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HomeMy Public PortalAbout2001 - Jefferson City Beautification PlanPREPARED FOR PREPARED BY City of Jefferson Capitol Main street Environmental Quality Commission 4\"~ GDA Associates Landscape Architects State College PA Acknowledgements Introduction Executive Summary PART 1 Summary of Physiographic Analysis PART 2 Component Areas PART 3 Study Areas PART 4 Central Business District PART 5 C B D Cars & Pedestrians PART 6 Detail Study Areas PART 7 Street Tree Program PART 8 Historic Preservation PART 9 Technical Appendix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The City of Jefferson City Tom Rackers Rich Mays Melva Fast Marty Brose Jack Kramer Bill Lockwood Phyllis Willibrand Paul Beck Mike Berendzen Janice McMillan Greg Dorge Karen Keeney John Landwehr Larry Vincent Carol Blaney Allen Pollock Don Shinkle Sam Bushman Mayor City Administrator City Liaison Director of Public Works Engineering Division Director Director of Parks Parks & Recreation Liaison Park Planner Planning & Zoning Chairman Senior Planner GIS Co ordinator Planning & Zoning Liaison City Councilman City Councilman City Council Housing Authority Chamber of Commerce Chamber of Commerce & Capital Main Street. Environmental Quality Commission Sam B. Cook Jim Crabtree Melva Fast Bobbie Prenger Dean Martin Shirley Powers Anita Randolph Bryan Forbis Civil Engineering Mike Bates Brian McMillan Citizens of the City of Jefferson Chairman Central Missouri Professional Services CMPS We would be remiss not to acknowledge the many citizens who participated in the public meetings commission meetings and focus groups to provide input and express their opinions and visions for the city. The 2001 Beautification Plan offers the City of Jefferson the opportunity to build on and enhance the goals established in the first plan . The concepts and recommendations contained in this document illustrate ideas that will take the ·city into the new millennium . The City of Jefferson has reached a crucial point in committing time , policies and staff resources towards urban forms that reflect th·e quality of life and the well being of its citizens yet blend with the sense-of-place reflecting a unique and rich town heritage. I n trod u c t i 0 n The 200~ Beautification Plan for the C1ty of Jefferson 1 reviews and updates the Beautification Plan of 1976 and provides recommendations for an area defined by the Missouri River to the northeast, Highway 54, to the southwest, Dunklin Street to the west and Lafayette Street on the east. This study is the culmination of a yearlong process that entailed public meetings, input from focus groups, reviews by city staff and input from downtown merchants. Additionally, this report incorporates studies recently completed on parking, sidewalks, downtown revitalization and the JC Visual Arts Committee Project. Capital Mainstreet, Inc. and the Environmental Quality Commission provided a key role in facilitating the development of the recommendations for the future vision of Central Business District {CBD) of the City of Jefferson. The Beautification Plan is organized into nine parts {chapters). Part 1 summarizes the physical characteristics of the City of Jefferson. The physical elements of the American cityscape are frequently ignored. However, it is the physical setting that gives the City of Jefferson it's unique sense-of-place. Part Two defines the physical setting of the city into four physical components or environs. These component areas are comprised of · distinct landscapes that form the overall macro landscape of the city. However, these landscapes contain distinctive settings that offer unique opportunities. Part Three begins constructing the urban planning recommendations by focussing on six key areas and analyzing the visual and land use impacts that comprise each of these areas. Part Three develops general design concepts for the six key study areas. e -- ·- Part Four defines the City of Jefferson's Central Business District (CBD) and divides it into planning units. Each of the planning units contains individual characteristics that define its use and sense-of- place or personality. Again, recommendations are presented to enhance the sense-of-place for each of these planning units. Part Five studies the interaction of the vehicles and pedestrians within the Central Business District. Recommendations are made for traffic calming, pedestrian enhancements and vehicle parking. Detailed design concepts are presented in Part Six of the report for specific areas within the Central Business District. Plans are presented for street crossings, round-a- bouts, alley treatments, parking lot enhancements and a farmers market. The street tree program is presented in Part Seven of the report. This section expands the guidelines proposed in the 1976 Beautification Plan. Part Eight focuses on the visual character of the city and discusses the importance of historic preservation. A technical appendix is provided in Part Nine. The technical appendix illustrates recommended street furniture, paving treatments and planting details. Change is implicit in every plan but the fundamental principals introduced in the 1976 Beautification Plan document remain largely unchanged. Many positive results have been achieved in the intervening years. The most evident benefit is the High Street streetscape that resulted from recommendations from the original plan. VifNI of the Capital from the south 3 A great deal has also been accomplished in terms of the visual resources of the Central Business District. Unsightly wires and utility poles have been removed . A telecommunication tower has been dismantled . Historic buildings have been restored and many storefronts have been cleaned and reclaimed in their original architectural style . The addition of a unified lighting scheme and the selection of an elegant lighting fixture has enhanced the streetscape of the Central Business District. Future challenges must address how traffic can be brought into and through the downtown area in a manner that also enhances pedestrian movement. Recent observations have shown that the potential exists for improving the integration of the automobile and pedestrian . A partnership is needed between the city, state and downtown merchants to ensure the commercial viability of the downtown retail core. Paramount to this collaboration is integration of three types of traffic users in the downtown area. First, those employed in the downtown must have ease of access and adequate parking. Second, those shopping need ease of access to parking. Third , those traveling through downtown need to . be redirected to McCarty Street or the Rex Whitton Expressway. e e e 1 Jefferson City Beautification Plan 2001 The Executive Summary is an abbreviated report that highiights the primary issues addressed in the Updated Beautification Plan for the City of Jefferson. The Executive Summary documents the issues raised in the full report and reviews the main points and the principal recommendations. GOA Associates was · commissioned to update the 1976 Beautification Plan prepared by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill with objective observations of the visual, physical and contextual aspects of the Central Business District. The updated Beautification Plan report studies the setting of the city and identifies the sense-of-place that makes the City of Jefferson unique. The updated _plan also reviews the improvements and the development progress made since the 1976 plan. Vision of Future Street Scape The findings are mixed. On the one hand improvements have been made to the city streetscape. These improvements are recognized as positive contributions to the urban character of the city. The new lighting fixtures are a good example of progress being made. However, on the negative side the streetscape is blemished by lack of maintenance. The benches, plant materials, trash containers and deteriorating sidewalks present visitors with a very negative picture of our city. e The facades of many historic buildings have been skillfully restored, as have a few complete buildings. The overall effect of these preservation projects brings scale, texture and a sense-of- place that is very positive and special. The city must continue to preserve its historic past with a strong preservation effort for significant buildings. In 1976, the City of Jefferson adopted a street tree plan that was in advance of most major urban communities. The Environmental Quality Commission (EQC), together with city agencies and the community, subscribed to the plan that is now providing the visual structure of the CBD. This program has served as a compelling positive energy in the community. A uniform street tree plan was adopted to apply a consistent tree species to a particular street. Trees were carefully selected based on appropriate scale, texture and form. This strategy has allowed the CBD to success from the establishment of a green streetscape. The methodology of selection and species selection was sound and must be reinstated. The 1970's presented many communities with a then trendy opportunity to eliminate the car from the CBD. Pedestrian malls were created t~at relegated the automobile to off-street parking lots. The EQC and City of Jefferson resisted a national trend and worked to integrate the car within the CBD. Again, good planning sense came in response to a local understanding of the community and it's constituents. 