessment on drought conditions in the United States. The following table is a reference from the classification scheme provided by the USDM, and the correlation between PDSI and the category, descriptions, and possible impacts associated with those level events. This classification is often used to refer to the severity of droughts for statistical purposes. The USDM provides weekly data for each county, noting the percent of land cover in the condition of the drought category identified below. Table 5.24: Drought Severity Classifications Category Description Possible Impacts Palmer Drought Severity Index Abnormally Going into drought: -short-term dryness slowing planting, growth DO Dry of crops or pastures. -1.0 to -1.9 Coming out of drought: some lingering water deficits Moderate -Some damage to crops,. pastures D1 -2.0 to -2,9 Drought -Streams, reservoirs, or wells low, some water shortages developing or imminent Severe . -Crop or pasture losses likely -3.0 to -3.9 Dz Drought I -Water shortages common - Water restrictions imposed 76 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Previous Occurrences for Drought Hazard Although the NCDC database reported drought incidents that affected Indiana in the past six years, there are no reports of drought directly affecting Wayne County. Since March 2012, there were two recorded weeks of an event in 2012 when the county was faced with extreme drought.20 Geographic Location for Drought Hazard Droughts are regional in nature. All areas of the United States are vulnerable to the risk of drought. Hazard Extend for Drought Droughts can be widespread or localized. The extent of droughts varies both in terms of the extent of the heat and range of precipitation. Risk Identification for Drought Hazard Based on historical information the probability of a drought is medium, and the potential impact of a drought is medium, not only the effects of the county's water supply but also the large number of agricultural resources in Wayne County. Therefore, the overall risk of a drought in Wayne County is medium. While researching the 2016 MHMP for Wayne County, monthly precipitation amounts had declined in nine of the 12-month averages compared to data for 2022. Vulnerability Analysis for Hazard Droughts affect mostly humans, particularly special needs populations, and animals. These events maybe exacerbated by power loss. For this planning efforts, it was not possible to analyze the number of lives or amount of property exposed to the impacts of drought. Drought impacts can be equally distributed threat across the entire jurisdiction; therefore, the county is vulnerable to this hazard and can expect the same impacts within those potentially affected areas. The entire population and agricultural land have been identified as a risk. Facilities All facilities included in this plan are vulnerable to drought. These facilities will encounter many of the same impacts as any other building with the jurisdiction, which should involve only minor damage. These impacts may include water shortages, fires, and residents in need of medical care from the heat and dry weather. A complete list of essential and critical facilities is included in Appendix B. 20 US Drought Monitor."Basic Statistics 77 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Building Inventory The other buildings within the county can expect the same impacts as those discussed for the essential and critical facilities. These impacts include watershortages, fires, and residents in need of medical care resulting from the heat and dry weather. Infrastructure During a drought, the types of infrastructure that may be impacted include roadways, utility lines/pipes, railroads, and bridges. The risk to these structures is primarily associated with a fire that could result from the hot, dry conditions. Since the county's entire infrastructure is equally vulnerable, it is important to emphasize that any number of these infrastructure components may be impacted during a drought. Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/infrastructure for Drought Hazard Future development will remain vulnerable to these events. Typically, some urban and rural areas are more susceptible than others. An example is urban areas are subject to water shortages during periods of drought. Excessive demands of the populated areas may place a limit on water resources. In rural areas, crops and livestock may suffer from extended periods of heat and drought. Dry conditions may lead to the ignition of wild and crop fires that could threaten residential, commercial, and recreational areas. Because droughts are reginal in nature, future development will be impacted across the county. Although urban and rural areas are equally vulnerable to drought, those living in urban areas may have a greater risk from the effects of a prolonged heat wave. According to FEMA the atmospheric conditions that create extreme heat tend to trap pollutants in urban areas, adding contaminated air to the excessively hottemperatures and creating health concerns for those with pre-existing conditions. Local officials should address drought hazards by educating the public on steps to take before and during the event. An example would be temporary window reflectors to direct the heat back outside of the home. Also, advisories directing people to decrease or eliminate watering of yards during times of drought. 5.3.6 Winter Storm Hazard Severe winter weather consists of various forms of precipitation and strong weather conditions. This may include one or more of the following: freezing rain, sleet, heavy snow, blizzards, icy roadways, extreme low temperatures, and strong winds. These conditions can cause human - health risks such as frostbite, hypothermia, and death. 78 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Ice (Glazing) and Sleet Storms Ice or sleet, even in the smallest quantities, may result in hazardous driving conditions and can be a significant cause of property damage. Sleet can be easily identified as frozen raindrops. Sleet does not stick to trees or wires. The most damaging winter storms in Indiana have been ice storms. These storms occur when moisture -laden gulf air converges with the northern jet stream, causing strong winds and heavy precipitation. This precipitation takes the form of freezing rain, coating power and communications lines and trees with heavy ice. The winds then will cause the overburdened limbs and cables to snap, leaving large sectors of the population without power, heat, or communications. Falling trees and limbs also cause building damage during an ice storm. In the past few decades, numerous ice storm events have occurred in Indiana. Snowstorms Significant snowstorms are characterized by the rapid accumulation of snow, often accompanied by high winds, below freezing temperatures, and low visibility. A blizzard is categorized as a snowstorm with winds of 35 miles per hour or greater and/or visibility of less than one -quarter mile for three or more hours. The strong winds during a blizzard blow about falling and already existing snow, creating poor visibility and impassable roadways. Blizzards have the potential to result in property damage. Indiana has been impacted repeatedly by blizzards. Blizzard conditions not only cause power outages and loss of communication but also make transportation difficult. The blowing of snow can reduce visibility, resulting in disorientation, affecting pedestrian travel. Previous Occurrences of Winter Storms Winter weather hazards are prevalent natural events that can be expected to occur every winter in Indiana. The winter of 2013-2014 ranked among the coldest on record throughout the Midwest. The National Weather Service (NWS) reported this season as "one of the coldest and snowiest winter seasons on records and certainly one of the most extreme winter seasons in several decades". The NCDC stated that the period from December 2013 through February 2014 was the 34th coldest for the contiguous 48 states since 1895. NCDC records are estimates of damage compiled by the NWS from various local, state, and federal sources. These estimates, however, are often preliminary in nature and may not match the final assessment of economic and property losses related to a given weather event. Table 5.25 lists the winter storm events reported to NCDC between 2014 and early 2022. While there have been relatively few winter storms over this timeframe, it should be noted that precipitation types vary significantly throughout the course of each storm. Each type of 79 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 precipitation carries its own dangers which are combined when multiple types occur in an individual storm event. Table 5.25: Wayne County Winter Storm Events 2014 Through Early 2022 Date Type Property Damage Crop Damage injury Death Y2/2014 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 1/5/2014 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 1/17/2014 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 1/18/2014 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/14/2014 Winter Storm 0 0 0 0 3/2/2014 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 11/16/2014 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 11/22/2014 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 1/5/2015 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 1/11/2015 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 1/25/2015 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/4/2015 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/14/2015 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/18/2015 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/21/2015 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 3/1/2015 Winter Storm 0 0 0 0 1/12/2016 Winter Weather 0 0 4 0 2/14/2016 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 4/8/2016 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 12/13/2016 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/8/2017 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 12/9/2017 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 12/29/2017 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 1/15/2018 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 3/20/2018 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 11/14/2018 Ice Storm 0 0 0 0 1/12/2019 Winter Storm 0 0 0 0 1/19/2019 Winter Storm 0 0 0 0 1/30/2019 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill 0 0 0 0 2/1/2019 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/10/2019 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 11/11/2019 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 12/15/2019 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 12/16/2019 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 1/17/2020 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/12/2020 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/26/2020 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 80 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Date Type Property Damage Crop; Damage Injury Death 2/28/2020 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 11/30/2020 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 12/1/2020 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 12/16/2020 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/15/2021 Winter Storm 0 0 0 0 4/20/2021 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 2/2/2022 Winter Weather 0 0 0 0 Geographic Location for Winter Storm Hazards Severe winter storms are regional in nature. Most of the NCDC data are calculated regionally or in some cases statewide. Hazard Extent for Winter Storm Hazard The extent of the historical winter storms varies in terms of storm location, temperature, and ice or snowfall. A severe winter storm can occur anywhere in the jurisdiction. Risk Identification for Winter Storm Hazard Based on historical information, the probability of winter storm is medium, and the potential impact of a winter storm has the potential to affect travel and utility systems, therefore, the overall risk of a winter storm in Wayne County is Medium. Historical data and new effects of global warming has decreased the winter storm events over the past five years. Vulnerability Analysis for Winter Storm Hazard Winter storm impacts are distributed equally across the entire jurisdiction; therefore, the entire county is vulnerable to a winter storm event and can expect the same impacts within the affected areas. Facilities All facilities are vulnerable to a winter storm. A critical facility will encounter many of the same impacts as other buildings within the jurisdiction. These impacts include loss of gas or electricity from broken or damaged utility lines, damaged or impassable roads and railways, broken water pipes, and roof collapse from heavy snow. Names and locations of critical and essential facilities are in Appendix B. Building Inventory 81 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 The impacts to the general buildings within the county are similar to the damages expected to the critical facilities. These include the loss of natural gas, electrical lines or other utilities, and damaged or impassable roads, broken water pipes, and roof collapse from heavy snow. Infrastructure During a winter storm, the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, runways, utility lines, railroads, and bridges. Since the county's entire infrastructure is equally vulnerable, it is important to emphasize that any number of these structures could become damaged during a winter storm. Aerial navigations aids in Wayne County, including components of the national air traffic control system, could be damaged or destroyed possibly impacting nationwide air travel. Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Winter Storm Hazard Because the winter storm events are regional in nature, future development will be impacted equally across the county. Any new development within Wayne County will remain vulnerable to these types of events. 5.3.7 Hazardous Materials Incident The State of Indiana has numerous active transportation lines that run through many of its counties. Active railways transport harmful and volatile substances between our borders every day. The transportation of chemicals and substances along interstate routes is commonplace in Indiana. The rural areas of Indiana have considerable agricultural commerce, creating a demand for fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides to be transported along rural roads. Finally, Indiana is bordered by two major rivers and Lake Michigan. Barges transport chemicals and substances along these waterways daily. These factors increase the chance of hazardous material releases and spills throughout the State of Indiana. The release or spill of certain substances can cause an explosion, which results from the ignition of volatile products such as petroleum products, natural, and other flammable gases, hazardous materials/chemicals, dust, and bombs. An explosion potentially can cause death, injury, and property damage. In addition, a fire routinely follows an explosion, which may cause further damage and inhibit emergency response. Emergency response may require fire, law enforcement, emergency medical services, and hazardous materials teams. Previous Occurrences of Hazardous Materials Releases Wayne County has not experienced any significant hazardous materials events related to transportation or fixed facilities in the past six years. There have been minor incidents related to 82 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 natural gas leaks and a few transportation accidents involving hazardous materials but no significant releases have occurred, which required the intervention of local firefighters, local hazard materials team, emergency management, and law enforcement. Geographic Location for Hazardous Materials Release Wayne County has a high volume of traffic on Interstate 70 running east/west through the center of the county and through Richmond. The Indiana Eastern Railroad operates on 11 miles of track in Wayne County and is connected to part of the CSX system. Also, within Wayne County is a large amount of hazardous materials traffic related to agriculture in all areas of the county. Industry located in the Richmond area also utilizes hazardous materials in their normal product process. Hazard Extent for Hazardous Materials Release The extent of the hazardous material release hazard varies in terms of the quantity of material being transported as well as the specific content of the container. Risk Identification for Hazardous Materials Release Based on historical information, the probability of a hazardous materials event is medium, and the potential impact of a hazardous materials event is medium; therefore, the overall risk of a hazardous materials event in Wayne County is medium. Vulnerability Analysis for Hazardous Materials Release Hazardous material impacts are an equally distributed threat across the entire county; therefore, all of Wayne County is vulnerable to a hazardous material release and can expect the same impacts within the affected area. The main concern during a release or spill is the population affected. This plan will therefore consider all buildings located within the county as vulnerable. Facilities All facilities and communities within Wayne County are at risk. A critical facility will encounter many of the same impacts as any other building within the county. These impacts include structural failure due to fire or explosion and loss of function of the facility due to evacuation and contamination. Names and locations of critical and essential facilities are in Appendix B. Infrastructure Components During a hazardous material release, the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, utilities, railroads, and bridges. The release or spill of certain substances can cause an explosion, which results from the ignition of volatile products such as petroleum, flammable gases, chemicals, and bombs. An explosion potentially can cause death, injury, and property 83 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 damage. In addition, a fire routinely follows an explosion, which may cause further damage and inhibit emergency response. Hazardous Materials Release Analysis The EPA's ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) model was utilized to assess the area of impact for a chlorine release at a water treatment plant in the southwest area of Richmond. The Wayne County Emergency Management Agency created the hazardous materials scenario, input data into computer programs, and collected the results. Chlorine, is one of the most commonly manufactured chemicals in the United States, used in the manufacturing of paper and cloth, used to make pesticides, rubber and solvents. The primary use is purifying drinking water and swimming pools. Chlorine is recognized by its pungent odor, similar to bleach. When released, the gas appears yellow -green in color. Exposure is through skin or eye contact and inhalation21 ALOHA is a computer program designed especially for use by first responders to chemical accidents, as well as for emergency planning and training. The US Department of Health and Human Services classifies Chlorine as an asphyxiant, cryogenic, and corrosive. For this scenario, moderate atmospheric and climatic conditions with a slight breeze from west to east were assumed. The target area was chosen due to its proximity to densely populated areas. The geographic area covered in this hypothetical analysis is shown in Figure 5.24. zl CDC emergency preparedness 84 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.24: Location of Chemical Release The ALOHA atmospheric modeling parameters, depicted in Figure 5.25, were based upon the actual conditions at the location when the model was run including wind speed of 5 MPH. The temperature was 75 degrees Fahrenheit with a relative humidity of 25 percent. The modeled source of the chemical release was a tank at a fixed site with a diameter of two feet and a length of 5.43 feet (127.6 gallons). The model incorporated a tank that was 95 percent full, with the chlorine in a liquid state which became a gas at the time of release. The model release was based on a leak from a three-inch hole. According to the ALOHA parameters, approximately 1,473 pounds of material is released per minute. 85 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.25: ALOHA Plume Modeling Parameters SITE DATA: So 4`h & "K" Street, Indiana American Water Location: RICHMOND, INDIANA Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.39 (sheltered single storied) Time: June 25, 2022 0922 hours EST (user specified) CHEMICAL DATA: Chemical Name: CHLORINE CAS Number: 7782-50-5 Molecular Weight: 70.91 g/mol AEGL-1(60 min): 0.5 ppm AEGL-2 (60 min): 2 ppm AEGL-3 (60 min): 20 ppm IDLH: 10 ppm Ambient Boiling Point: -30.6° F Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: greater than 1 atm Ambient Saturation Concentration: 1,000,000 ppm or 100.0% ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA) Wind: 5 miles/hour from WSW at 3 meters Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths Air Temperature: 75° F Stability Class: C No Inversion Height Relative Humidity: 25% SOURCE STRENGTH: Leak from hole in vertical cylindrical tank Non-flammable chemical is escaping from the tank. Tank Diameter: 2 feet Tank Length: 5.43 feet Tank Volume: 127.6 gallons Tank contains liquid Internal Temperature: 75' F Chemical Mass in Tank: 1,473 pounds Tank is 99%full. Circular Opening Diameter: 3 inches The opening is 3 inches from tank bottom. Model Run: traditional ALOHA tank. Release Duration: 1 minute Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 24.5 pounds/sec (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 1,473 pounds. Note: The chemical escaped as a mixture of gas and aerosol (two phase flow). 86 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) are intended to describe the health effects on humans as a result of once -in -a -lifetime or rare exposure to airborne chemicals. The National Advisory Committee for AEGLs is developing these guidelines to help national and local authorities, as well as private companies, deal with emergencies involving spills or other catastrophic exposures. As the substance moves away from the source, the level of substance concentration decreases. Each color -coded area depicts a level of concentration measured in parts per million (PPE). • AEGL 3: Above this airborne concentration of a substance, it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals could experience life -threatening health effects or death. • AEGL 2: Above this airborne concentration of a substance, it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-term adverse health effects or impaired ability to escape. • AEGL 1: Above this airborne concentration of a substance, it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non -sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure. According to ALOHA parameters, the chlorine would be released at approximately 25 pounds per second. For the purpose of clarification, this report will designate each level of concentration as a specific zone. The zones are as follows: • Zone 1(AGEL-3): The red buffer (>= 20 ppm) extends no more than 4.54 square miles from the point of release after one hour. • Zone 2 (AGEL-2): The orange buffer (>= 2 ppm) extends no more than 14.6 square miles from the point of release after one hour. • Zone 3 (AGEL-1): The yellow buffer (>=.2 ppm) extends more than 40 square miles from the point of release after one hour. The image in Figure 5.26 depicts the plume footprint generated by ALOHA with building data types. 87 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.26: ALOHA Plume Footprint R , k OC— (ZJ 0 hN ra, o- A .e <• ui u , a fit ❑ i G Hazmat Dangers to Vulnerable Populations Certain populations require special attention in the event of a disaster. The particular scenario modeled involves a chlorine gas plume in Richmond. This community is also located in an area with a high special needs' population, including poverty, people over the age of 65, and disabilities. The simulated chlorine release occurs in a highly populated area. Additional challenges should be expected by first responders with sheltering in place or evacuation activities. Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Hazardous Materials Release Hazard Due to the unpredictability of this hazard, all buildings and infrastructure in Wayne County are at risk of damage including temporary or permanent loss of function. 5.3.8 Earthquake Hazard An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the earth's surface. For hundreds of millions of years, the forces of plate tectonics have shaped Earth as the huge plates that form the Earth's surface move slowly over, under, and past each other. Sometimes this movement is gradual and other times the plates are locked together 88 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 and unable to release the energy. When this energy grows strong enough, the plates break free and cause the ground to shake. Ninety-five percent of earthquakes occur at the plate boundaries; however, some earthquakes occur in the middle of plates, as is the case for seismic zones in the midwestern area of the United States. The most seismically active area in the central United States is referred to as the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Scientists have learned that the New Madrid fault system may not be the only fault system in the central portion of the United States capable of producing damaging earthquakes. The Wabash Valley fault system in Indiana shows evidence of large earthquakes in its geologic history, and there may be other currently unidentified faults that could produce strong earthquakes. Figure 5.27 depicts Indiana's historical earthquake epicenters. Tables 5.26 and 5.27 provide guidance on how to interpret the modified Mercalli intensity scale. Figure 5.27: Indiana Historical Earthquake Epicenters" 3.6 I 8puth i. Elkhart �v 4.1 1B"d 3.9 4 Fort oWayno _ J 3.3 f.5 IW _ o of I etto - ___ L , 3.3 Hiohmond 3-2� �INDIANAPDII$_ 4:7i 3.5� 3 3 : .8i 3 3� iii ; Ter�e Naut 3.2 _. 3. .0 � 7, 3. lopmioglop 0 Jumbos • kkI � e 3.1 4.30 ., Vtncwrnos 3.3 .... � '- 4.4 13.2 3:1' 3:01 4.3 319�.3.3 .. 4.8 03.9 r ftew ARrIny 3.2 30V,*3.4 r 3.9' 3.3 4.4 . 14.6 f • • nevUte 30`3`' 22 Indiana Geological Survey 89 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Table 5.26: Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Mercalli Description Intensity I Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. 11 Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Ill Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. IV Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. V Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. VI Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. VII Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. VIII Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. IX Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well -designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. XI Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly. XII Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air. Table 5.27: Earthquake Magnitude vs. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Earthquake Magnitude Typical Maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity 1.0 - 3.0 I 3.0 - 3.9 INII 4.0 - 4.9 IV - V 5.0-5.9 VI -VII 6.0-6.9 Vil - IX 7.0 and higher VIII or higher 90 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Previous Occurrences for Earthquake Hazard At least 44 earthquakes, M 3.0, or greater, have occurred in Indiana since 1817. The last such event was a M 3.8 centered Bloomingdale, Indiana, north of Terre Haute on June 17, 2021. Additionally, a M 3.8 earthquake was recorded in Albion, Illinois on September 19, 2017. This earthquake was centered near the Illinois/Indiana State Line, southwest of Vincennes, Indiana. Geographic Location for Earthquake Hazard Most of the seismic activity in Indiana occurs in the southwestern region of the state. Earthquakes originate just across the boundary in Illinois and are felt in Indiana. A M 5.2 Mt. Carmel, Illinois event on April 19, 2008, was felt by residents in Indiana, Kentucky, and many more states across the central United States. Hazard Extent for Earthquake Hazard The extent of an earthquake is countywide. One of the most critical sources of information that is required for accurate assessment of earthquake risk is soil data. Soils along rivers and other bodies of water have higher water table and higher sand content. As a result, these areas are more susceptible to liquefaction and land shaking. Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking because ofwaterfillingthe space between individual soil particles. This can cause buildings to tilt or sink into the ground slope failures, lateral spreading, surface subsidence, ground cracking, and sand blows. Risk Identification of Earthquake Hazard Based on historical information, the probability of an earthquake is low, and the potential impact of an earthquake is low; therefore, the overall risk of an earthquake in Wayne County is low. Vulnerability Analysis for Earthquake Hazard This hazard could impact the entire jurisdiction equally; there the entire county's population and all buildings are vulnerable to an earthquake and expect the same impacts within the affected areas. To accommodate this risk, this plan will consider all buildings within the county as vulnerable. Facilities All facilities are vulnerable to earthquakes. These would encounter many of the same impacts as any other building in the county. These impacts include structural failure and loss of facility functionality, such as a damaged police or fire station would no longer be able to serve the community. Names and locations of essential and critical facilities, as well as community assets, are in Appendix B. 91 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Building Inventory Impacts similar to those discussed for the facilities can be expected forthe other buildings within the county. These impacts include structural failure and loss of building function that could result in indirect impacts such as damaged homes which will no longer be habitable, causing residents to seek shelter. Infrastructure During an earthquake, the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, runways, utility lines and pipes, railroads, and bridges. Because an extensive inventory of the infrastructure is not available to this plan, it is important to emphasize that any number of these structures could become damaged in the event of an earthquake. The impacts to these structures include broken, failed, or impassable roadways and runways; broken or failed utility lines, such as a loss of power or gas to a community; and railway failure from broken or impassable tracks. Bridges also could fail or become impassable, causing traffic risks and ports could be damaged which would limit the shipment of goods. Typical scenarios are described to gauge the anticipated impacts of earthquakes in the county in terms of numbers and types of buildings and infrastructure. Hazus Earthquake Analysis For the 2022 MHMP, earthquake modeling was completed. This consisted of one deterministic, one problematic, and an annualized loss. The deterministic scenario was a 6.6-magnitude epicenter in Mount Carmel, Illinois. Hazus 6.0 was utilized by Wayne County GIS Department to conduct all modeling and scenario work. An earthquake depth of 10.0 kilometers was selected based on input from the Indiana Geological Survey. Because Indiana has experienced smaller earthquakes, the decision was made to use the Central Eastern United States attenuation function. The building losses are broken into two categories: direct building losses and business interruption losses. The direct building losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building and contents. The business interruption losses are the losses associated with the inability to operate a business because of the damage sustained during the earthquake. Business interruption losses also include the temporary living expenses for those people displaced from their homes because of the earthquake. The problematic scenario was based on ground -shaking parameters derived from US Geological Survey probabilistic seismic hazard curves. This analysis option was chosen because it is useful for prioritization of seismic reduction measures and for simulating mitigation strategies. 