2 The challenge today is to implement traffic-calming techniques to further improve the CBD for pedestrians and drivers. The concept that the pedestrian and the car have an equal place in the urban setting is not new. Interestingly, this debate dates back to other communities such as Radburn , 1932 and Chatham Village , 1936 predicted conflicts of cars and pedestrians. However, since then planners created solutions that reduces conflicts and address issues of safe and easy access through good planning and designs. In conclusion to this introductory section of the Executive Summary, the city government, the EQC and the community must take credit for the adoption of many cutting edge concepts in the initial plan and remain committed to new and effective recommendations that renew and preserve the CBD. Recommendations The updated Beautification Plan provides recommendations that the city needs to address in the new millennium. Key to any plan , a vision of the future must address how to proceed, what the cost will be {monetary and social), how existing conditions be maintained modified and identify what intrinsic sense- of-place will shape the future for the community . The recommendations outlined below respond to these questions and are essential for the city to ensure stability and growth with the study area. -e e ·e Key Elements Proposed Terrace Museum There are mutually beneficial goals that would be achieved if a City I State Planning Coalition were formed between the State of Missouri and the City of Jefferson. Coordination of long-range plans and development plans would better allow the city and the state to achieve shared goals and interests. Jefferson City and State interests must intersect through a partnership of trust and decision making that places the community goals on an equal footing with those of the State. Define and create a City I State Redevelopment District whose boundaries would mesh with the cultural and historic boundaries of the Capital and provide a unified image of a Capitol City comfortable with its powerful historic heritage and the town that worked in it's shadow. Create a Traffic and Pedestrian Access Plan that embraces the principal of traffic calming, provides easy and safe access to the retail shops and parking and stimulates commercial activities in the CBD. The City of Jefferson has embraced a progressive plan to reduce the conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles. Intersection widening and mid-block crossings are an integral part of traffic calming. The updated plan proposes concepts of control and equalization of traffic and pedestrian plans that are being adopted nation-wide. It is interesting to note that many of these concepts were an integral part of the 1976 Beautification Plan. Off-street parking with excellent connections to rear parking lots was also recommended in the early plan. Currently there is a need to provide better maintenance and site improvements to the existing off street parking lots. Additionally, the city needs to restructure its parking fees to encourage short-term parking and discourage long-term parking within the CBD. The city also needs to consider returning the parking income to signage, lighting and the maintenance of the plantings. Jefferson City should also lower the speed limit on High Street, Madison, Monroe and Capitol to 18mph as a proven traffic calming technique. Develop a pedestrian linkage through an inner city Green Necklace. This trail system would link parks and walking trails to an inner trail system. The trail system allows visitors staying in the CBD a link to the historic sites, parks and Capitol. Users would be able to exercise at lunch, walk to the river; enjoy the views from the capitol, a source for intramural events. Weekend activities could be set up to use the trail system as a walking route or a nature trail with the possibility accessing Adrian Island. 4 l1mprovement District Cooperative Planning. Develop a mutually beneficial master plan for the city and state. The conceptual plan that the "capitol vision" illustrates is how the infill of new government buildings would enhance the core of the city. Linkages to new public and commercial buildings would strengthen the plan and give the retail core of the city an added dimension. 5 Missouri n CJ ~ NOT TO SCALE e e e e e - Commercial Parks Museum -~ Urban Core • Parking Garage' ~ • -~Linkages ~ NOT TO SCALE oo L? 8 EJ tJ Eb fTh I:SD o A "Capitol" Vision 6 7 Protect the heritage of the site. The origins of the siting of the Capitol and the adjoining city are being eroded by the intrusion of industrial development. The future vision set in this plan recommends screening or removal of the dredging operations north of the Capitol. In addition, the restoration of Jefferson Landing should be enhanced by visual access to the river. The railroad marshalling or fleeting activities need to be removed from the base of the Capitol and front yard of Jefferson Landing. Develop a plan that builds upon the potential Urban Form for the City in the new millennium. The plan for the future should be a model of the Capitol City through the year 2050. Jefferson City is situated on a distinctive land formation that provides the essential sense-of-place. Building growth and placement should be understood as a three- dimensional component of any future plans. The Capitol vista, the High street ridge and the dramatic escarpment along the river characterize the setting. Mid-block Crossings. The 1976 Beautification Plan introduced the concept of traffic calming long before the idea became popular. The concept is to introduce a visual and textural change in the street to alert drivers of pedestrians and slow traffic down. A secondary benefit results, as the downtown area becomes more convenient for users. Redevelop the City's Riverfront. The potential of reconnecting the river to the city will affirm a rich heritage and add a valuable ecological edge that has been eroded over time. Tourism could be attracted to a new environmental museum and trails on Adrian's Island. The proposed capitol annex I museum would transform the riverfront in the form of a structure bridging the rail lines. This project on the on the north side of the Capitol would serve as a visitor and information center for the capitol and the city. The series of terraces bridging .the rail lines would link the city to the long planned Deborah Cooper Riverfront Park on Adrian Island. Additionally, this linkage could provide a connection to the restored JCCC site. - e e e NOT TO SCALE EXISTING CULTURAL AREAS PROPOSED PARKS PROPOSED HIGHWAY LANDSCAPING PROPOSED GREENWAY OR TRAIL The opportunity exists for a park and trail system, a "greenway", to be added around the central business district. This park and trail system would link the outer and inner city areas with downtown and the river (see section 2-1 ). Jefferson City has the unique opportunity of commissioning the natural assets of the setting with new park systems that would solve drainage and flooding problems. -=D[]]]] I ~c::=::::=::J ~ u nB I =o illilll I ].14Fc~~~u~~ q I I r . 1 Greenway Linkages & Parks a ·' ..;.;..o. 9 efferso n C ity A Planning for the city must include the fringes of the CBD districts. Industrial development must be carefully planned to minimize visual impacts. Some industrial sites require buffers and future development needs to be enhanced through the implementation of landscape codes that · require landscape screening . Ao otatod earlier, tho impaoto of the fleeting activities of the Union Pacific Railroad have a large impact on the CBD. It would be na'ive to call for the complete removal of the tracks but the growth in freight handling and the use of the area west of the Capital to the existing Railroad Station, as fleeting and maintenance is unacceptable. Across the river the sand and gravel activities have expanded to include material storage and with no evident planning . Screening through the use of native riparian trees would be an inexpensive solution to the visual problem created by these open-yard activities. Farmers Market. Ideas for . enhancing the publics' use of downtown include the concept of a farmers market. The combined use of a special market place and public parking lot would have wide reaching benefits for downtown . A farmers market would bring residents from adjacent districts to the CVB to shop . Billboards. One of the most disturbing aspects of the visitor's first view of the Capitol from tha north iA tha foreground of billboards lining the highway. The size and frequency of these advertising signs varies and forms an irregular wall along the edge of the approach from the north. The view corridor from the northern approach should be protected from any intrusion upon its view. Standards need to be established for the highway corridor that welcome, complement and enhance the views afforded from this area. Details. Jefferson City shares a deserved pride of the CBD. The street benches, lighting, trees and plantings all enrich the sense of place and visitors experience within the central business district. New elements must be introduced, the sidewalk deterioration must be repaired and a system of maintenance must be included in the plans for the future . This plan presents many detailed examples of how the visible spaces of the downtown can be improved and the .document illustrates the results that can be achieved . GOA Associates e e - The physiographic characteristics of the City of Jefferson form the foundation for the setting and natural conditions of the city. However, the natural setting is so often taken for granted or ignored in planning decisions. The influence of the river, the undulating bluffs, and the watershed of Wears Creek is the foundation for the city's character. Part 1 of the study illustrates the relationship of the physical environment relative to planned and unplanned development and the impact it has had on the visual qualities of the c!ty. ----. Phyisiographic characteristics of the City The natural features of the land and river play a fundamental role in the planning of the city. The development of the city on this site is attributed to the safety of the bluffs and proximity and access to the Missouri River. These attributes give a distinctive character to the city. The setting of the state Capitol and Governor's Mansion also give the city a distinctive character. High Street created a commercial spine along a ridgeline and provided retail and residential uses to the city. Soon river transportation gave way to the railroad, and the 1920's development of the automobile brought roads and streets to the city. 1-1 The urban form of the city is described as development being draped over the undulating topography of the landform. The bluffs along the ·river provide spectacular views over the river and to the bluffs north. In turn, this classic setting provides dramatic views of the State Capitol toward the city. The Capitol and the profile of the . city act as focal points for the surrounding area. This is an ... important fundamental planning principal that planners recognized. Early graphic representations of the city illustrate a carefully planned setting that incorporates natural features as an intrinsic part of the design. Looking East from the Capitol Opposite page: The plan illustrates the topography of Jefferson City - e "TT r-.o 0 0 ., > z -., ::J '< Ul -· 0 CQ A1 -c ::J ..a. I 1\) -· n -n 0 ... 