92 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Results for 6.8 Magnitude -Mount Carmel Earthquake Scenario Hazus estimates that the damages incurred from the 6.8 magnitude Mount Carmel earthquake scenario would be county -wide in scope. Building Damages Hazus estimates that 236 buildings will receive moderate damage, 28 extensive, and 2 will be completely destroyed. These numbers account for less than 1% of the total buildings in the county. Table 5.28 lists the numbers and occupancy types of buildings that would be damaged. Figure 5.28 identifies the building loss in thousands of dollars. Table 5.28: Building Damage by County by General Occupancy Building Damage by Count by General Occupancy RUMP Imm ie Revltrue Tp &.' fehary 01, 2023 A of Bulidings Haw Slow Moderate uInstn complete TOW Indlana Wayne SW90 farAy 24.232 530 138 18 1 24,919 kdwdal SO 22 9 1 0 535 "Mot 73 3 1 0 0 77 comwaal 2320 102 36 5 0 2,463 0UWResdenba! 3,106 133 46 2 0 3.287 Total 3091 807 236 28 2 31,671 Region Total 30,599 807 236 28 2 31,671 93 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.28: Building Losses in Thousands of Dollars Updated: 2022 I Carlos I27G/t 3 ll ii 01 Pudic S.Nty ■ Mhl e Q Cre - • f4�tc.il S.vmas founM�n City wxe • Ylillla�hu y • ww Build loss $1000 •• 6" 665 89t pq� 6s1t'� Hage�wn ,. 4 cille CRY Mt Bentonville Mt Carmel 6.8 Mag Scenario - Building HERE Ga ,un, S0e61ayh. METI/NASA USGS, EPA, UPS, USDA Esii. I z NASA NGA,USGS, In Thousands of Dollars 1 94 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Table 5.29: Mt Carmel Scenario -Building Losses in Thousands of Dollars Category Residential Commercial Industrial Wage $104.07 $2,063.37 $137.13 Rental $636.50 $1,234.12 $79.25 Income $44.23 $1,714.78 $85.32 Relocation $1,380 $1,746.19 $395.34 Table 5.30: Capital Stock Losses Category Residential Commercial Industrial Structural $2,564.03 $2,698.31 $972.51 Non -Structural $4,593.39 $2,588.35 $829,10 Contents $502.89 $647.42 $410.49 Inventory $0 $162.84 $76.69 Updated: 2022 Essential Facility Damage There are approximately 1,000 medical beds available in Wayne County via one hospital, one state psychiatric hospital, and 10 extended care facilities. Table shows essential facility damage. Table 5.31: Mount Carmel Scenario -Essential Facility Damage Classification Total Moderate Complete Function on Day 1 Medical Care 3 0 0 3 Schools 45 0 0 45 EOCs 1 0 0 1 Police Stations 10 0 0 10 Fire Stations 17 0 0 17 Future Development of Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/infrastructure for Earthquake Hazard Due to the unpredictability of this hazard, all buildings and infrastructure in Wayne County are at risk for damage including temporary or permanent loss of function. For earthquakes non - reinforced structures are more vulnerable to damages. New development vulnerability will be minimal due to new construction codes coupled with the new earthquake probability. 95 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 5.3.9 Dam/Levee Failure Hazard Dams are structures that retain or detain water behind a large barrier. When full, or partially full, the difference in elevation between the water above the dam and below creates large amounts of potential energy, creating the potential for failure. Dams are usually constructed to provide a ready supply of water for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and other purposes. They can be made of rock, earth, masonry, concrete, or combinations of these materials. The Indiana General Assembly has established dam safety laws to protect the citizens of Indiana. Generally, the laws are intended to ensure that the dam owner maintains their dam in a safe manner. The laws also define inspection requirements, violation conditions, and actions that the Indiana Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) will take if the dam owner violates these laws. IDNR currently regulates all dams that meet any one of the following criteria: • The drainage area above the dam is greater than one square mile. • The dam embankment is greater than 20 feet tall. • The dam impounds more than 100 acre-feet. Dam failure is a term used to describe the major breach of a dam and subsequent loss of contained water. Dam failure can result in loss of life and damage to structures, roads, utilities, crops, and livestock. Economic losses can also result from a lowered tax base, lack of utility profits, disruption of commerce and governmental services, and extraordinary public expenditures for food relief and protection. National statistics show that overtopping due to inadequate spillway design, debris blockage of spillways, or settlement of the dam crest account for one-third of all failures. Foundation defects, including settlement and slope instability, account for another one-third of all failures. Piping and seepage, and other problems cause the remaining one-third of national dam failures. This includes internal erosion caused by seepage, seepage and erosion along hydraulic structures, leakage through animal burrows, and cracks in the dam. Since the responsibility for maintaining a safe dam rests with the owner, dam ownership imposes significant legal responsibilities and potential liabilities on the owner of the dam. A dam failure resulting in an uncontrolled release of the reservoir can have a devasting effect on persons and property downstream. Levees are small, long earth dams that protect low areas of cities and towns, industrial plants, and expensive farmland from flooding during periods of high water.23 FEMA defines a levee as a "manmade structure, usually an earthen embankment, designed and constructed in accordance 23 George F. Sowers, 1979. Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Geotechnical Engineering 4th Edition, MacMillian Publishing Co, Inc. New York 96 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 with sound engineering practices to contain control, or divert the flow of water so as to provide a level of protection from temporary flooding". Levees reduce the risk of flooding but do not eliminate all flood risk. As levees age, their ability to reduce this risk can change and regular maintenance is required to retain this critical ability. In serious flood events, levees can fail or be overtopped and, when this happens, the flooding that follows can be catastrophic. The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and FEMA have different roles and responsibilities related to levees. FEMA addresses mapping and floodplain management issues related to levees and accredits levees as meeting requirements set forth by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). USACE addresses a range of operations and maintenance, risk communication, risk management, and risk reduction issues as part of its responsibilities under the Levee Safety Program. FEMA may also provide accreditation for levees which means that the levee meets all the requirements of the Code of Federal Regulations Section 65.10. This ensures that the levee has adequate freeboard above the 1% annual chance flood, meets design specifications, maintenance plan in place, and that the owners take responsibility. Along with accredited levees regulated by federal agencies, there are also what are referred to as Non -Levee Embankments (NLE), which typically parallel to the direction of natural flow. An embankment is an artificial mound of soil or broken rock that supports railroads, highways, airfields, and large industrial sites in low areas, or impounds water.24 NLEs are often highways or railroads built on fill in low lying areas and thus tend to impose lateral constraints on flood flows, and typically contain the following characteristics: • NLEs are elevated linear features adjacent to waterways and within the flood plain. • They are typically man-made and include agricultural embankments built by landowners and road and railroad embankments. • They are levee -like structures but are not certified or engineered to provide flood protection. The National Committee on Levee Safety estimates that the location and reliability status of 85% of the nation's NILES are unknown. In Indiana, many NLEs are unidentified and are typically not maintained. NLEs impose lateral constraints on flood flows, reducing the floodplain storage capacity and increasing the flood velocity. As a result, downstream flooding and the potential for stream erosion can increase. As such, NLEs can give a false sense of security and protection to the people residing near them. For these reasons, it is extremely important to map where these features are located. 24 George F. Sowers, 1979. Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Geotechnical Engineering 411 Edition, MacMillian Publishing Co, Inc. New York 97 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Similar to dams, living with levees is a shared responsibility. While operating and maintaining levee systems are the levee sponsor responsibility; local officials are adopting protocols and procedures for ensuring public safety and participation in the NFIP. Previous Occurrences for Dam and levee Failure There are no records or local knowledge of any dam or levee, certified or NLE, failures in the county. Geographic Locations for Dam Failure The Indiana Department of Natural Resources identified 12 dams in the county and the 2016 Wayne County MHMP Planning Team identified two levees in Hagerstown. Table 5.38 summarizes the dam information. Table 5.38: Indiana Department of Natural Resources Dams Dam Name River/Stream Hazard Rank EAP Campbell Lake Dam LINT William Creek Low No Dawn Lake Dam Flight Run High Yes Glen White Dam East Fork Whitewater River Low No Marlott Mill Dam (In -Channel) Greens Fork Low No Marshall Lake Dam LINT Martindale Creek Low No McCormick Lake Dam Nettle Creek Low No Middle Fork Reservoir Dam Middle Fork East Fork Whitewater River High Yes Milton Feeder Dam (In -Channel) Whitewater River Low No Nettle Creek Mill Dam (in -Channel) Nettle Creek Low No Richmond Water Works (In -Channel) Dam East Fork Whitewater River Low No South Q St. Dry Dam LINT East Fork Whitewater River Significant No Whitewater Gorge Dam (in -Channel) East Fork Whitewater River Low No The Indiana Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) identified several non -levee embankments in Wayne County. Figure 5.29 identifies the locations in the county thar are primarily located along the Westfork of the Whitewater River. 98 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.29: Non -Levee Embankment in Wayne County Updated: 2022 t y3 h x f l Wayne County Legend .-L*vee E.b.O.mti Non -Levee Embankments (-.lure �� CMvtKtfaN u CC�tt Hazard Extent for Dam and Levee Failure When dams are assigned the low hazard potential classification, it means that failure or incorrect operation of the dam will result in no human life losses and no economic or environmental losses. Losses are principally limited to the owner's property. Dams assigned the significant hazard classification are those dams in which failure or incorrect operation result in no probable loss of human life; however, it can cause economic and environmental loss with the disruption of lifeline facilities. Dams classified as significant hazard potential dams are often located in predominantly rural or agricultural areas but could also be located in populated areas with a significant amount of infrastructure. Dams assigned the high hazard potential classification are those dams in which failure or incorrect operation has the highest risk to cause the loss of human life and significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. According to IDNR, there are two dams in Wayne County that are classified as high hazard. The Middle Fork Reservoir Dam is a high hazard dam located just east of Richmond. Figure 5.30 shows the dam in relation to Richmond and Spring Grove. 99 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.30: Middle Fork Reservoir Dam near Richmond and Spring Grove Updated: 2022 N + mtdicetcano -MR,j Fat Station M Gm 5;6 EOC +s=. p0cestaaon I' I t.A.-; Ii-41%41Aaoaf.. 0 o l�0 t V*# a SCnool hcet{x:�aY.t Cr:rna.� y The Middle Fork Reservoir Dam is located just northeast of Richmond. The area downstream of the Middle Fork Reservoir Dam has many residential homes and roads. In addition, multiple critical facilities would be located downstream of the dam. US Highway 27 and Indiana State 100 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Road 227 both lie downstream of the dam. Potential impacts of a dam failure damage to residential homes and damage to primary roads. The Middle Fork Reservoir Dam has an emergency plan developed that was developed in 2018 and was authored and is on file with the Indiana -American Water Company. This plan sections include event detection and level determination, communications standards, expected actions, event termination and follow-up. An EAP is not required by the State of Indiana but is strongly recommended in the Indiana Dam and safety Inspection Manual. An inspection of the Middle Fork Reservoir Dam was completed in September 2021 by Gannett Fleming Engineers and Architects, Columbus, OH. At that time, the dam was given a conditionally poor rating based on recognition of unusual loading conditions which may realistically occur during the expected life of the structure. Conditionally poor may also be designated when uncertainties exist as to critical analysis parameters which identify a potential dam deficiency. This information was provided to and stored at Wayne County Emergency Management. The Dawn Lake Dam is located in the northwestern portion of the county. It is upstream from a few residential areas, farmland, and a wooded area. Franklin Road lies downstream of the dam but is not the single access point for any of these areas. Some of the potential impacts of a failure to the Dawn Lake Dam include damage to homes and crops. Figure 5.31 shows the Dawn Lake Dam near the Henry County border. Figure 5.31: Dawn Lake Dam near the Henry County Border Wayne county LeQond UARRRgisteredOxns one F-3 i+I.arrlrin) a 101 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 The Dawn Lake Dam was inspected and rated fair during an inspection on December 18, 2017. The dam was required to have an additional inspection no later than December 18, 2019, but records indicated this inspection was never completed. Wayne County Emergency Management has attempted to contact the dam owner since the property has changed ownership but has been unable to as of the writing of this hazard mitigation plan. Wayne County EMA has reached out to IDNR for assistance. There is an EAP for Dawn Lake located in Wayne County Emergency Management Office, but it is dated. This plan sections include event detection and level determination, communications standards, expected actions, event termination and follow-up. Risk Identification for Dam and Levee Failure Based on historical information, the probability of a dam/levee failure is low, and the potential impact of a dam/levee failure is medium; therefore, the overall risk of a dam/levee failure in Wayne County is low. Vulnerability Analysis for Levee Failure Figure 5.32 depicts a short segment of an unaccredited midterm earthen levee located along the right descending bank of the wastewater treatment plant near Hagerstown and is part of the local flood protection project. Figure 5.32: Hagerstown Local Flood Protection Project Wayne County Lo-A.WH�i dire)—traZEFb)pNm U_ FEMAJU8ACELevee r)rirr>ItnrGFpMrune 11FNLL.— L... TW4 ���� ! 01)JrrrNCinG f4n)NaoH r4 Uacnd4N iat�4 �J M]eN AH4GOIIF40r<O44H4 ,a (Y[nd4!)letf 102 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.33 depicts a short segment of the Agricultural and Commercial Non -Levee Embankments in and around the Town of Hagerstown along the Westfork of the Whitewater River. Figure 5.33: Hagerstown, Wayne County Non -Levee Embankments Wayne County Logmd 1 ".L.— E tb'"V—N, nod "'.rd Z-1 Non LeveeEnbaOmenls nr,�,.crr.nrrawou---rr,a."a ,9 t,y.v Yru ay—Gurrtnr A —T—pn— ry u.a aA eo,�aeen Du eae, —"+rw [cRa Ur. -- ON, 103 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Figure 5.34 depicts a short segment of Non -Levee Embankments in and around the City of Richmond near the border with Ohio. There does not appear to be any immediate threat to life or safety with the failure of the levees within the county. Figure 5.34: Richmond, Wayne County Non -Levee Embankments Wayne County Loomd kv la n�wx ame es naa Nuxd zo Non Levee Enbanmenls nn ernxcmu reo)ruon -- nYrtiY�)>I r4)rWrIk54r)y-Cttrtf.) W ®���� ' O:h Alrlx Ll)IM Itt)rUDtl �Tr)�fpMA� J Max011 r01p011YY 6rY �lYa�a -� YC�+NYIYNi Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Dam and Levee Failure The county recognizes the importance of maintaining its future assets, infrastructure, and residents while recognizing the importance of maintaining levees and dams while communicating their risk to the public. Wayne County Emergency Management will be the primary organization to update elected officials with information pertaining to dams and levees. 104 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 5.3.10 Ground Failure According to the USGS, the term ground failure is a general reference to landslides, liquefaction, lateral spreads, and any other consequence of land shaking that affects ground stability. For ground failure this plan will only address land subsidence and landslides. Landslides are a serious geologic hazard common to almost every state in the United States. It is estimated that nationally they cause up to $2.5 billion in damages and up to 50 deaths annually. Globally, landslides cause billions of dollars in damage and thousands of deaths and injuries per year. The term landslide is a general designation for a variety of downslope movements of earth materials. Some landslides move slowly and cause damage gradually, whereas others move so rapidly that they can destroy property and take lives suddenly and unexpectedly. Gravity is the force driving landslide movement. Factors that allow the force of gravity to overcome the resistance of earth material to landslide include saturation by water, steepening of slopes by erosion or construction, alternate freezing or thawing, earthquake shaking, and volcanic eruptions. There are three main types of landslides that occur in Indiana, rotational slump, earthflow, and rockfall. Subsidence Southern Indiana has a network of underground caves formed by what is known as karst landscape. According to the Indiana Geological Survey, karst landscapes usually occur where carbonate rocks underlie the surface. Freely circulating, slightly acidic water in the soil slowly dissolves the bedrock causing karst formations. These karst formations have the potential to collapse under the weight of the ground above them, creating a sinkhole. Ground failure of this nature is known as land subsidence. Any structure built above a karst formation could potentially be subject to land subsidence and collapse into a resulting sinkhole. Wayne County is not particularly impacted by karst landscapes. Landslides A landslide is a rapid movement of surface land material down a slope. The main causes of landslides include: • Earthquake of other significant ground vibration • Slope failure due to excessive downward movement and gravity • The groundwater table changes, mainly resulting from heavy rain. Preventive and remedial measure include modifying the landscape of a slope, controlling the groundwater, constructing tie backs, or utilizing rock nets. 105 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 The USGS claims that landslides are a significant geologic hazard in the United States, causing $1- 2 billion in damage and over 25 fatalities per year. The expansion of urban and recreational development into hillside areas has resulted in an increasing number of properties subject to damage as a result of landslides. Landslides commonly occur in connection with other major natural disaster such as earthquakes, wildfires, and floods. Although landslides may not be preventable, their effect on people and property can be mitigated. Mitigation includes any activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the chance of an emergency happening, or lessening the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies. Investing in preventive mitigation steps now such as planning ground cover on slopes or installing flexible pipe fittings to avoid gas or water leaks will help reduce the impact of landslides and muciflows in the future. Previous Occurrences of Landslides/Ground Failure There have been no recorded events of landslides in Wayne County. Figure 5.35: Slope Map Unincorporated Wayne County Cam EOC N Flatter — Steeper Waste Water Facility 0 0.5 i 2lAdes f1a Fire SWOon L am, A �} Medical Core .1. Patoa Station 106 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Geographic Location for Landslide/Ground Failure The southeastern area of Wayne County has steeper slope in and around the Richmond and Spring Grove communities. These bedrock formations support very little karst development and therefore present very little threat from karst induced ground failure. Figure 5.36: Elevation Map of Wayne County The USGS Landslide Overview Map of the Conterminous United States show two large zones in south-central Indiana as having moderate susceptibility for landslides, but with low incidence of landslides. As seen in Figure 5.37, Wayne County does not lie in one of those zones. 107 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Figure 5.37: USGS Landslide Overview Map Updated: 2022 Landslide Incidence Low (less than 1.5% of area involved) Moderate (1.5%-15% of area invoked) High (greater than 15% of area involved) Landslide SusceptibllltyAncidence 0 Moderate susceptibilityAow incidence 0 High susceptibility/low Incidence lD High susceptibilitylmoderate incidence ility not indicated where same or lower than Incidence. Susceptibility to landsliding was defined as the probable degree of of [the areal] rocks and soils to natural or artificial cutting or loading of slopes, or to anomalously high precipitation. High, and low susceptibility are delimited by the same percentages used in classifying the incidence of landsliding. Some lion was necessary at this scale, and several small areas of high incidence and susceptibility were slightly exaggerated. Hazard Extent for Landslide/Ground Failure The extent of the ground failure hazard is closely related to development near the regions that are at risk. The extent will vary within these areas depending on the potential of elevation change, as well as the size of the underground structure. The hazard extent of ground failure is spread throughout the county in various concentrated areas. Risk Identification for Landslides/Ground Failure Based on historical information, the probability of ground failure is low, and the potential impact of a ground failure is low; therefore, the overall risk of a ground failure in Wayne County is low. 108 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Facilities Any facility built on a steep slope could be vulnerable to landslides. An essential or critical facility will encounter many of the same impacts as any other structures within the affected area. These impacts include damages ranging from cosmetic to structural. Buildings can sustain minor cracks in walls due to a small amount of settling, while in more severe cases the failure of building foundations may cause collapse. Building Inventory The buildings within the county can all anticipate the same impacts, similar to those discussed for critical facilities. These impacts include damages ranging from cosmetic to structural. Buildings may sustain minor cracks in walls due to a small amount of settling, while in more severe cases the failure of building foundations causes cracking of structural elements. Infrastructure In the area of Wayne County affected by landslides, the types of infrastructure that could be impacted include roadways, utilities, railroads, and bridges. The risk to these structures is primarily associated with land collapsing directly beneath them in a way that undermines their structural integrity. Since all infrastructure in the affected areas are equally vulnerable, it is important to emphasize that any number of these items could become damaged as a result of significant landslides. The impacts to these items include broken, failed, or impassable roads, broken or failed utility lines, and railway failure from broken or impassable tracks. In addition, bridges could fail or become impassable causing a traffic risk. Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Ground Failure All future communities, buildings, and infrastructure will remain vulnerable to landslides. The geologic makeup of the area around Cincinnati, OH, including southeastern Indiana and northern Kentucky, makes it particularly prone to landslides. Cracks or depressions in the soil and tilted trees or utility poles may be signs that the soil may be unstable. 5.3.11 Wild/Crop Fire Hazard A wildfire is any uncontrolled fire occurring on undeveloped land that requires fire suppression. Wildfires can be ignited by lightning or human activity. Wildfires are costly, compromising watersheds, open space, timber, while putting lives and property at risk. Vulnerability to flooding and ground failure increases due to the destruction of ground vegetation during rain events. Wayne County does not have large tracts of forested areas. There are no national or state forest areas or state parks in the county. The primary wildfire concern would be ground cover fires, 109 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 consisting of leaves, grass, low level brush and other natural materials lying on the ground. Additionally, the types of trees in east central Indiana are much different than those in the western part of the United States and are less volatile when they do burn. Approximately 35% to 55% of Indiana's land base is heavily wooded or forested. When hot and dry conditions develop, forests may become vulnerable to devastating wildfires. In the past few decades an increased commercial and residential development near forested areas has dramatically changed the nature and scope of the wildfire hazard. In addition, the increase in structures resulting from new development strains the effectiveness of the fire service personnel in the county. The primary fire concern in Wayne County is from crop fires, which are mainly standing corn and soybeans during harvest season in the fall months. These crop fires usually originate from power equipment during harvest activities. Crop fires can be exacerbated by drought, excessive heat, and windy conditions. Crop fires have the potential to burn many acres of product and usually require fire suppression operations along with utilizing either man-made or natural fire breaks. Previous Occurrences for Wild/Crop Fire Wayne County Emergency Management report a few crop fires have occurred since the past MHMP was written. These involved standing corn and/or standing soybeans. Damage was limited to the crops themselves. There have been no previous occurrences of wildfire incidents. Geographic Location for Wild/Crop Fire There is a large amount of farmland in Wayne County, except for Richmond located in the east central area of the county. All areas involving farmland and wooded tracts of land are susceptible to wild/crop fires. Hazard Extent for Wild/Crop Fire The extent of the wildfire hazard is related to development located near farm fields and tracts of wooded land. The extent will vary within these areas depending on drought and types of crops or wooded land. The hazard extent for wild/crop fires is spread throughout the county in various agricultural and wooded areas. Risk Identification for Wild/Crop Fire Based on historical information, the probability of a wild/crop fire is medium, mainly crop fire, and the potential impact of a wild/crop fire is medium; therefore, the overall risk of a wild/crop fire in Wayne County is medium. Vulnerability Analysis for Wild/Crop Fires 110 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Wild/crop fires can occur within any area in the county; therefore, the entire county population, crops, and forested areas are vulnerable to fires. To accommodate this risk, this plan will consider all agricultural use land and forested areas within the county vulnerable. Future Development Trends and Vulnerability to Future Assets/Infrastructure for Fire Hazard Wild/crop fire hazard events may occur anywhere within the county; because of this, future development will be impacted. It should be noted that as development continues, land utilized for farming will begin to decrease which will lower the occurrence of wild/crop fires. 5.3.12 Active Assailant ASHER (Active Shooter Hostile Event Response) is becoming an all -too familiar threat across the United States. The FBI defines an active shooter event as an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area, and recent active shooter incident have underscored the need for a coordinated response by law enforcement and others to save lives.25 These are normally quick acting events that often result with the shooter either perishing from a self-inflicted wound or by police gun fire. Active shooter events have always occurred in the United States by the Columbine, Colorado school shooting was the primary event that changed response tactics by law enforcement. In 2021, the FBI reported 61 active shooter incidents in the United States, resulting in 103 persons being killed and 140 wounded, not including the shooter. These numbers represent a 52 percent increase from 2020 and a 97 percent increase since 201726. For this MHMG, law enforcement and elected officials in Wayne County use the term active assailant in place of active shooter. Previous Occurrences of Active Assailant Events Indiana has not been able to escape active assailant events. Table 5.33 lists active assailant events in Indiana from 2000 to 2021. Table 5.33: Indiana Active Assailant Events (2000-2021) Date Location Deaths Injuries 3/22/2002 South Bend 4 5 5/28/2018 Noblesville 0 2 12/13/2019 Richmond 1 0 7/17/2022 Greenwood 4 2 25 FBI.gov 26 FBI.gov 111 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Unfortunately, this report is unable to document the many planned events in the state that were discovered by law enforcement and stopped before the events occurred. Wayne County is included in planned events that were stopped by local law enforcement agencies. Law enforcement and school corporation planning team members stated a high risk for an active assailant event occurring in Wayne County, including schools. Geographic Location for Active Assailant Events Wayne County has many locations that have been identified as potential targets for active assailant events. These locations include but are not limited to the assembly locations, city and county government buildings, dozens of school buildings and churches, and places of work and industry. All areas of Wayne County are susceptible to an active assailant event. Risk Identification for Active Assailant Event Based on historical information, the probability of future active assailant events is medium, and the effects are high. These events can be of varying magnitudes and encountered in many areas in Wayne County. Past events across the country have affected all types of population groups. Even though active assailant events are generally short-lived, they have resulted in consequences that last a lifetime. 