3 Ul z ~ I iJl r-C5 m 0 :I: ~ (j') :;:Q 0 c z 0 - High,vay 50 Hig.h Street Bluffs Flood Plain Missouri River Cross Section of Physical Elements 1-3 HIGH, ROLLING TERRAIN HIGH, FLAT TERRAIN NORTHERN RIVER, ~· ~ , LOW TERRAIN MISSOURI RIVER NOTTOSCALE Urban Physiographic Forms 1-4 Progress and development have overtaken these early concepts . Growth and prosperity have left many positive and negative marks . Some built forms that were once very intrusive have been removed . However, many aspects of commerce and industry that visually scar the city and the environs ·still remain . The view of the State Capitol from highway 54/63 is assaulted with a series of billboards and the view of the Capitol is set in a foreground of industrial structures and riverside industry to the north. View sheds must be studied and careful planning decisions need to be made for these areas. Proceeding closer to the CBD, planning policies must be proposed to diminish the sea of parking lots seen from the western approach to the State Capitol . Visitors to the State Capitol should arrive through a parkway and should be given the opportunity to stop in a park setting that offers off street parking. These potential sites are in place along the Wears Creek, 1-5 providing it is reclaimed as a wetland park. Careful placement of structured parking should also be implemented -for state employees, city workers, shoppers and visitors. From the Capitol terraces, looking north the view should not be compromised by an industrial vista. Planning policies must also be established to limit development in the flood plain and enhance substantial natural vegetative screening along the river. No rth Ban k of Ri ver Opposite page: The arrows on this plan illustrate the "view corridors" e e • LOW, FLAT TERRAIN HIGH, ROLLING TERRAIN HIGH, FLAT TERRAIN MISSOURI RIVER ~ NOT TO SCALE View Corridors 1-6 Component areas are specific areas within the city that comprise a specific physiograhic area. Each component area contains a unique set of environmental constraints or opportunities that must be incorporated into planning and design decision making. Part 2 identifies several component areas and presents concepts to transform perceived liabilities into a significant contribution to the sense-of- place of the City of Jefferson. __.A]~ • . ~ -·-"':;! ~ _____ h ____ ----·-2 ~ .... :K ~-. -_--~ Com ponent.Areas The essence of Part 2 of the report is to provide comments on the visual attributes of the major physiograhic components within the study area . The reader familiar with the City of Jefferson needs to be aware that a report must consolidate the geographic areas of the city in a constructive and meaningful way. Therefore ,. four distinct Component Areas or physiograhic areas have been identified for planning purposes . In the following discussion , these areas will be identified and comments will be presented on the planning opportunities that exist within those areas. In the broadest sense the study area is comprised of four distinct physiograhic areas: 1. The flood plain and Missouri River. 2 . The bluffs that include the undulating form along the river edge and the railroad tracks at the base of the bluffs. 2-1 3. The low lands formed by Wear's Creek. And, 4 . The drainage valley area where the Rex Whitton Expressway is located . The map on page 2-2 illustrates the Major Component Areas. The ridge top on which High Street is located could be defined as a fifth physiographic area. However, ridge tops are not uniquely distinct and have not been separated . Within each of these districts, there are many diverse qualitative and non- qualitative issues that are addressed throughout the report. This section looks at the component areas and sets overall environmental and visual goal for each area . e e Opposite page: e 1. Flood Plain 2. Bluffs and Railroad 3. Wears Creek 4. Dunklin Valley ~~· ·. CJ) ' 0 )> ' ~ 1. The Flood Plain The central characteristic of this component is both the attraction and the intrinsic physical form of the site. It is flat, fertile and subject to flooding . The intrusion of light industrial facilities creates an imposing and contradictory use of this important foreground to the Capitol City. Certain uses are acceptable such as the airport, the water and the treatment facility proposed levee. Beyond that, the proliferation of industrial buildings and storage sites acts to reduce the setting to an unacceptable misuse of the floodplain . e 2. The Bluffs and Railroad This edge represents a series of concerns. It is accepted that the railroad tracks represent an important commercial and transportation need. However, the cost is access to an important but severed resource, the river. Unfortunately, the negative impact the railroad has on the riverfront is enormous. Starting at the west, in the area of the former roundhouse, through the area including Lohman's _Landing, the Missouri Pacific Railroad Station and extending to the penitentiary, the six sets of tracks severe the river from the city. The impact results in an industrial landscape that intrudes on the Capitol setting. This is unfortunate as the bluffs form interesting undulations along this corridor and nicely frames the river. From the west the land rises to the capitol then descends to the landing rising again quickly at the Governor's Mansion and descending again to Adam's Street. The bluffs rise again to the east only to descend again at the east edge of the penitentiary. This area would be greatly enhanced if the fleeting activities of the railroad were relocated and access to the river was developed. Adrian Island is an important resource that is not accessible. 2-4 .. ,. . 2-5 A park and the railroad could co-exist in this area . e e e 3. Wears Creek Wears Creek bisects several important areas to the west and south of the downtown area. In its present form Wears Creek is recognized as a liability due to .flooding, rather than as a contributing natural element to the quality of the environment. Wears Creek holds the potential to provide a strong link in the city's park and trail system. The floodplain should be enhanced to allow a more natural creek environment to act as a much-needed link to the city greenspace and park system. 2-6 .-.... I N 4. Dunklin Valley Dunklin Valley is described as a low-lying area within a portion of the Wears Creek floodplain along Highway 50. Although not considered a "gateway" to the city this corridor is important to the visual character of the City of Jefferson. The setbacks and easement along Highway 50 should receive plantings to soften diverse architectural forms. Wears Creek should be re-claimed as a wetland system and enhanced with wetland plants and landscape forms. A trail system, detailed on pages 2-9 and 2-10 should be integrated with the design to create a link to city parks, shopping areas and the river. Plantings could be added in these areas A proposal to develop a park and trail system is illustrated on the following pages. This concept if enacted would serve to solve some of the problems in the Dunklin Valley and Wears Creek areas. 2-8 Key Program Elements, Recreation linkages walks and parks and bike ways The opportunity exists for a Park and trail system "greenway' to be built around the CBD area that would link the outer city areas with the downtown and the river. The potential route for an inner city greenway would follow the stream corridor along Route 50; proceeding Key Factors of this concept would provide: 1. Linkage to the river and refurbishing Wears Creek . 2. A green park edge along 50 , incorporated into a landscape plan for 50 . in a clockwise direction would 3. The provision of Adrian cross north to the river Island as a City through a series of walkways environmental park. and parks leading to Adrian Island. The walk/trail would 4. A relatively flat walking and lead to an environmental and bike trail around the city. river study area on the island. The walk/trail would proceed east along the river and along the east edge of the penitentiary into the historic residential district. The route would then proceed to connect with the stream corridor to the south. 2-9 5. A potential park site west of the Capitol for visitors and tourists . 6. The potential for City sponsored special events and recreational sports. e e e e NOT TO SCALE EXISTING CULTURAL AREAS PROPOSED PARKS PROPOSED HIGHWAY LANDSCAPING PROPOSED GREENWAY OR TRAIL The opportunity exists for a park and trail system, a "greenway" to be added around the central business district. This park and trail system would link the outer and inner city areas with downtown and the river (see section 2-1 ). Jefferson City has the unique opportunity of commissioning the natural assets of the setting with new park systems that would solve drainage and flooding problems. = o (I[]]] I c~c::=::.::::J ~ 8 D~ I =o rum I --·-• ·o ~ q I = ____ ';-; _ ;I! Sl4flt9T;,~ ~ LJ ~ D I Greenway Linkages & Parks 2-10 Study areas are introduced as a series of distinct areas or sites within the City of Jefferson needing special design attention . These areas are the consequence of unplanned activities that interact and result in negative impacts . Part 3 of the report identifies several study areas and presents design concepts to mitigate the visual impact on the existing urban form . ~"-;:;:: ~ s 3 3-1 Lib rary Park Introduction Throughout the study area, there are a considerable number of relatively small but prominent locations that should be enhanced . At some locations, policy and zoning changes will be needed to enact any real positive change . Other locations, such as the railroad corridor, will require a more imaginative and long - range plan . While the railroad cannot be re-located the more obtrusive activities associated with fleeting activities may be relocated . The rail corridor should be used only as a through route and the fleeting facilities moved away from the downtown area. This section looks at a few key areas , such as the example above , where visual and physical elements impact the quality of the visible environment. On the left, are examples of good landscape intervention on small sites . e e e e e Location