5.3.13 Cyber-Attack Events Cyber-attack events are becoming a regular event, affecting business, industry, health care, government, and individuals. A cyber-attack is defined as an attack, via cyberspace, targeting an enterprise's use of cyberspace for the purpose of disrupting, disabling, destroying, or maliciously controlling a computing environment/infrastructure, or destroying the integrity of the data, or stealing controlled information.27 Results of a cyber-attack can lead to utility failure, theft of valuable and sensitive data, and paralyze computer networks making data unavailable. There are four primary types of cyber-attacks: malware, password, phishing, and SQL injection attacks. Current data figures estimate over 30,000 websites are hacked daily, 64 percent of companies worldwide have experienced at least one form of cyber-attack, and there were 22 billion recorded breaches in 202128 Previous Occurrences of Cyber-Attack Events Cyber-attacks have affected many organizations in Indiana. Over the past five years, three major hospital systems have experienced ransomware attacks that have lasted several months and Z' httos://csrc.nist.eov IB Techjury.net 112 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 caused one level one trauma center to divert patients for nearly one month. Additionally, two county governments have been affected by ransomware attacks, affecting county services. Unfortunately, many cyber-attack events are unreported to officials. So far, Wayne County government, local government, and county school corporations have not experienced any significant cyber-attacks. Geographic Location for Cyber-Attack Event Any physical location in Wayne County with computer networks or systems are potential targets for cyber-attack events. Additionally, programs with financial and personnel data are valued targets by hackers. Another risk is that employees are potential entry points for hackers when connected to or utilizing company hardware and software packages. Risk Identification for Cyber-Attack Events Based on historical information and subject matter experts who were members of the planning team, future cyber-attack events are high. Even with safeguards in place on computer networks and cyber security programs, hackers continue to find new and inventive ways to hack into computer networks. 5.3.14 Civil Unrest Civil unrest or disorder is defined as any public disturbance involving acts of violence by assemblages of three or more persons, which causes an immediate danger of or results in damage or injury to the property or person of another individual.29 Civil unrest has become an added alternative for groups to show their displeasure or frustrations against the government or other institutions. The United States was subject to widespread civil unrest, triggered by the murder of George Floyd during his arrest by Minneapolis police officers on May 25, 2020. At this time, civil unrest continues to occur in the country and State of Indiana. Most protests are peaceful events allowing individuals to express their concerns. Sometimes these events turn violent, resulting in arson, property damage, and looting. Many protests are results of law enforcement incidents involving injuring or killing suspects. Previous Occurrences of Civil Unrest Wayne County has experienced civil unrest since 2020. Hundreds of protesters marched through downtown Richmond on May 31, 2020, to call for changes within law enforcement and the criminal justice system. This was a peaceful protest and quickly dispersed after the event. Another protest march occurred on September 5, 2020, which resulted in six people being "Uscode.house.gov 113 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 arrested, including charges against an individual for driving a vehicle into a crowd of people, cause injury.30 Geographic Location for Civil Unrest Wayne County has many locations that may experience civil unrest. Primarily, county government buildings in Richmond are prime locations, but also government buildings in all communities in Wayne County. Also, large employers in the county are potential sites. Even though the City of Richmond is the primary location for civil unrest, events could occur anywhere in the county. Risk Identification for Civil Unrest Event Based on historical information, civil unrest events is medium. These events can be of varying magnitudes and occur in several areas of Wayne County. Civil unrest events have the potential to be catastrophic, with several injuries or deaths possible. More possible is damage to personal and private property. eo Richmond Palladium -Item 114 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Section 6: Mitigation Strategies The goal of mitigation is to reduce the future impacts of a hazard including loss of life, property damage, disruption to local and regional economies, and the expenditure of public and private funds for recovery. Mitigation actions and projects should be based on a well -constructed risk assessment, provided in Section 5 of this plan. Mitigation should be an ongoing process, adapting overtime to accommodate a community's needs. 6.1 Plans and Ordinances Wayne County and its communities have several ordinances, reports, and planning documents, listed in Table 6., that are relevant to emergency management and disaster planning. 6.2 Public School Corporation Participation For the first time, Wayne County Emergency Management invited all public school corporations to participate as part of the planning team, to include Centerville -Abington, Nettle Creek, Northeastern Schools, Richmond Community Schools, and Western Wayne School Corporations. Three of the school corporations sent a representative to at least one of the three meetings during the planning process. Each school corporation has unique challenges based on their geographical location, enrollment population, and campus layout. Since they are new to the planning process, baseline information was requested for each school corporation as it relates to their mitigation concerns, actions, and future goals. Centerville -Abington School Corporation Centerville -Abington School Corporation is in south central and southeastern Wayne County. It is comprised of 4 school buildings with a student population of 1,725. The corporation area is primarily suburban and rural. They did send a representative to participate as a member of the planning team. The corporation was sent a request for information concerning current emergency plans as well as any current mitigation strategies with their short and long-term master building plans, but they failed to respond. All funding must occur from established budgets, grants, and other funding sources or require an approved referendum during an election cycle. 115 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Nettle Creek School Corporation Nettle Creek School Corporation is in northwest Wayne County. It is comprised of two school buildings with a student population of 1,096. The corporation area is primarily rural. They did send a representative to participate as a member of the planning team. The corporation was sent a request for information concerning current emergency plans as well as any current mitigation strategies with their short and long-term master building plans, but they failed to respond. All funding must occur from established budgets, grants, and other funding sources or require an approved referendum during an election cycle. Northeastern Wayne School Corporation Northeastern Wayne School Corporation is in northeast Wayne County. It is comprised of three schools with a student population of 1,332. The corporation area is primarily rural. They did send a representative to participate as a member of the planning team. The corporation was sent a request for information concerning current emergency plans as well as any current mitigation strategies with their short and long-term master building plans. They responded that they address hazards and emergencies within their crisis management plan. These include active shooter, fire, tornado, and severe weather. The corporation has camera systems located in their buildings. They also plan to address items such as tornado safe rooms and emergency generators in future building renovation projects. All funding must occur from established budgets, grants, and other funding sources or require an approved referendum during an election cycle. Richmond Community Schools Richmond Community Schools is located within the City of Richmond in east central Wayne County. It is the largest school system in Wayne County. It is comprised of 8 schools with a student population of 4,638. The corporation is primarily suburban/urban. The corporation did not participate as a planning team member, and they didn't respond to a request for information concerning current mitigation strategies or emergency plans. All funding must occur from established budgets, grants, and other funding sources or require an approved referendum during an election cycle. Western Wayne School Corporation Western Wayne School Corporation is located in southwestern Wayne County. It is comprised of three schools with a student population of 843. The corporation is primarily rural. The corporation did not participate as a planning team member but did respond to a request for information detailing current emergency plans addressing hazards and current and future mitigation strategies. The corporation responded that they do have emergency plans for emergencies and hazards, such as active shooter, fire, and severe weather. They do have cameras installed in the school buildings but see no other mitigation strategies being considered 116 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 in the near future. They also have no building renovations are replacements in the foreseeable future. 6.3 Mitigation Goals The MHMP team members understand that although hazards may not be eliminated altogether, Wayne County can work toward building disaster -resistant communities. The following are a list of goals, objectives, and actions. The goals represent long-term broad visions of the overall vision Wayne County would like to achieve for mitigation. The objectives are strategies and steps that will assist the communities in attaining the listed goals. Goal 1: Lessen the impacts of hazards to new and existing infrastructure, residents, and responder agencies. Objective A: Retrofit critical facilities and buildings with structural design practices and equipment that will withstand natural disasters and offer weather proofing. Objective B: Equip public facilities and communities to guard against damage caused by secondary effects of hazards. Objective C: Minimize the amount of infrastructure exposed to hazards. Objective D: Evaluate and strengthen the communication and transportation abilities of emergency services throughout the county. Goal 2: Create new or revise existing plans/maps for the community. Objective A: Support compliance with the NFIP. Objective B: Review and update existing, or create new, community plans and ordinances to support hazard mitigation. Obiective C: Conduct new studies/research to profile hazards and follow up with mitigation strategies. Goal 3: Develop long-term strategies to educate community residents on the hazards affecting Wayne County. Obiective A: Raise public awareness on hazard mitigation. Objective B: Improve education and training of emergency personnel and public officials. 117 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 6.4 Mitigation Process, Prioritization, and Implementation Upon completion of the risk assessment and development of the goals and objectives, the planning team was provided a list of the six mitigation measure categories from the FEMA State and Local Mitigation Planning Guides. The measures are listed below: Prevention: Government, administrative, or regulatory actions or processes that influence the way land and building are developed and built. These actions also include public activities to reduce losses. Examples include planning, zoning, building codes, capital improvement programs, open space preservation, and storm water management regulations. Property Protection: Actions that involve the modification of existing buildings or structures to protect them from a hazard or removal from the hazard area. Examples include acquisition, elevation, structural retrofits, storm shutters, and shatter -proof glass. Natural Resource Protection: Actions that, in addition to minimizing hazard losses, preserve or restore the functions of natural systems. These actions include sediment and erosion control, stream corridor restoration, watershed management, forest and vegetation management, and wetland restoration and preservation. Emergency Services: Actions that protect people and property during and immediately after a disaster or hazard event. Services include warning systems, emergency response services, and protection of critical facilities. Structural Projects: Actions that involve the construction of structures to reduce the impact of a hazard. Such structures include dams, levees, floodwalls, seawalls, retaining walls, and safe rooms. MHMP team members were assigned the task of individually listing potential mitigation activities using the FEMA evaluation criteria. The MHMP team members presented their mitigation ideas to the team. The evaluation criteria (STAPLE+E) involved the following categories and questions. Social: • Will the proposed action adversely effect one segment of the population? • Will the action disrupt established neighborhoods, break up voting districts, or cause the relocation of lower income group? Technical: • How effective is the action in avoiding or reducing future losses? • Will it create more problems than it solves? • Does it solve the problem or only a symptom? 118 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 • Does the mitigation strategy address continued compliance with the NFIP? Administrative: • Does the jurisdiction have the capability to implement the action, or can it be readily obtained? • Can the community provide the necessary maintenance? • Can it be accomplished in a timely manner? Political: • Is there political support to implement and maintain this action? • Is there a local champion willing to help see the action to completion? • Is there enough public support to ensure the success of the action? • How can the mitigation objectives be accomplished at the lowest cost to the public? Legal: • Does the community have the authority to implement the proposed action? • Are the proper laws, ordinances, and resolutions in place to implement the action? • Are there any potential legal consequences? • Is there any potential community liability? • Is the action likely to be challenged by those who may be negatively affected? • Does the mitigation strategy address continued compliance with the NFIP? Economic: • Are there current sources of funds that can be used to implement the action? • What benefits will the action provide? • Does the cost seem reasonable for the size of the problem and likely benefits? • What burden will be placed on the tax base or local economy to implement this action? • Does the action contribute to other community economic goals such as capital improvements or economic development? • What proposed actions should be considered but be tabled for implementation until outside sources of funding are available? Environmental: • How will this action affect the environment? • Will this action comply with local, state, and federal environmental laws and regulations? • Is the action consistent with community environmental goals? 