of Potential Study Areas NOT TO SCALE Billboards & Highway Signs The Railroad Corridor Adrian Island ~o(fffffi /'r t;J ULWJ on~ =0 illi] ~q \S 3-2 The flood plain to the north of the city should not be viewed as an area for industrial expansion. If it is, the visual effect will become a distracting intrusion within the viewshed from the State Capitol. The existing settings can co-exist in the flood plain with appropriate screening (plantings) and edge conditions. The city and the state should commit to 3-3 ..... A bridged walk leading from ~ the Central Business District and capitol grounds .to the river's edge presents a challenging and important link to the urban setting. Adrian Island should become an environmental study area for local residents and out-of- town visitors. This connection would allow the study of river ecology along the Missouri River . The Opport uni ty Adri an l s~a nd preserving the viewshed from the capitol by screening . The flood plain is an area of fertile soil that will allow fast growing trees to be introduced as screening. Earthen mounds can be constructed and planted with native vegetation to provide a dense screen buffer. Trails and walks could link the visitor to other parks in the city. The details of the "bridge" link can include a museum and visitor information space that would lead from the capitol terraces providing a safe and attractive link across the active railroad tracks. . Unsatisfactory Foreground e e - The correlation of the larger scale physical components of the city and the natural setting are interwoven yet visually dis-connected in a legalistic sense. The State Capitol setting on the bluffs creates a classic relationship between building and site while the lack of a link to the north bank of the river and to the adjacent flood plain creates a dichotomy. The natural form is juxtaposed against the built landforms. Unfortunately, contradictory and conflicting land uses have been allowed to infiltrate and are visually and functionally in conflict with the overall sense-of-place. Most apparent is the lack of access to the river from the capitol. Second, a landscape easement along the north bank of the river has deteriorated due to barge fleeting activities on the riparian edge. Trees have been used as mooring posts and the potential screening of the industrial complex has lessened due to the reduction of plant material. The views toward the Capitol have been similarly affected by billboards and signage conflicting and competing for attention against the backdrop of the classic silhouette of the capitol. The larger context, that of arriving in Jefferson City, should be uncluttered by commercial signage. Tree massing in the right of way will add to the dramatic foreground and views of the Capitol Building. It is recommended that highway plantings be introduced to the approaches both from the north and the south. Looking north across the RIR tracks 3-4 Billboards One of the most disturbing aspects of the visitor's first view of the Capitol from the north is the foreground of billboards lining the highway. The size and frequency of these advertising signs varies and forms an irregular wall along the edge of the approach from the north. The billboards conflict with highway informational signs , competing for drivers' attention to the point of distraction . This also contributes to a disturbing visual effect. The view corridor from the northern approach should be protected from any intrusion upon its view. Standards need to be established for the highway corridor that welcome, complement and enhance the views afforded from this area . 3-5 These Billboards represent Unnecessary Signage - Necessary Signage e e No River Access Railroad Lines and River Access The potential use of the river edge is seriously compromised by the existing land use conditions along the north edge of the CBD. It is obvious that the railroad track cannot be removed. The continuing use of this area as a rail-fleeting yard is a visual and physical intrusion into the city that must be addressed. Jefferson Landing represents the quality of restoration that can be achieved by careful planning and restoration but the wall of railroad cars becomes a backdrop that diminishes the quality of the setting and the historic relationship to the river. Discussions should take place with the Union Pacific Railroad to address this issue. Key Factors: 1. Eliminate the rail yard. 2. Develop an Amtrak station with quality design features. 3. Remove or bury the high wires along the river in from of the Capitol. 3-6 A recurring theme in this report has been the development of distinguishable districts within the overall urban framework of downtown . The Central Business District could be given greater definition through the simple addition of signs and banners. A study has recently been completed proposing a series of graphic symbols, signs and images . It is through simple and direct design applications such as these that a community can strengthen its sense-of-place and enhance the downtown area. --Central Business District INTRODUCTION URBAN SETTING An analysis of the Central The framework of any Business District (CBD) downtown plan is the places found many refinements and of activity, the focal and improvements since the · visual presence of the place . original plan. Preservation The social fabric of the city principles have enhanced supports these places. several important building These places are created to structures. Fa~ade attract people, act as a treatments have improved destination, or simply as a the historic character of many place to visit. The City of buildings contributing to a Jefferson is well placed as an sense-of-place reflecting the active urban center. For cities rich heritage. Lighting example, the library acts as a improvements have also key functional institution played an important role in drawing both families and furnishing the streetscape school classes to the CBD. and enhancing the nighttime Several professional offices experience. Sprawling have relocated to the activities and added downtown district. Recently, infrastructure have placed a residential units have been further burden on the introduced above the maintenance and storefronts. preservation of the details that are so important to the The retail components of the overall quality of the visible CBD are key to the success and experienced downtown of the city. The CBD district environment. This section of benefits from a wide range of the report addresses some of retail and specialty stores. the critical "quality" issues The CBD should become an and makes recommendations attractive alternative to the -for change and outer shopping malls. improvements to several key 4-1 areas. l_) e· ~ NOT TO SCALE CORRECTIONAL CENTER RESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT DISTRICT OUTER GOVERNMENT DISTRICT CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT INSTITUTIONAL DISTRICT The area in red on this plan defines the Central Business District (CBD). It is important to recognize the proximity of other districts within the planning area. This report recommends defining all districts to allow planning directives and goals to be established that will guide activities in each area. The goal is 'to sustain the conditions within each district while considering the effect on the overall plan . ~~omm ~--~ R • nu rnrm q Q::J I Downtown Dist:r ,icts 4-2 Ideas for enhancing the publics ' use of downtown include the concept of a farmers market. The combined use of a special market place and public parking lot would have wide reaching benefits for downtown . A farmers market would bring residents from adjacent districts to shop. This report previously introduced the concept of a linear park and trail system that would provide continuity to the already excellent system. This report also recommends a pedestrian connection to the Missouri River. The importance of a connected trail system allows the community activities to be linked . Schools and clubs using the trail system can "originate" their event in selected downtown areas. However, the community must also seek a balance in the quality of improvements so that the outer "suburban" areas are linked to the historic core of the community. Citizens hosting visitors to the capitol city are proud to identify with the core district and are eager to show guests the central district. 4-3 URBAN FABRIC Recommendations contained in this report are twofold . First, the city needs to address the deterioration of many elements of the infrastructure that was central to the development of the 1976 plan . Second , there are key areas throughout the central district that, through minor alterations and additions, could become enhanced and promote activities in the downtown CBD . The Historic Scale RECOMMENDATIONS The existing downtown streetscape, sidewalks, sitting areas and vest pocket parks need to be reinstated and improved. Parking lots and off-street parking must be governed by the standards introduced in the original report. The 1976 report addressed issues related to design and implementation but there is general evidence that they have not been applied. Street crossings and "traffic calming" should be introduced at mid blocks and traffic reduction "bulb outs" should be built at key street crossings. Another technique for traffic calming is to lower the speed limit in the downtown CBD to 18 MPH. Existing street furniture should be phased out and replaced with new more maintenance free components. Benches and trash containers should be considered that harmonize with the classic appearance of the streetlights. Street trees should be set in new tree grates. The existing system is adequate but requires continued maintenance. A detail using iron or plastic tree grates should be adopted. Additionally, the tree grates should be slightly curbed to prevent salt contaminated water to drain into the tree pits. The tree-planting program should follow the original concept of the 1976 report, (included in the appendix). The alleyways now used as linkages by pedestrians should receive a special paving treatment to emphasize the pedestrian use. 4-4 The success of the city's core is dependent on many interrelated factors. For example, the concept of sense-of-place is gained not only from the user reaction to the visual components of an urban area but also from the aspects of convenience , such .as ease of driving , parking and walking . The 1976 Beautification Plan made a recommendation to retain automobile traffic on High Street at a time when other cities were creating traffic free downtown malls. This was an important and, as history shows, successful decision . The future of High Street and other streets in the CBD is now dependent on the same clarity of direction . ~;;~ ,c------i 05 Introduction The continued success of the Central Business District depends on convenient access to its businesses , shops and parking . Current traffic and parking problems are significant and collectively send customers to more accessible business areas outside the Central Business District. By solving traffic and parking problems, the Central Business District (CBD) will achieve substantial gains as customers frequent businesses more often because accessibility is enhanced . This chapter identifies six issues and offers six solutions . The solutions are expressed as recommendations based on principles established in previous city traffic and parking studies . Harland Bartholomew, Dan Burden and other respected professionals conducted these studies for the Greater Jefferson City Committee. - Existing Parking Lot Proposed Parking Garage Existing Parking garage e Major Pedestrian Routes Modified Existing Parking Lot NOT TO SCALE This plan depicts the surface parking, parking decks, public and private also the pedestrian linkages to the decks. ...