119 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Implementation of the mitigation plan is critical to the overall success of the mitigation planning process. The first step was to review the strategies developed for the 2010 and 2016 MHMPs. The planning team was presented with the task of evaluating those strategies and documenting the status of each activity for their jurisdiction. Priorities were also reviewed using the same criteria with both past plans. Then the planning team brainstormed a new list of strategies, which in some cases, reiterated the 2010 and 2016 strategies that were not implemented due to a lack of funding or resources. The planning team reviewed the changes and increased development in cities, towns, and the county and how these development changes impact potential increases in hazard prone areas. Development information was received from Wayne County Emergency Management to study potential impacts since completion of the last HMHP in 2016. Results are listed below. Boston -There has been no increase in housing. This is not a high traffic area or populated area. There is still a potential for hazardous material incidents due to a farm cooperative business and agricultural dominant activities in the area. Cambridge City -There has been no significant growth in Cambridge City since the 2016 MHMP was completed. There is industrial growth north of the town, along Interstate 70. Even though this is not in the town limits, Cambridge City emergency services respond to this new growth. The new industry does increase the potential of a hazardous materials incident due to increased commercial traffic in and around Cambridge City. Centerville -The has no significant residential or commercial growth noted in Centerville. There is increased potential for a hazardous materials event due to commercial trucking by-passing Interstate 70 during heavy volumes and construction activities. Any commercial growth is replacing other businesses that have either left or closed. Centerville was the only community in Wayne County with a gain in population since 2010, which is 1.1 percent. Dublin -There was no increase in commercial or residential growth reported. An increase in commercial traffic along US Highway 40 may increase the potential for a hazardous materials event. East Germantown- There was no increase in commercial or residential growth reported. An increase in commercial traffic along US Highway 40 may increase the potential for a hazardous materials event. Economy -There was no reported increase in commercial or residential growth reported that would increase any potential all -hazards events. Fountain City -There was no reported increase in commercial or residential growth reported that would increase any potential all -hazards events. 120 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Green Fork -There was no reported increase in commercial or residential growth reported that would increase any potential all -hazards events. Hagerstown -There was no reported increase in commercial or residential growth reported that would increase any potential all -hazards events. Milton -There was no reported increase in commercial or residential growth reported that would increase any potential all -hazards events. Mount Auburn -There was no reported increase in commercial or residential growth reported. There has been an increase in commercial truck traffic that could potentially increase the risk of a hazardous materials event along US Highway 40. Richmond -There was no reported residential growth in terms of multi -unit or residential housing. One area of concern is an increasing number of vacant structures in Richmond that are not being maintained. These vacant buildings are becoming shelter areas for the homeless population which may increase a fire potential. Also, these non -maintained buildings become a greater risk for collapse during severe weather or tornados. These vacant structures will be challenges for city government and emergency services. A reported increase in commercial truck traffic along Interstate 70 and US Highway 40 may lead to additional hazardous materials events related to traffic accidents. Spring Grove -Spring Grove sits within the City of Richmond, north of the downtown area. It is primarily residential with some commercial businesses. There is no reported increase in residential or commercial growth reported. Like Richmond, they may see an increase in a hazardous materials event due to commercial truck traffic along US Highway 27 and Interstate 70. Whitewater-There was no reported increase in commercial or residential growth reported. Wayne County -Unincorporated areas of Wayne County reported minimal residential growth potential. There are a couple of small residential developments that are in the planning stages south of Richmond. There has been an increase in industrial development along Interstate 70 west of Richmond, including food processing. Also, a few medical facilities have been built that may increase the demand for emergency services. These include assisted living and mental health/rehab services. The 2020 Wayne County Comprehensive Land Use Plan addresses future growth in the county and mitigation factors to consider during development. Finally, the planning team decided, based upon several factors, which actions should be undertaken first. In order to pursue the top priority first, an analysis and prioritization was conducted. Some actions may need to occur before the top priority due to financial, engineering, environmental, permitting, and site control issues. Public awareness and input of these 121 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 mitigation actions can increase knowledge to capitalize on funding opportunities and monitoring the progress of an action. The planning team prioritized mitigation actions based on several factors. A rating of high, medium, or low was assessed for each mitigation strategy and is listed in Table 6.2. The factors were the STAPLE+E criteria listed in Table 6.1. Table 6.1: STAPLE+E Planning Factors S — Social Mitigation actions are acceptable to the community if they do not adversely affect a particular segment of the population, do not cause relocation of lower income people, and if they are compatible with the community's social and cultural values. T— Technical Mitigation actions are technically most effective if they provide a long-term reduction of losses and have minimal secondary adverse impacts. A — Administrative Mitigation actions are easier to implement if the jurisdiction has the necessary staffing and funding. P— Political i rgatron ac ions can truly be successful if all stakeholders ave been offered an L — Legal It is critical that the jurisdiction or implementing agency have the legal authority to implement and enforce a mitigation action. E — Economic Budget constraints can significantly deter the implementation of mitigation actions. It is important to evaluate whether an action is cost-effective, as determined by a cost benefit review, and possible to fund. E — Environmental Sustainable mitigation actions that do not have an adverse effect on the environment, comply with federal, state, and local environmental regulations, and are consistent with the community's environmental goals, have mitigation benefits while being environmentally sound. 6.5 Multi -Jurisdictional Mitigation Strategy and Actions As a part of the multi -hazard mitigation planning requirements, at least two identifiable mitigation action items have been addressed for each hazard listed in the risk assessment and for each jurisdiction covered under this plan. Each of the 13 incorporated communities within and including Wayne County were invited to participate in a brainstorming session in which goals, objectives, and strategies were discussed, and prioritized. Additionally, each of the five school districts in Wayne County were invited to participate in the MHMP process. Each participant in this session was provided with possible mitigation goals and strategies provided by FEMA, as well as information about mitigation projects discussed in neighboring communities. When a community was not able to attend, they were contacted and encouraged to provide input about their specific jurisdiction and the county 122 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 strategies in general. All potential strategies and goals that arose through this process are included in this section of the MHMP. This section also includes a comprehensive list of all mitigation strategies from the 2010 and 2016 plans, as well as new strategies developed for the 2022 update. As a result of the planning process, the data, information, maps, and tables will be integrated as appropriate into other planning efforts to include zoning, floodplain management, and land use planning. Many of the planning team members, representing the county as well as participating jurisdictions, will integrate this data as part of their roles as floodplain enforces, zoning officers, and community administrators. Table 6.2 on the following pages lists completed strategies followed by incomplete and new mitigation strategies in order of priority. Assuming funding is available, it is the intention that high priority strategies will be implanted within two years of plan adoption, medium priorities will be implemented within three years, and low priorities will be implemented within five years. The progress of each strategy is categorized according to the following criteria: New: Mitigation action is new, has been identified and prioritized. Funding has not yet been secured. Pending: Mitigation action is pending and in the early phase of implementation. Community has identified a source of funding and submitted project proposal. Implementation will begin once funding is secured. Proposed: Mitigation action was identified in the past, but no action has been taken to date. Ongoing: Mitigation project is in progress or ongoing. Funding and/or resources are available for project completion. The Wayne County Emergency Management Agency will be the local champion forthe mitigation actions. The Wayne County Commissioners and the city and town councils will be an integral part of the implementation process. Federal and state assistance will be necessary for a number of the identified actions. 6.6 Completed Mitigation Actions for Wayne County Since the previous Hazard Mitigation Plan was drafted, Wayne County has been proactive in working with internal communities, as well as surrounding counties to ensure mutual aid agreements are in place. IU East and Earlham Colleges and first responders and volunteers are now included in coordinated emergency efforts. The following list of mitigation actions from the Wayne County MHMPs from 2010 and 2016 have been completed: 123 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 1. Develop outreach programs from vulnerable populations during periods of extreme temperatures, including awareness of accessible cooling centers in the community and collection and distribution of fans for those in need. This strategy was designated for Wayne County. 2. Develop an Emergency Action Plan for the Middle Fork Reservoir Dam. This strategy was designated for Richmond. 3. Install an alarm system on the IU East campus to alert Public Safety Answering Points of campus hazards and events. This strategy was designated for Richmond and IU East. 4. Develop regional mutual aid agreements between fire departments, law enforcement agencies, and other counties to assist in the recovery process after an event. This strategy was designated for all communities and Wayne County with emergency services. 5. Develop a database for coordinating local volunteers to assist in emergency response during an event. This strategy was designated for Wayne County. 6. Establish an enforceable open burning ban to be implemented during drought events. This strategy was designated for Wayne County. 7. Complete a storm water drainage study for known problem areas including Center Run Creek drainage. This strategy was designated for Richmond. 8. Separate storm sewers and sanitary sewers to prevent cross contamination during flood events. This strategy was designated for Centerville. 9. Enhance the current outreach programs concerning hazards, how to prepare and how to respond to severe weather. This strategy was designated for Wayne County. 10. Conduct a study to evaluate bridge structures. This strategy was designated for Wayne County. Now, county bridges are evaluated every two years. 11. Upgrade the radio communications system throughout the county for all public safety services. This strategy was designed for Wayne County. Even though it has been completed, this will always be an ongoing status as technology evolves. 12. Replace drainage tile on Cambridge Road and the intersection of Market and Washington in Hagerstown. This strategy was designed for Richmond and Hagerstown. 13. Develop a public outreach campaign to encourage residents to have a Family Disaster Plan and to purchase a Family Disaster Supplies Kit. This strategy was designated for Wayne County. 124 N N O N N N a D n G + n + C c H N m o V u .a � — u 3 a a in 2 — u u O c m 0 E O 0 0 C7 a) 7 0 J O W LLi Q O O J E v l7 J N W N a) � a) Q O> > d U C a` ¢ a a a) T 2 m T i+ W 3 m LL 3 LL 3 O m 3 i uc C u ua ua ua O 'n m O U W C C C N C � C W u 3 3 O 2 a) W 2 a) W O C N m c a N N W � o � � Q z N W W a) C N w 0 o c E C C > _ C C 0 :P C txoC m u U O U O U E a E 3 ai C v w E u , N>p O T T u E ai U U .0 c a m •p O .D '6 .O O ai N ai v O O N m c O O N m Q) y 'o > N m N m _ 0 _O W _O W 2 C N (mu 3 2 2 a a a a m C w C Oa C w C ha C pa Ca C C to C 3 . C m m jn ova o0o C bb C m C bO C c t, a) m C C O O O O O o O O E >, O a � L OD O- a l al a to + +N + -0N> OO- o. 3 fl. CN O OO� U C v O y � a n� t C- CL C a O. c= O a) a) E o O1 'T 0a aCi O i°+ m 3 u a` 'E s ~ N _� v a) u 3 v N a `l s w m 3 m M C O. O_ 3 u. � `O O O. a. E D_ m m a) -C C O. > �^ R v V 0 0 s E 3 E Z o o °w° +L' v o U w u v aa) t m `-' ° v n t v v v E a, $ u C 2 aCi ° v aCi v, ai �° 0 3> o a) m 3 a ar a C m y m CL m C ca a) — a) oa a m C )O m fl. �n c0 U +' '++ o C• E v C a) O a a 'j O iO >C� o O , um o C i� o3 N W ° @ara, °°o' o Y E E E S 2 2 2 a) a) a) a` 2 ;_> Ln N c-i C'�'' c v� O aJ a�i ni Q N O .O Q ��+ O o. a`1 m a) aJ m �° 0 c0 E U u 3 L O O O W U N uj O C Q a 3 a Z �-c O b4 >• E °c Y L >T O- O v c C E LL 'O O W m 'O U O U u u w Q O v LL m LL, J m v c L "+ c v c i c m ar s m c m e 3 c@ ai c C c v C �' C 3 t U — O E v° °° c° o °° c° a 0 c vo 3 O `D U -o u t— v T O t N ,C 3 •� 0 ,C �n 3 L O L 0 3 m E w a >• c Un E >- C en U E w m E U c °° m= m °° m= E U O m c c O n. m c n' aQ p cLi p 0 U 0 U a w W aJ a1 a) C a) C T E n m m m O p >m > O c N T aU W U :+,' c c c ,+! c c 3 Eu �u 3 c 3 Eu c V0 m — E o z 0 E o _ Q o E 0 E U U U_ _ Q U u D Q 'D H O O O `J N O m ` al L m O O O a1 a`i > L c > cYo = LL LL LL al +' to al w N a on c bn c bn c 0 c o a) oto b°D boo oo. eon a c O C O c O O a c O O a — 0 N j N a/ H o - v c '� o � o F0 3> m+ +• u v v N in a) 0 m '� aci vo c Uj O a- m (V >. aci N Cl C O `1 .N N 0 4- m 0, U O •D N N C W bD m 0 N +-' i> c o v E 0- a v v n ami o ti4 v ami ai E '3 N c— v m 0 U 'N m o+ > m a a' 3 v v 0 v u 0 3 m Y o v m u c 3 a, 0 cu v ai m 3 a) u C c m aa) o v v j m �n 3 u 0 00 a/ p C v Y L Oi t O V N O m Y N m a h cp vYi a en c 3 ai a m m •C a � T c m e om O �n .0 a) m Y o u aaii v o �@ v n E avi + ono ,L v 3 > ^ L �' 3 m m E -o * ar O L 3 _0 v 3 o m 0 0 v Y Y o Q v o c y� _ W ~ a0`o Y E 3 E 3 E 3 E 3 E 3 E 3 `a v i o v v lD N a N N N N -o v m C a a T Z 6 D T 2 Q 'C p tC0 ++ Q w CU LL w o v t 3 J w o C a 3 U W 0 c a 3 O O Gi c ru < 3 c c c— c 3 3: :3 L v c +_ =3 c ° 3 m m • v C = Lxea ., C o bLo�ny m um mv W� L n. O :3 U cN N V1 v m m � L = C -p C L O U c O E E U p L a)L v v T T m cc Q Z j C +� 7 c ° U N E N m O p m O v O p LL O C LL a w L as �a 0i N O O O O hCL ca c c ° O O O a :F.CQ Oha �^ O O o7 C aj mT mp ` m m o +o-0> N -0 a N ai n O O oO oo L w a) m d ° C M- c E v m O O ° o O ai � "o i v o a N x � aa) 6`mai o p o ❑. O WN O -m V °O vmU O -0 - ico:O v mm OvCv_m M U w 0) fl a N _ a) Fw" v vL vv C o v >aoE n m o = E o m -0 Q' va ai noo m o E E° N o oE m o v E -a 0 °flv CU o u w O m caHn LU J J J J n N c-I \ \ / f _ < <m\ c </ <§ 5)/ w «}) < �2ƒ\ } _ §�a�/§ _ _ 2/ \0/ _ _ /� j_ \ Lu j j j j) j�� G = _ a{ o o 0 0 0 3 0 o 0 u \ ° \ ® \ & ® \ \ % M 0 m \ m ¥\ j >1 a: / / / / / ?: k}0 / f \ƒ 0 _ _ \\\ \ui ) )§ § CU k ) k ) \ w - E \ j -K0 / 0 / u 0 < \CO ca 0 / / \ \ \ \ \ } ) / \ E Q \ m A a ! ! ; ! cu z z z z z z z z eq })ƒ 0 / 0 6# £§ § {] o- 7 0] 7 7 e 2 E w �GJ )ƒ{\{ \\\ E \ \\/ §); \ �� : ~ -E &§a \\\§\2ƒ7 c m -0 mE `© m / °$]go0t0#f §} § '0 \ ` ( / ° [ / \ _ \ § \ { ) �\\ $ [ \ e \5 }/\\/ Bo )k[3G7c,72 e= \] !ƒ —$/ ®2*mu%%)/7 �§ c *� ® § ]\q */ " 0mw ©/ \ / f } \ t \ ; § { u § \ R - ro �� �\ u �\ / /z E E E E / / } / / / ] Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Section 7: Plan Maintenance 7.1 Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan It is the goal of Wayne County to continue to include school districts as members of the planning team in the future. Currently, all public -school districts participate in monthly School Safety Meetings in conjunction with Wayne County Emergency Management Agency and local law enforcement. These school representatives will be the primary liaison to their school districts for the purpose of working with their leadership and school boards in order to review capital/master plans that can highlight mitigation projects. The school planning team members can be sources of mitigation information during construction/renovation projects as well as ensuring mitigation items are addressed in the budgeting process. The goal is to have this new idea of mitigation adopted and utilized by school districts by the next planning cycle. Since the school districts are new to the MHMP process, it will take some time to implement this concept into their master plans and mission. Throughout the past five-year planning cycle, Wayne County Emergency Management has been the primary champion to monitor, evaluate, and update mitigation strategies in the past two MHMPs on an annual basis. Members of the planning team remain available and committed to participate as needed via email to discuss specific strategies when required. If the need for a special meeting is required, the team will meet to update the status of mitigation strategies. Vantage Point Consulting, the third -party developer for the current MHMP will continue to be a part of the planning team for the current period. Depending on grant opportunities and fiscal resources, mitigation projects may be implemented independently by individual communities or through local partnerships. Wayne County Emergency Management will maintain a list of planning team members and identify new potential replacement members as others leave the team. The committee will review county goals and objectives to determine their relevance to changing situations in the county and communities. In addition, state and federal policies will be reviewed to ensure they are addressing current and expected conditions. The committee will also review the risk assessment portion of the MHMP to determine if this information should be updated or modified. The parties responsible for the various implementation actions will report on the status of their projects, and will include which implementation processes worked well, any difficulties encountered, how coordination efforts are proceeding, and which strategies should be revised. Wayne County Emergency Management will ensure these practices are followed for yearly evaluation practices. 129 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Update of modifications to the MHMP during the five-year planning process will require a public notice and a meeting prior to submitting revisions to the individual jurisdictions for approval. The plan will be updated via written changes, submissions as the committee deems appropriate and necessary, and as approved by the county commissioners. The GIS data used to prepare the plan was obtained from existing Wayne County GIS data as well as data collected as part of the planning process. 7.2 Implementation through Existing Programs The results of this plan will be incorporated into ongoing planning efforts since many of the mitigation projects identified as part of this planning process are ongoing. Wayne County and its incorporated jurisdictions will update the zoning plans and ordinances as necessary and as part of the regularly scheduled updates. Each community will be responsible for updated its own plans and ordinances. Wayne County Emergency Management will coordinate efforts between the county and individual jurisdictions. The county and communities current and past mitigation actions and planning efforts are listed below: Boston -The Town of Boston has not actively incorporated any of the past Wayne County MHMP into any past or current master plans. Since the 2015 MHMP, the Town of Boston has not changed other than losing population. They participated in the 2022 MHMP and actively pursuing flood mitigation options and emergency siren equipment. Cambridge City -The Town of Cambridge City has incorporated past mitigation strategies into current planning practices. They have implemented tree trimming activities, a program for clearly marking addresses and have language in their master plan to ensure critical facilities be located out of flood prone areas and are working on a buy-out plan for repetitive loss properties. The town requested to remove a strategy to build earthen dams around current critical infrastructure due to a lack of support from town officials. Centerville -The Town of Centerville has incorporated past MHMP strategies. They have used mitigation funds to complete storm water study for upgrades to their storm water removal system. They have developed a plan for tree trimming and ditch dredging. Dublin -The Town of Dublin has not incorporated any past mitigation strategies in any master plans. East Germantown -The Town of East Germantown has not requested any mitigation funds in the past or incorporated any strategies into current master plans. They did replace their outdoor warning siren in 2019. They did not attend any meeting for the 2022 Wayne County MHMP. 130 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Economy -The Town of Economy participated in past MHMP effort and were present for the 2022 update. They have requested mitigation strategies to include improved storm sewer draining in the town and the replacement of an inoperable outdoor warning siren. Fountain City -The Town of Fountain City has not incorporated any past mitigation strategies into any current master plans and requested no mitigation strategies for this current planning cycle. They did replace their outdoor warning siren in 2022. Greens Fork -The Town of Greens Fork has not incorporated any past mitigation strategies and requested no mitigation strategies for this current planning cycle. Greens Fork did not attend any meetings for the 2022 Wayne County MHMP. Hagerstown -The Town of Hagerstown has added tree trimming and storm sirens into their hazard mitigation efforts. Also, Hagerstown does participate in the NFIP. Hagerstown requested no mitigation strategies in this current update. Milton -The Town of Milton has not incorporated any past mitigation strategies into any current master plans and requested no mitigation strategies for this current planning cycle. Milton did not attend any meetings for the 2022 Wayne County MHMP. Mount Auburn -The Town of Mount Auburn has not incorporated any past mitigation strategies into any current master plans, and they didn't request any new strategies. Mount Auburn did not attend any meeting for the 2022 Wayne County MHMP. Richmond -The City of Richmond has incorporated past strategies into current master plans. These include completion of an Emergency Action Plan for the Middle Fork Reservoir, flood and storm water control measures, and tree trimming activities. Richmond has also formed a Climate Action Committee with grant monies and instituted a task force for extreme temperatures. They have included a new strategy for brush removal at the Middle Fork Reservoir. Spring Grove -The Town of Spring Grove is set within the city limits of Richmond. Spring Grove has not incorporated any past mitigation strategies into any current master plans. They have not requested any new mitigation strategies for this current planning cycle. Spring Grove did not attend any meetings for the 2022 Wayne County MHMP. Whitewater-The Town of Whitewater has not incorporated any past mitigation strategies into any current master plans and requested no mitigation strategies for this current planning cycle. Whitewater did not attend any meetings for the Wayne County MHMP. 131 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Wayne County -Wayne County has incorporated past strategies into current master plans. These strategies have been included in the2021 Wayne County Comprehensive Plan. Mitigation measures included are flood control, climate issues, and new construction safeguards. New strategies for this current plan include a commodity flow study and purchasing signage that can be utilized during disaster events. 7.3 Continued Public Involvement Continued public involvement is critical to the successful implementation of the Wayne County MHMP. Comments from the public on the HMHP will be received by the Wayne County EMA Director and forwarded to the MHMP planning committee for discussion. Educational efforts for hazard mitigation will be ongoing through the Wayne County EMA. The public will be notified of any periodic planning meetings through notices in the local newspaper. Once adopted, a copy of this plan will be available on the Wayne County website, in each jurisdiction, and in the Wayne County EMA Office. 132 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Appendix A: Meeting Attendance and Minutes 133 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 2022 Wayne County MHMP Meeting Attendance Name Organization 11/18/2021 2/23/2022 7/13/2022 Matthew Cain Wayne Co EMA X X X Jon Duke Wayne Cc EMA X X X Tammy Spears Wayne Cc EMA X X X Randy Retter Wayne Co Sheriff's Dept X X Shane Shroyer Town of Fountain City X Amber Ramsey Town of Boston X Nick Ramsey Town of Boston X X Ian Vanness City of Richmond X Greg Stiens City of Richmond X Ryan Williams Reid Health X Whitney Jones Reid Health X Steve Sorah Wayne Co Planning X X Matthew Hicks Northeastern Schools X Jane Bumbalough Wayne Co Council X X X Allan Bullock Town of Hagerstown X X Allan Bullock Nettlecreek Schools X X Robert Bullock Town of Hagerstown X Derrick Mullins Whitewater Valley REMC X Pat Smoker City of Richmond X Jason Elliott Earlham College X Travis Williams Earlham College X Samantha Clevenger Indiana University East X X John Summerlot Indiana University East X Ken Risch Town of Cambridge City X Donnie Benedict Richmond Police Dept X X Dan Burk Wayne Co Health Dept X Laura Miller Wayne Co Planning X X Jerry Purcell Richmond Fire Dept X 134 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Name Organization 11/18/2021 2/23/2022 7/13/2022 Joseph Kalscheur Town of Boston X Dr. Lucinda Wright Richmond City Council Ken Paust Wayne Co X Lucy Mellen City of Richmond X Gene Kates Town of Centerville X Doug Goss City of Richmond X Lenny Payne II/Rex Snyder Town of Dublin X Sean Stevenson Centerville Schools X Jeff Locke Richmond City Council X X Cathy Williamson Wayne County Council X Lenny Payne Town of Dublin X Gary Saunders Wayne Co Council X X Shirley Williams Town of Economy Council X Michelle Bunger Town of Economy Council X David Anderson Preble Co, OH EMA X Jim Franklin Union Co EMA X Steve Clark Town of Fountain City X 135 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Minutes of Mitigation Planning Meeting 11-18-21 13:07-13:52 Planning Team Members Present: See Sign In Sheets Matthew introduced himself and introduced Carey Slauter from Vantage Point Consulting, our contractor for this project. Carey gave an overview of what the Mitigation Plan will entail. This meeting is an introduction meeting. Next meeting will be end of January, first of February. Introduction of all was given. Last plan was updated in 2016 so we will focus on 2017 — 2021. The City of Richmond, all incorporated towns and County Commissioners must adopt the plan. The purpose of the Multi -Hazard Mitigation plan is to offer practical approaches and examples for how communities can engage in effective planning to reduce long term risk from natural hazards and disasters. Local Government has the responsibility to protect their communities. Protect public safety. Reduce harm to existing and future developments. Prevent damage to a community's unique structures, etc. Critical Facilities: Utilities, Dams, Levees, Communications, Airports, Hazardous Materials Locations. Essential Facilities: Hospitals, healthcare, police, fire stations, gov buildings, schools. Sections of the MHP: County Profile Risk Assessment Profiling Hazards Mitigation Strategies Plan Maintenance Todays' Task: 136 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Update Critical or Essential Structures Bridges, government buildings, schools, medical facilities, major companies, and facilities. Review Past Strategies: Status of each strategy? Is it still relevant? Does it need altered? Homework: Gather data for the following: New communities Updates of any ordinances and comprehensive plans for your communities Any new mitigation actions that are not in the plan. Requested that all information requested be submitted by 2021 and sent to Carey Slauter at 317-339- 2612 or email to carevs@yantagepointc.com Carey reviewed section 4- County Profile of the current Mitigation plan. Carey reviewed the current Risk Assessment listed in Section 5 of the current plan. We will do a hazmat release and a flood event for this plan. Will be looking at replacement cost. Carey reviewed Section 6 of the proposed current strategies. Carey explained that the public safety personnel will be needed to score the risks that are provided from the different communities, Plan Maintenance is where each community to review each strategy that your community submits. Matthew explained why the plan is needed to justify requests for funding for grants to apply for these strategies. 137 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Minutes of 2nd Mitigation Planning Meeting 02-23-22 13:04-14:30 Matthew introduced Carey and explained that this meeting will be interactive and not a one-way speaking engagement. Carey explained why a Mitigation Plan is needed and required. Carey introduced a County Profile Section 4 that he has been working on. Carey went over the topography and Demographics for the plan. Next is the Hazard Assessment- When this plan was first developed in 2010 the hazards were Severe Storms, Winter Storms, Ice Storms, Flooding, Tornadoes, Earthquakes, Extreme Temps. In 2016 there were 13 Hazards- Winter Storms, Severe Thunderstorms, Extreme Temperatures, Hazmat, Tornado, Flash Flooding, Dam Failure, Droughts, Levee Failures, Flood, Earthquake, Ground Failure, Wildfires. Need to add Active Assailant and Civil Unrest, Cyber Security Event. There was much discussion in regard to the assessment and the following were rated among those present. Cyber Security-78 Hazmat-44 Thunderstorms-72 Winter Event-41 Flash Floods- 52 Active Assail- 37 Civil Unrest- 52 Wildfires-33 Extreme Temps-50 Earthquakes-19 Drought-48 Dam Failure-17 Tornado-48 Ground Failure-17 Please send in new infrastructures added since 2016 to Carey. Start thinking about how these strategies affect your community or Schools for the next meeting, July 13, 2022. 18:30 hours. Please sign in before you leave. Carey Slauter at 317-339-2612 or email to careys@vantagepoint.com. 138 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Minutes of 3`d & Final Mitigation Planning Meeting 07-13-22- Public Meeting 18:30-19:40- Public meeting times Matthew Cain (Wayne County EMA Director) explained why a Hazard Mitigation Plan is important to each community. Matthew introduced Carey Slaughter (Vantage Point Consulting). Tonight's meeting we will review the hazards that were selected at the February meeting. Include any items that you would like to add. 1. Public Meeting to allow public input. 2. Review past strategies that were in place in 2016. 