___-..,---- [ Pedestrian & Parki .ng linkages 5-2 ISSUE 1. Traffic through downtown is impeded because traffic signals are not coordinated to recognize the large volume of northbound traffic. A large proportion of the downtown oriented traffic travels northbound from the Rex Whitton Expressway on Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe streets. McCarty and Dunklin streets were reconstructed and widened to expedite east-west traffic. Traffic signals have been coordinated to give preference to north/south traffic over east/west through traffic on High Street. However, hilly cities like the City of Jefferson generally give preference to uphill traffic because of the difficulty of stopping and getting started again, especially when the streets are slick with ice and snow. 5-3 Recommendations Traffic moving north should be given preference to east/west traffic on High Street. This can be achi~ved by coordinating the stoplights on Monroe streets, especially at the High Street intersection. This will expedite northerly traffic originating from the Rex Whitton Expressway, McCarty Street and Dunklin Street. Also proposed is the development of a new sidewalk and pedestrian crossing paving at two High Street intersections and the addition of new graphics and signage along the downtown streets. In addition, a no- right-turn-on-red should be adopted to give pedestrians easier crossing opportunities. e - e ISSUE 2. There is some confusion about the no left turn at High Street and Madison . As a result, a drivers challenge the fact that left turns are prohibited at this intersection . However, the no-left-turn policy at High Street and Madison has improved traffic flow through this intersection . This control expedites traffic moving into and out of the main parking garage on Madison Street. Recommendation Maintain and enforce the no- left-turn at High Street and Madison . The international symbol could be enhanced with specific wording saying "NO LEFT TURN", and placed on signs to alert people who are not familiar with the international crossed-arrow symbol . ISSUE 3. The number of traffic signal lights in the downtown area discourages traffic movement. Some intersections would benefit from the elimination of the full signal cycles by using flashing red/red lights at all four corners requiring a full stop . This practice is embraced in the downtown areas of many other communities where good sight distances and low speed limits are desired . Recommendations The City of Jefferson should follow the example of communities that use red flashing lights on designated four corners where moderately busy intersections need to establish through routes in preference to full-cycled traffic signals. This practice moves traffic expeditiously during the business day or peak evenings and weekends. Traffic movement would benefit from the ·elimination of the full-cycle signal lights at the corner of Monroe Street and Capitol Avenue and Jefferson Street and Capitol Avenue and replaced by red-flashing stoplights . At very busy intersections, where people tend to drive too fast and where sight distances are limited , full -cycle signals are appropriate. Jefferson City should also lower the speed limit on High Street, Madison , Monroe and Capitol to 18mph as a proven traffic calming technique . Note: Pedestrian movements will require new traffic controls and ordinances to enforce penalties on drivers that do not yield to pedestrians in crosswalks . Signage will need to be examined with final enhancement plans that are under study. If the city adopts the bulb-outs , traffic round about and mid block crossings, the placement of sings and traffic control . surface graphics will have to be re-studied . ISSUE 4. The volume of pedestrians crossing Madison Street to and from the city parking garage and walking through the adjacent alley is inconvenienced and endangered by traffic. Recommendations Because of the large number of pedestrians crossing Madison Street, a designated crossing should be provided. Section six of this report illustrates a proposed crossing at Madison Street from the parking garage. Signs alerting drivers that pedestrians have precedence in the crosswalk should be posted. A good example of a crosswalk is the white-striped pedestrian crosswalk installed on McCarty Street for pedestrian crossing between the Truman Building and the Capitol Plaza Hotel area. ISSUE 5. The street parking in front of the Broadway Building and the Supreme Court constricts traffic entering the CBD from the west on High Street. Also, the intersection of Jefferson Street and Rex Whitton Expressway is partially impeded by street parking so that the right-tum- only lane to the Expressway cannot by used effectively. East bound traffic on High Street is significantly impeded by parked cars on High Street at the southeast corner of the intersection of High Street and Broadway. Parking occurs too close to the intersection and obstructs visibility, making the road corridor appear crowded and the intersection hazardous. The same problem exists at the Jefferson/Rex Whitton Expressway intersection where the parked cars infringe on the outer driving lanes. Recommendations Implement firm traffic and parking engineering principles that gives preference to traffic flow over on-street parking wherever traffic-versus-parking issues arise. When automobile users (i.e. potential customers) are inconvenienced or endangered by a few on- street parkers resolution needs to occur. This is especially true where ample off-street parking exists or can be developed. Consideration should be given to eliminating six parking spaces on High Street (Southeast corner of the intersection) in front of the Broadway Building. This would permit traffic moving onto High Street from Broadway, and vice versa, a better opportunity to see oncoming traffic. In addition, this will create an inviting feeling of openness at the west High Street entrance to the central business district. The Highway Department previously recommended the elimination of parking near the Jefferson/Rex Whitton Expressway intersection. Again, this should be completed as soon as possible. Perhaps the parking can be replaced beside and behind the buildings. Regardless, the elimination of those parking stalls would greatly improve traffic flow and permit greater use of the right turn lane, which is frequently impeded by parked vehicles. e ISSUE 6. Parking costs and a general shortage of convenient parking stalls discourages customers from the downtown area. Consideration should be given to the development for more off-street parking structures and free parking . The cost of customer parking discourages some patrons from choosing to shop in the downtown area . As many ways possible must be found to encourage customers to shop and dine downtown and conduct business in the CBD. Recommendations Many other communities with central shopping districts have shortages of accessible parking , similar to Jefferson City and have invited customers to park free-of- charge for the first one to two hours . The charge for additional parking time beyond the free period is increased substantially over the present low hourly rates. Longer term parking in the city parking facilities should not compete with the short- term parking . This enticement results in lost revenue for the parking lot but is easily recouped in sales tax revenue and offset by an increased charge for long-term parking. Communities providing free parking for the first one to two hours charge $1 to $2 for parking for the next hour or This Parking Could Be Consolidated half hour. However, the exact charge can be varied depending upon revenue needs. This strategy promotes a welcoming atmosphere for downtown shoppers. Reference The "Parking and Planning Study" report by Rich and Associates addresses many of the downtown area traffic issues . Existing Parking 5-6 t. The Detail Study Areas , focuses attention on specific areas within the Central Business District . The projects identified are purely exploratory, with the possible exception of the farmers market and the High Street sidewalk resurfacing . The objective of this section is to illustrate design solutions and pilot projects and would serve as a catalyst for valuable change to the quality of the downtown area. ---6 ~, r . -------·----. ~~ 'L 1 ) I ~ j NOT TO SCALE 1 r• -1 A Farmers market F High & Madison crosswalk B lnfill Development G High St. cross-over C Parking lot one H Main Sidewalks Parking lot two Alleyway E Alley & Madison crosswalk J Gateway 6-1 L- Partial plan of the C.B.D. Detail St~dy Areas Key Diagram e c CD lit -· - n 6,-3 Key Areas~ The following list identifies specific areas within the Center Business District that could serve as pilot or demonstration projects for the Downtown. A. The Farmers Market An opportunity and need exists for the creation of an open