3. Look at new strategies for Wayne County and the communities inside Wayne County. Carey went over the 2016 Hazards and strategies. The New hazards is changed to add Man -Made Hazards even though FEMA will not rate on the man- made hazards. Change Tornado to 21d and move Flash Floods down one position. Natural Hazards Man -Made Hazards Thunderstorms-72 Cyber Security- 78 Tornado-48 Civil Unrest- 52 Flash Floods- 52 Hazardous Materials Incident- 44 Extreme Temps-50 Active Assailant-37 Drought-48 Equipment & Training- check with IT and Sheriff for strategies Winter Event-41 Wildfires-33 Earthquakes-19 Dam Failure-17 Ground Failure-17 Strategies -High Priorities - The new GIS Data is showing less damage than in 2016 because of using address points instead of parcels. NFIP- 5 communities — Whitewater, Mt. Auburn, East Germantown, Boston, Economy- would have to come from the Town Board to get enrolled in the National Flood Insurance Program. Check on Centerville for separating storm water & sewer drains. Mark Complete Outreach program concerning hazards, how to prepare- Done Add electronic signage when important information is needed to get out? 139 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Ongoing radio communications for vol. fire departments. Develop a comprehensive management plan to incorporate to ongoing Strategies Medium Priorities. Provide backup generators for essential or critical facilities to provide power- In Process -add Economy Distribute weather radios to -ongoing Clearly marking street addresses and businesses- add Planning & Zoning, Require all new critical facilities to be outside of flood prone areas- yes Increase storm draining systems- check with Kellam Rd., Cambridge City, Hagerstown, add Boston- add Economy. Trim Trees -ongoing add economy Richmond would need to add large trees with shallow roots to be removed. Develop a plan- mark as proposal. Strategies Low Priorities Siren system- Ft. City just installed a new one, Boston wants to add. East Germantown has new siren. - Add Economy Ongoing Public Outreach- disaster supply- ongoing Check on snow fences to see if we want to take off. Bridge Structures- Ongoing or complete- check with Brandon Wayne County Engineer. Build earthen dikes Cambridge City- check on Dredge ditches creeks of sediment and debris- check with others. Relocate utilities -ongoing Encouraging wet flood proofing of areas above base blood elevation. Town of Middleboro- Leave in or take out? We are now done with meetings, now working to complete the plan will be a few months. All incorporated agencies must adopt the plan. Please sign in before you leave. Carey Slauter at 317-339-2612 or email to careys@vantagepoint.com. 140 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 June 24, 2022 Western Wayne News 26 West Church St. Cambridge City, IN 47327 To Legal Coordinator: Please publish the following prior to July 10, 2022. If you have any questions, please contact; Tammy Spears, Wayne County EMA, 765-973-9399 or tspearsnco.wayne.in.us. Please send Publishers Affidavit to: Wayne County EMA 401 East Main St. Richmond, IN 47374 Thank You, Tammy Spears Wayne County EMA Administrative Assistant Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Public Meeting Announcement The Wayne County Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee will host a public information and strategy planning session at 6:30 PM on July 13, 2022, in the Council Chambers (31 floor) of the Richmond City Building. Over the last several months, a planning committee consisting of community members has worked with Vantage Point Consulting to update a Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan for Wayne County. Once the plan is updated, the committee will submit it to FEMA for approval. The committee will also work to develop funding for any mitigation activities that are identified. The steering committee is interested in receiving public input on the plan. Anyone who has questions or would like to provide input should contact Matthew Cain, Wayne County Emergency Management Director, 765-973-9399. Remember, all Incorporated Communities of Wayne County are required to input information for this plan to continue to be able to receive Mitigation or Disaster Grant Funding. 141 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Muiti-Hazard Mitigation Plan Public Meeting Announcement 1he Wayne County Hazard Mitigation Ste ring Committee will host a public information and Wale g y plannin session at 6:30 PM on Ju- ly 13, 2022 in the Council Cha►►►Fwis Ord floor) of the Richmond City Building. I Over the last several months, a planning committee consisting of community members has worked with Ventage Point Consultinq to update a Multi -hazard Mitigation flan for Wayne County, Once the plan Is updated, the committee will submit it to FEMA for approval. The committee will also work to develop funding for any rnitiga- tion activities that are identified. The steering committee is interested in receiving public input on the plan. Anyone who has questions or would like to provide input should contact Matthew Cam, Wayne County Emergency Manage- ment Director, 765.973.9399. Remembe(, all Incorporated Communities of Wayne County are re- quired to input information for this plan to continue to be able to mxeive Mitigation or Disaster Grant Funding. (RCN - 7/102 - t1005315074) hspaxlp 142 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Appendix B: Critical and Essential Facilities 143 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Critical Facilities Updated: 2022 Name Type city Hagerstown Airport Hagerstown Richmond Muni Airport Richmond Reid Hospital Heliport Airport Richmond Greyhound Bus Richmond WFMG Ch 267 Communication Richmond WECI Ch 218 Communication Richmond WHON 930 Communication Centerville WALK Ch 241 Communication Richmond WBSH Ch 216 Communication Hagerstown WKBV 1490 Communication Richmond Tower#17 Communication Hagerstown Tower#510 Communication Richmond Wayne Cc Sheriff Plan B VHF Tower Communication Centerville Wayne Cc Fire Central Tower VHF Communication Centerville Wayne Co Fire South Tower VHF Communication Richmond Wayne Cc Fire North Tower VHF Communication Hagerstown Richmond Fire Dept Repeater Tower Communication Richmond VHF Tower Communication Richmond Glen White Dam Dam Martha Fessler Middle Fork Reservoir Dam Dam Indiana -American Water Co Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Hagerstown Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Centerville Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Cambridge City Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Centerville Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Centerville 144 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Name Type City hitewater Valley Generating Station Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Cambridge City Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Fountain City Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Richmond Electric Power Greens Fork Electric Power Fountain City Electric Power Richmond Abbott Nutrition Hazmat Richmond Airgas Richmond Hazmat Richmond AT&T — IN1007 Hazmat Richmond Autocar Hazmat Hagerstown Barrett Paving Hazmat Richmond Belden CDT Hazmat Richmond Belden Electronics Div. Richmond Plant Hazmat Richmond Belden Wire & Cable Co Hazmat Richmond Berry Global, Inc. Hazmat Richmond B&F Plastics Graphic Hazmat Richmond Color Box LLC-So. G Hazmat Richmond Color -Box LLC-Industries Hazmat Richmond Comcast Of IL IN OH LLC Hazmat Richmond Contract Industrial Tooling, Inc. (CIT) Hazmat Richmond Custom Metal Finishing -IN, LLC Hazmat Cambridge City Co -Alliance Hagerstown Ag Center Hazmat Hagerstown Co -Alliance Co -Op, Inc. Hazmat Richmond Co -alliance Coop Pershing Ag Ctr Hazmat Cambridge City DAK Americas, LLC Hazmat Richmond Dot Foods Inc Hazmat Cambridge City Duke- Cambridge City Hazmat Cambridge City Duke- Centerville Hazmat Centerville Duke- Fountain City Hazmat Fountain City Duke- Greens Fork Hazmat Greens Fork 145 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Name Type City Duke -Hagerstown Hazmat Hagerstown Duke- Richmond Hazmat Richmond Earlham College Hazmat Richmond Ernst Concrete Hazmat Richmond Envirotech Extrusion Inc. Hazmat Richmond Frontier -Richmond Main Co Hazmat Richmond Frontier- NW T St. Hazmat Richmond Frontier Communications Hazmat Cambridge City Frontier Communications Hazmat Centerville Heartland Pet Food Manufacturing INC Hazmat Richmond Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc. Hazmat Richmond Holland Colors Americas Inc. Hazmat Richmond IMI (Irving Materials, Inc.) Hazmat Cambridge City IMPA Richmond Station Hazmat Centerville Indiana American So. 4t' & K St. Hazmat Richmond Indiana -American Water - Middlefork Hazmat Richmond INDOT- Frontage Road Unit Hazmat Cambridge City INDOT-Cambridge City Unit Hazmat Cambridge City INDOT- Richmond Unit Hazmat Centerville Irving Materials, Inc. Hazmat Cambridge City J.M. Hutton Hazmat Richmond Johns Manville International, Inc. Hazmat Richmond Lintech International azma Richmond Lowe's Home Centers Inc #1092 azmat Richmond Love's Truck Stop azma Richmond Madison -Kipp Corp. Hazmat Richmond Matthews International Inc Hazmat Richmond Meijer #155 Gas Station Hazmat Richmond Milestone Contractors LP Plant #34 Hazmat Cambridge City Milestone Contractors, LP Plant #35 Hazmat Richmond Murphy's Gas Hazmat Richmond Nutrien Ag Solutions #580 Hazmat Williamsburg Osborn International Hazmat Richmond Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co Hazmat Richmond Paragon Casket Inc Hazmat Richmond Primex Plastics Hazmat Richmond PTC Tubular Products LLC Hazmat Richmond Recycling Center Inc Hazmat Richmond Richmond Baking Co Inc Hazmat Richmond 146 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Name Type City Richmond Power & Light Hazmat Richmond Richmond State Hospital Hazmat Richmond Rumpke Of Indiana LLC Hazmat Richmond Silgan White Cap Corp. Hazmat Richmond Smith Foods Cold Storage Hazmat Richmond Smith Dairy/Wayne Div. Hazmat Richmond Southeast Wood Hazmat Richmond Speedway #1209 Hazmat Richmond Speedway #1230 Hazmat Richmond Speedway #5031 Hazmat Richmond Speedway #5204 Hazmat Richmond Speedway #8033 Hazmat Cambridge City Suburban Propane Hazmat Richmond Sugar Creek Packing Hazmat Cambridge City Suncall America, Inc. Hazmat Richmond Transcendia Hazmat Richmond TSN Inc Hazmat Richmond Total Clean, LLC Hazmat Richmond Union County Co -Op Hazmat Boston United Parcel Service Hazmat Centerville Village Pantry #5451 Hazmat Richmond Village Pantry #5629 Hazmat Richmond Village Pantry #5588 Hazmat Richmond Village Pantry #5583 Hazmat Richmond XPO Logistics Hazmat Richmond Us Army Reserve Center Military Richmond Indiana National Guard Armory Military Richmond Hagerstown Water Works Potable Water Hagerstown Indiana American Water Co Potable Water Richmond Milton Water Works Potable Water Milton Whitewater Reg Industrial Park Potable Water Cambridge City Richmond Water Works Potable Water Richmond Cambridge City Water Works Potable Water Cambridge City Dublin Water Works Potable Water Dublin Fountain City Water Works Potable Water Fountain City Centerville Water Works Potable Water Centerville Hagerstown Municipal WWTP Site A Wastewater Hagerstown Richmond Wastewater Treatment Wastewater Richmond Cambridge City WWTP Wastewater Cambridge City 147 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Name Type City Centerville Municipal WWTP Wastewater Centerville Greens Fork Wastewater Treatment Plant Wastewater Greens Fork Fountain City Municipal WWTP Wastewater Fountain City Essential Facilities Name Type City Golden Living Center -Golden Rule Medical Care Richmond Arbor Trace Health & Living Community Medical Care Richmond Forest Park Health Campus Medical Care Richmond Ambassador Healthcare Medical Care Centerville Sterling House Of Richmond Medical Care Richmond Lamplight Inn At The Leland Medical Care Richmond Richmond State Hospital Medical Care Richmond Fresenius Medical Care Richmond Medical Care Richmond Rosebud Village Medical Care Richmond Heritage House Of Richmond Medical Care Richmond Reid Health EMS Medical Care Richmond Reid Hospital & Health Care Services Medical Care Richmond Friends Fellowship Community Medical Care Richmond Golden Living Center -Richmond Medical Care Richmond The Springs Medical Care Richmond Wayne County EMA EOC Richmond Abington Twp Volunteer Fire Department Fire Abington Boston Community VFD Dept Fire Boston Cambridge City Fire Dept Fire Cambridge City Centerville Fire Dept Fire Centerville Dublin Volunteer Fire Department Fire Dublin Fountain City New Garden Twp Fire Dept Fire Fountain City Greens Fork Fire Dept Fire Greens Fork Hagerstown Fire Department Fire Hagerstown Milton Fire Dept Fire Milton Perry Township Volunteer Fire Department Fire Economy Webster Volunteer Fire Department Fire Webster 148 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Name Type City Williamsburg Vol. Fire Department Fire Williamsburg Richmond Fire Department Station 1 Fire Richmond Richmond Fire Department Station 2 Fire Richmond Richmond Fire Department Station 3 Fire Richmond Richmond Fire Department Station 4 Fire Richmond Richmond Fire Department Station 5 Fire Richmond Cambridge City Police Dept Police Cambridge City Centerville Police Dept Police Centerville Fountain City Police Dept Police Fountain City Greens Fork Police Dept Police Greens Fork Hagerstown Police Dept Police Hagerstown Reid Health police Dept Police Richmond IUE Police Dept Police Richmond Richmond Police Dept Police Richmond Wayne County Sheriff Police Richmond Richmond Administrative Office School Richmond Richmond Sr High School Richmond Test Middle School School Richmond Charles Elementary School Richmond Valle Elementary School Richmond West View Elementary School Richmond Dennis Middle School School Richmond Warner Buildings & Grounds School Richmond Fairview Elementary School Richmond Crestdale Elementary School Richmond Starr Elementary School Richmond Richmond Bus Garage School Richmond The Excel Center School Richmond Hibbard — Early College Prep/LOGO's School Richmond Rose Hamilton Elementary School Richmond Centerville -Abington Elementary School Centerville Centerville -Abington Sr High School Centerville Centerville -Abington Jr High School Centerville Pershing Education Center School P Lincoln Middle/ High School School P Western -Wayne Elementary School Pershing Hagerstown Elementary School Hagerstown 149 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Name Type City Hagerstown Jr -Sr High School Hagerstown Northeastern Elementary School Fountain City Northeastern Jr. Sr. High School Fountain City Seton West School Richmond Seton East School Richmond Seton High School Richmond Community Christian School Richmond Richmond Friends School School Richmond Richmond Academy -Christian School Richmond Oak Park Academy School Richmond IU East School Richmond IVY Tech School Richmond Earlham College School Richmond Central UMC Preschool & Childcare School Richmond Trueblood Preschool School Richmond Head Start School Richmond Early Learning & Family Literacy School Richmond 150 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 151 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 152 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan £f£ Y N f 0 0.125 Updated: 2022 East Germantown I t } D 0.1 02 y - ":. PA 153 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 154 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 155 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Appendix C: Kaiser-Permanente Hazard Assessment 156 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Wayne County Hazard Vulnerability Analysis -Kaiser Permanente Event Probability Human Property Business Preparedness Internal External Risk Impact Impact Impact Response Response Cyber Attack 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 78% Severe 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 72% Thunderstorm Flooding 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 52% Temperature 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 50% Extreme Civil Unrest 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 52% Drought Tornado 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 48% Hazmat with 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 44% Evacuation Winter Storm 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 41% Active 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 37% Assailant Wildiand/Crop 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 33% Fires Earthquake 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 19% Landslide 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 17% 157 Wayne County Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan Updated: 2022 Appendix D: County and Municipal Adoption Statements 158