market on the redesigned parking lot adjacent to the walk through park on High Street. The parking lot has access from Monroe Street across from the county courthouse . Special paving would uniquely distinguish the lot. Shade trees would be planted and graphics would designate the activity and area. Water bibs would be installed to serve the location, as would additional electrical services . e e e e Section A-A A<lllllll Walk Through Park I JJ A. Farmers Market 6-4 B. lnfill Building 6-5 B. lnfill Building The opportunity exists to construct a new office/retail building in a vacant site on High Street. This project activity could serve as a catalyst for the re-use of empty lots in the downtown area. The architectural character of the building should draw upon the historic proportions and character of the adjacent buildings. e e - e e C. Re-Design of an Existing Parking Lot A parking area was built west of Monroe and to the north of the alley in accordance with recommendations from the 1976 Beautification Plan . Unfortunately, this lot has been allowed to deteriorate . The opportunity exists to A IL rebuild the parking lot to make it more useable and aesthetic. A center drive should be developed to increase traffic flow and shade trees should be reintroduced to supplement the one remaining tree. Alley Parking Lot C. Section ·A-A 6-6 6-7 D. Private Lot Madison and Alley The existing parking lot is adequate in size to allow for the introduction of shade trees along the eastern boundary and along the wall of an existing building. There is evidence that this area also serves as a people space. Employees have placed a picnic bench for use. With minimal costs , this parking area could be made into a very attractive area. Wall murals or graphics could be introduced to the building face to create a special treatment . Section A-A a; ! us c 0 U) ~ ftl :& Alley Parking Lot D. e - e e - e e !'lOrE? ~ 1 , u; Cross Walk E. • ~ c G) G) C) l! ca (!) II.__. E. Cross Walk at Madison Street. The removal of the overhead power lines has vastly improved the appearance of the alley (s) to the point where they are being used as pedestrian walkways . Walking should be encouraged and paving should be introduced to spatially define this activity. The design could be simple in identifying a designated walk to give pedestrians a feeling of security and remind them that this is a shared walkway. The alley connecting Monroe and Madison should be paved to provide a walking surface. Recommended is the use of red concrete paver block to match the material suggested for the High Street. This treatment would complement the overall downtown concept. A paving strip of 6'0" wide along the center and slightly raised would allow for a relatively easy installation. -~ NOT TO SCALE 6-8 6-9 F. Madison and High Street Cross Walks The 1976 Beautification Plan identified the need for visually distinctive walkways and traffic control. Recently, these ideas have been reintroduced to achieve traffic calming. Essentially, the concept of traffic calming relies on the introduction of a textural change in the street paving for crosswalks. This is achieved one of two ways. The first is by raising the street level at crosswalks. The second method is achieved by creating a change in the texture of the paving to alert a driver to a different condition. These methods slow vehicles and communicate that pedestrians are EQUAL in their right-of-use. These treatments can also add visual quality to the streetscape. Color can be introduced to the streetscape through the use of various paving materials. The paving materials need to withstand the loads of buses and commercial trucks but appear residential in scale. Proposed are crosswalks at six major downtown cross streets are proposed. The specific configurations shown on the accompanying plans illustrate the standard design concept. - High & Madison before & after -- e e 17' r-m MAD I ., o· ... ::1: 0 -· tnCC tn :T ~en --~ D) ... -... "I CJ) I ..... 0 ... :J: G) :J: en -1 ::a m m -1 STREET G. Mid-Block CrossWalk, High Street G. Mid-block Crossings. The 1976 Beautification Plan introduced the concept of traffic calming long before the idea became popular. The concept is to introduce a visual and textural change in the street to alert drivers of pedestrians and slow traffic down . A secondary benefit results, as the downtown area becomes more convenient for users. For example, users with a particular destination may find a store, restaurant or business closer by using a midblock crossing. Therefore, mid block crossings are proposed. The design includes a slight ramping from the street pavement and a textured paving. An additional item, a flashing light, as used in Europe, could serve as a beacon to assure the safety of the crossing pedestrian. While these ideas do not impede the motorist, they do provide a sense of safety and control to the pedestrian . - - e e Side Walk Example H. Main Sidewalks H. Main Sidewalks The condition of sidewalks throughout downtown and especially on High Street call for immediate attention. Deteriorating conditions are prevalent in most sections of sidewalks resulting in concerns for public safety of patrons. It is strongly advised that this issue be placed as a high priority. The proposed plan illustrates a simple and effective treatment. The photograph to the left illustrates an example of the desired effect. To achieve this effect, a banding course is placed along the leading edge of the walk to define the area of benches, lights and signage. 6-12 NEV TC . 63 4 .84 Concrete Overlay New Street I 6x8 Concrete Block \,~P""'* .!., :1 section cc Typical sidewalk section New Street 6-13 High Street New Entrance by OWner 8x8 Concrete Block Concrete Overlay New Entrance by OWner New Street NEW TC 634 .84 H. Main Sidewalks The selection of concrete color and aggregate for the recommended replacement of sidewalks is very important. A local mix that has been effectively used on several state projects for sidewalks is referred to as a historic through and through mix. This mix incorporates riversand to give the finished surface beige to light brown color. Examples of this mix are evident at the Governor's Garden and the walls around the Mansion . The brick or block selected should be of a color that harmonizes the concrete and the historic setting of the CBD . Concrete Overlay ~ Section oo Typical sidewalk section New Entrance by OWner New Street High Street New Entrance by OWner Tree Pit Concrete Oveilay e e e - - e On the left page; H. Main sidewalks This report has indicated that the existing conditions of the sidewalks on High Street are unsatisfactory. The surface condition of the concrete has deteriorated and failed in some places. A proposed solution is to overlay the existing sidewalks. This design concept wi II provide a new streetscape texture and surface material. The suggested design incorporates a contrasting paver to create an edge, or banding between the curb and the new concrete as shown on page 6-12. The banding defines the area where light fixtures, signs, and trash containers are to be placed. New tree grates cover the tree pits. The concept shown on pages 6-12 illustrates a solution utilized in another city. Studies should incorporate the same design materials that are proposed in the mid block crossing and the High Street and Main intersection. On this page; I. The alley The removal of the utility poles in the alleys of Jefferson City has greatly improved the urban streetscape so much that pedestrians are using the alley as a walk way. It is recommended that a portion of the surface be paved to provide a walking surface. A red concrete paver block to match the material suggested for the High Street would complement the overall concept. A strip of paving 6'- 0" wide along the center slightly raised would produce the best effect and allow an easy installation that would not require the construction process to work with the many varied existing conditions. Building Line Section thru Alley ~ Building 8x6 Concrete! Paver Block \, Line I. A .lley Walkway s-14 1-w w 0:: l-en ·z 0 en 0:: w LL LL w ..., 6-15 HIGH STREET ~ J. High Street Gateway The concept of a gateway is to signal to the visitor, arrival at a special place. This statement of change of condition can be made through signage, banners, or as the illustration on this page describes, a change in paving material at the sidewalk and in the roadway . A texture crossing using paving blocks can act to alert the driver that they have entered a special area. e - e - - The existing Jefferson City streetscape is a perfect demonstration of the functional and aesthetic contribution trees give the urban environment. The street tree program created by the 1976 Beautification Plan has demonstrated this concept and has provided streets , such as High Street with a consistent visual quality. Part 7 expands on the guidelines set out in the 1976 plan and focuses on five areas of the city that would benefit from the application of new plantings . '~ ~~ ~ ) ---· -__.. -· -. 7 e () Street Tree Program One of the strongest and Tree varieties have been Major street tree planting visually effective results of used that conflict with the programs need to be the 1976 plan for the city was ordering principles that were implemented on McCarty and the enactment of the street intrinsic in the first plan. The East Capitol. The original e tree-planting program. After recommendation is that the plan called for Tulip trees on long debate and study of new plans reaffirm the East Capitol and Lindens on other towns and cities original concept and that McCarty. GOA recommends throughout the country it was trees be replaced with the that Lindens be placed on accepted that the boldest and specified species. East Capitol and Red Oaks most appropriate planting planted on McCarty. Both e scheme was to allocate New street plantings need to are good, tough, urban trees particular species to certain refer to the original concept that are relatively disease streets. The concept was put and the city should readopt free. in place and followed to a the design guidelines in e great extent. However, this Appendix II. Other observations included concept has again come the neglected maintenance of under question and has not Attention must now be trees in parking lots. Existing been adhered to in recent focused on the streets that trees must be replaced or years. did not receive plantings. added with species outlined The tree varieties selected in The guidelines are re-stated in the original plan. During the first plan acted to unify in Appendix II and need to be the post years, trees have and strengthen the physical enforce~. been allowed to deteriorate appearance of the diverse and the effects have become architecture of the downtown Tree maintenance still falls a visual disturbance to the setting. Certain streets short of an adequate and City Streetscape. became associated with a professional program. It is particular tree, Madison had recommended that plant One very successful aspect the London Plane tree and maintenance be established of the original plan was that e Monroe the Ash, etc. The that focuses on the special plantings were placed in tree form of these strong urban conditions that exist in the pits that were "over dug", that e trees contributed to the more urban area of the city. is the area of the tree pit was character of the street and Tree grates are increased to provide a complimented the recommended to be added to greater area of topsoil for the streetscape. the streetscape setting to roots. This detail must be give protection to the root followed in the new plantings. Recently, other varieties have zone and to give a more been introduced that bear no elegant appearance to the reference to the original sidewalk. 7-1 intent of the adopted plan. z ~ a en ~ ,-m "'tJ a "0 0 en CD a. en ,..... (i) CD ,..... -I (i) CD en ., -su ::s r+ -· ::s cc ., ·-su ::s m X Cii " ,..... s· co en ,..... (i) CD ,..... -I .., CD CD en 3: u;· en 0 c: :::!. l Qg 0 r----~--.-... --...... ---.. r. Missouri ~-------------~ Detailed Areas NOT TO SCALE 7-3 ·A. East Capitol Street B. Highway intersection C. East & West McCarty Street D. West Dunklin Street E. Screen Plantings e - e e e e e e e NOT TO SCALE lnfill with Lindens Add in new species to match existing New trees have been added Existing Street Trees A. East Capital Street Proposed Street Trees 7-4 e West Capitol Street 7-5 East Cap itol Street presents a particularly difficult decision related to tree species . The concept of a unified avenue is not possible given the extent of large existing trees to the east. Recently added new species in the section between Monroe and Jefferson add to the difficulty of creating a unified form to this street. The proposed species to be added should work towards the concept of a unified avenue. It is recommended that the Ginko Biloba and Columnar Oaks, adjacent to the Madison parking deck be removed . The tree to replace these species and used as an infill tree in other sections is the Linden . This is a very strong and successful urban tree that will compliment diverse species along this · street. e - e In the area of Lafayette and State Street adjacent to the correctional center new species have been added . The State Street plantings should be extended and open spaces along the street filled in. It is recommended that the London Plane tree be the species for this street. The concept would extend the plantings at the corner of Madison and State Street to the east at Lafayette Street. The importance of refining East Capitol and State Street is the potential to reinforce the urban linkages between downtown and the refurbishing of the J .C.C.C . as a retail and commercial development. -- ____.,- State Street State Street 7-6 l ~ 7-7 NOT TOSCALE The highway right-of-way and ramp intersections could be planted to improve the visual quality of these roadways. Species accepted by Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) are low maintenance and do not interfere with traffic safety. Species such as Hawthorn, Flowering Dogwood, Redbud , or Winged Euonymus have proved effective when grouped in mass. The highway intersections could be landscaped and made less barren by massing plant materials in the right-of-ways . ===:::!1 Tree massing to meet MOOT standards. B. Highway Intersection Existing Street Trees Proposed Street Trees e e e - e Highway R.O.W. plantings -_ .. should be intensified Highway right of way planting and landscaping should be introduced according to M.D.O.T. standards. 7-8 -0 .... tA I I I I I I I I ~ I I I lA Al ; I~ ~ M"d s ct" ... I 1 e 1on o0 D Quercus Borealis. Northern Red Oak C. East & West McCarty Street e Existing Street Trees I s! Proposed Street Trees NOT TO SCALE 7-9 - McCarty Street needs a street tree selected for its bulk, strength , and form. This main thoroughfare is the traffic artery . The street tree recommended is the Red Oak. The form of the species will act to strengthen the visual form and diffuse the diversity of architectural forms. This magnificent tree will offset the many open spaces and height difference created by the changing grade. 7-10 NOT TO SCALE 7-11 Add in trees to strengthen existing plan D. West Dunklin Street - Existing Street Trees Proposed Street Trees - West Dunklin Street has the potential of becoming an important retail district. Street trees and sidewalk improvements are currently inconsistent and need further co-ordination . The corner gas station at Washington Street could be redesigned to lessen the visual impact on the intersection . New street Dunklin Street looking west from Jefferson ~ trees have been planted in the street lawn west of Washington but are too small in size to add visual strength to the streetscape. Again , as with East Capitol varieties of trees not consistent with the original concept have been planted . Reduce gas stat io n im pact on intersect io n .. ,,il~ 7-13 Screen planting Screen planting along roads • Native plants and Shrubs long the rivers edge -f Native plant species in "natural" clumps along the rivers edge ·l ~ , ~ NOTTOSCALE E. Screen Plantings - - View r:~orth from the Capitol The bottomland area on the north bank of the Missouri River is ideal for propagating fast growing trees such as Willows, Alders, White Poplar, and Cottonwoods. While these are not often selected as ornamental plants they area able to thrive in wet soils and will stand the abuse of being adjacent to industrial sites. Plants native to Missouri should be re- introduced along each bank of the river. While native species are more tolerant of riparian conditions, supplies may not always be readily available in the quantity or the size to work effectively in the near future. Screen plantings should be introduced if the industrial zone on the flood plain is to continue. Highlighted earlier in -this report is the negative visual effect that the development north of the river has on the State Capitol and its environment. View north showing the effect of screen planting 7-14 ---- The visual character of the city is conveyed to visitors and citizens through the sense-of-place. Essentially, sense-of-place is what an environment conveys to us through our senses and emotions. Jefferson City's sense-of-place is attributed to its political setting. The Capitol dominates the landscape and plays an important role in the growth of state and commerce based activities . That heritage is retained and expressed in the character of our buildings. It is important to recognize historic content of the scale and texture many of the historic buildings influenced in the composition of the city. This chapter identifies some of the key structures and discusses their historic content to the city. ---------· --- ~"· ,. I 8 8-1 Court House The Urban Preservation Fabric ~ The City of Jefferson has e benefited from the increased interest in preserving its historic buildings. Recent renovations demonstrate the benefits this has in retaining the city's heritage. From a cultural perspective, retaining buildings with a historic character and interest preserve the context of the city. From an urban design point of view, the scale and quality of the historic structures and architecture contributes greatly to the visual fabric. The size of windows , the details of the carpentry, the height of the sill and the details and projection of the cornice remind us of a time where those aspects reflected a particular cultural place, social setting or local style . The facade also indicates something about the original occupant and the community . The collective contribution is a sense-of- place and spirit reflected in the quality of life from a time past. ~ .. t· ~· The City of Jefferson has many fine examples of historic buildings. Through the efforts of the Preservation Commission many of those important buildings have been retained. However, not all old buildings are historic or worthy of preservation . (f. here are many residential buildings throughout the city hat are of an era deemed historic but may have no particular significance in the overall pattern of growth . The Preservation Commission should establish priorities and guidelines for establishing historic compliance and inclusion in a long-range plan for retaining specific architectural forms or establishing historic districts . Illustrated on the following pages are a few representative buildings highlighted as significant contribution to the urban form of the CBD . 8-3 Reference: Architectural Guidelines Missouri State Capitol Historic District Jefferson City, Missouri ZHA, Inc. J . Dennis Wilson & Associates e e Thelandscapeindust~ continues to increase and improve the variety of plant materials. In addition improvements to existing methodologies of planting in urban settings have improved. This section of the report summarizes the basic principles of good techniques for the installation of plant material. Hardscape materials have also changed and have become more readily available at a lower cost. Recommended are new street furniture and street grates to update and enhance High Street. This section examines various proposed material design choices. ~· I 9 ~~~ ,"'--~-~ 9-1 Street furnishings are undoubtedly the most visible and interactive element of the downtown streetscape. The selection of.furnishings must take into account a wide variety of factors . Material selection is based on appearance and longevity but is also related to cost and appropriateness within the "family" of urban elements. The timber benches and trash containers have served the downtown well since the installation of the present design in the 1970's. Other . highly visible elements, such as light fixtures and planters have also been added to the streetscape of High Street. The renovation of the facades of many historic buildings has also reinforced a particular vocabulary and choice of materials for new furnishings throughout the downtown of the city. The timber benches and trash containers, relate to more of a park setting and conflict with the urban conditions . Recommended are different selections based on new materials for the downtown streetscape. Benches and trash containers should be changed to a more urban style such as the type illustrated . The metal should be dark, green or blue to coordinate with other elements. The reference to a "family" simply means a "design association" of color and form . Many choices are available and as streetscape studies progress , the design plans contained in this report should be utilized . e In addition to the introduction of new furnishings, tree grates are recommended to define a more functional "urban" appearance. Presently, two conditions exist. First, the paving block filler around the tree hole was incorporated in the original plan. A second type has been introduced which simply defines the area around the tree hole with wood chips. The latter of the two should not be accepted in this urban setting. It creates a conflict with the character of the design setting for the sidewalk. The original paving block has been criticized, because of heaving at the hole of the tree. Site observations reveal that only two trees exhibit this condition. However, since the City of Jefferson has undertaken a sidewalk renewal project, a new and sophisticated street tree grating can be introduced. This benefits the tree through an open area around the base of the tree to let oxygen and air enter the root system. It is equally important to keep water 3/16" Expans·~on Allotment Tap-Cun SL"rcw (nptmnal) ~~s~;ir"~:--;. .. -~::<' -. ·. =~t ~ t'' · . · . P~ly_-G_r~~c II / ,. -~ :~~~mn~rwrmrw· · . .-. ·:·· ~ C ~1-l ". ~f t rt i.~l.t U.!.t.l-_ .. ~.q 1 on<:rctc .. '-L-L.L •. L ............. :_ .... -!...•-t...•. L :...;.. ·1 ., 1 or Tdc LLt:.~_t:t.tt t ~;-t.t-~.t t_~ t:tl~! I. <..L.l..L.l...Lli....l..l L.~.ll-.._I..L-r-f'i ~ -t-}-... L.i-o..LL~L'-L'-W...LLL\..l..L.li • _._..,r..J...._:...l.~,.._,_t...W.,..J-U..I..W..-Pc;t Rock 2 "-3"lcdgc 3116" Expansion Allorm"-nr Concrt"tC or Tile 2" x 2" 90 angle irun . .,....,.....,.,.,__,.."7' ____ ----; sized a~:cord:r:g to containing chemicals and . salts out of the planting hole. Recommended is a new product, Poly-grate II, as the solution to this detail. The poly-grate retains the classic appearance of iron, but is priced at less than half the installation cost of cast iron . The unit is lightweight and easily maintained . It will be important to design the grates so surface water sheds away. Poly-Ci~mcll ~·· lcngthofrrc.·cgratt' • , • .1 mmu~ 5 mchcs .,. .. ., ... _ ..... __ '. .. ~ ! ' Pl:'a Rud -# 1 • --... l. - Illustration of instillation Patent Pending Details Typical Instillation Details 9-3 CONCRETE CURB SURROUNDING TREE PIT 12" OPENING REMOVABLE CEN T ER PlATE PAVER-GRATE CENTER PLATE SUPPORT BRICK PAVERS A second detail for tree protection utilizes a paver grate design that provides a smaller "collar" around the base of the tree. This detail is particularly useful in areas of minimal space or where activities, such as a sitting area or a farmers market occur close to the tree. e e The tree guard system is also recommended in areas of high traffic. This detail should be considered in the farmer's market area and in the high traffic areas on High Street adjacent to the sitting areas. The tree trunks of the downtown street trees are showing signs of surface scaring; this detail will protect the bark and insure the trees health. INSULATION: Most planters do not require insulation; how- ever. in colder dirnates planters with small soil volumes located over heated structures may require insulation. Con- sult local sources for 1 list of cold-hardy plants. ,~ 1 · SIZE OF GUARD TO ' vI FlT OUTSIDE OF ROOT BALL ANO NOT DAMAGE . SWAVING TRUNIC LARGE OPENING ON SIDES AND BOTTOM TO AVOlD TRASH REMOVAL PROI!ILEMS LOOSE-SET SUPPORT'S DESIGNED TO BE ' REMOVABLE q~~ HI IN10VEARS ,, /; :. \ ''~ _, ,I :: ',, A .. u '~1 ~----..... "'----ROOT I!IALL NOTE I I II u Tree guards can protect young trees from trunlt damage caused by bicycfes. If made too small. however (less than 30 in. in diameter I. they can damage the tree as it grows and are difficult to remove. The high cost and potential harm to trees outweigh the minor protection tree guards afford a trunl(. They should only be used in areas with panicularly high traffic. · TREE GUARDS Tree Guard 9-4 A tree is basically a sun machine , branching structure holds up a canopy of leaves, the feeder roots collect water and minerals from the .. sci I that are conducted up through \ the trunk to the leaf sunface where \ photosynthesis takes place . ~ A-indicates the anchor root zone. ; B -the feeding root zone usually .. _ ..... -·-f· outside the drip line and most wA't 1 ,..,.. .Jd "'( ~ Jl , )G --· i . . ! Vunerable part of the root system . ~L1ne A · 8 ; ! : \ )s ~; r • • . ' : j : ! Guying is necessary on trees 1112" caliper and over method 1. above shows 2"x 4"s spaced evenly around the tree this method works but tends to be more unsightly then 2. or 3. method 2., wire with turebuckles also allows adjustment and is less visible method 3 is recommended for street trees, three stakes penetrate the root ball and straps bind the trunk this method will not work on trees over ... -~ 3"caliper ~ Tree planting operations --require skilled work, soil mix , ,., Typical tree planting detail, guy wires and fertilizer must be "' 3 spaced evenly around checked. / , , ,. tree, turnbuckles and stakes , Where t~e openi.ng in th\e 1 i~ -II-saucer formed around tree pit Sidewalk IS _ _r-~~-~-;;:;-....,..#' ... ~ ~ulched with woodchips to restricted , over diggin~ ~ .... · •.. ~ hm1nate weeds. Tree-pit overdug un~er slab to a greater \ .......__ .::.-----_ A' on sides and bottom d1ameter should be b;;; and backfilled with a 3 part topsoil made and an extra --... ___. .._ ____ .....J mix of I part sand I part peat moss large proprtion of and I part top soil. topsoil applied Ove dig of unba_n_s_o-il, and replacement with good top-soil essential to tree 9-5 longgevity and development e 3. e Remove enough whole branches not just ends tips, to reduce foliage by 1/3. Never leave'V' notches or double leaders. Retain normal plant shape. All prunning must be done after planting Reinforced rubber hose. 12" galvanised turnbuckle. 7 strand (1/4") galvanised multi strand wire rope guy Backfill mixture as specified . Tree shall bean same relationship to grade as it did in nursery. TYPICAL SHRUB PLANTING. TYPICAL TREE PLANTING DETAIL. 2" woodchip mulch 6" high earth saucer. Untie all cords binding burlap to trunk and fold down top 1/3 of burlap around root ball Laconia 4" universal ground anchor -3 per tree. 9-6 9-7 The American Association of Nurserymen publish a booklet. "U.S.A. Standards for Nursery Stock" that gives a complete guide to the industry standards for plants of all types. These standards control the caliper, root ball size branching habit and number of branches. Together with plant quality and method of handeling. Caliper measurement of deciduous trees taken at 6" above ground level if 4" inches or less. If over 4" take at 12" above ground . ... ~-~ d «r Ball dia. is 1 0" for every 1" of Tree caliper. Dia. of shrub is taken at average spead e e -- ...._. --... ·---- ,/ ~ ., .. _/ / 7 / TREE PIT CUT INTO EXISTING PARKING LOT ·-.._ Steel or wood posts . -- Trees planted in existing parking lot by cutting a dimand shape hole in the asphalt. Posts are necessary to prevent damage to the tree, the pit is then edged with asphalt curbing and the open surface covered with gravel or ground cover Below left is a more desirable detail. The planting Gravel SECTION THRU TREE PIT strip is part of the overall design for the parking lot. Wheel stops ~~e.h~r, II required to ~~=~~8~t damage~{ ----.. Wheel stops are necessary to prevent damage to the plants. Wheel stops and curb with a gravel area under car overhang Asphalt curb 9-8 9-9 Precast cone. Wheel stops (optional). Ground cover, gravel, Brick, etc. Surface material must allow passage of water and air. ,._._.------------ I I I l I I __ _, Shade trees 18' -20' o. c. Cone. curbing DIAMOND SHAPE TREE PIT IN PARKING LOT WHERE SPACE IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR PLANTING ISLAND e e DO NOT STAKE OR WRAP TRUNK; MARK • THE NORTH SlOE OF TH£ TREE IN THE NURSERY ANO LOCATE: TO THE NORTH IN THE FIELD AVOID PURCHASING TREES WITH TWO LEADERS OR REMOVE ONE AT PI..ANT1NG; OTHERWISE, 00 NOT PRUNE TREE AT PI..ANTING EXCEPT FOR SPECIFIC STRUCTURAL CORRECTIONS FOL.D BURLAP AWAY F"OM TOP OF ROOT BALL SET ROOT BAL.L FWSH TO GRADE OR SEVERAL INCHES HIGHER IN POORLY DRAINING SOILS 4 • I!IUIL T•UP EARTH SAUCER 2" BARK MULCH 100 NOT PLACE MULCH IN CONTACT WITH TREE TRUNK) BEF'ORE PL.ANTING, ADD 3" TO 4• OF WEL.L.•COMPOSTED LEAVES OR RECYCLED YARD WASTE TO BED AND TILL INTO TOP 6" , I OF PREPARED SOIL ~ ,), ........... ?.f.,._ ·.~·-.;· .. ~. • ,,Wj"jji l 4" TO e• DEEP£~ THAN ROOT BALL \. ~~-111----PREPAREDSOtLFORTREES \ ---CUT TOP BANDS OF' WIRE BASKET AND FOLO AWAY FROM TOP OF' ROOT BALL TAMP SOtL SOUDLY SET ROOT 8AL.L ON FlRM AROUND BASE OF ROOT BALL PAC IN BOTTOM OF HOLE NOTES 1. for container-grown tree~ .!ngers or sman hand tools to pull the roots out of the outmi'fer of potting soil; then cut or puft apart any roots circling the perimeter of the containef'. 2. Incorporate t'OJTVnefCially prepared mvcormeze spores in the soil immediately •ollld the root ball at rates specified by the manufacturer. 3. During the design phase, confirm that water drains out of the soil; design alternatioJe drainage systems as required. 4. Thoroughly soak the tree root ball and adjacent prepared soil several times during the first month after planting and regularly throughout the follOwing two summers. 5. The planting process is similar for deciduous and ever· green trees. TREE PLANTING DETAIL BALLED & BURLAPPED PLANTS INSULATION: Most planters do not require insulation; how· ever. in colder climates planters with small soil volumes located over heated structures may require insulation. Con- sult local sources for a list of cold-hardy plants. vI FIT OUTSIDE OF 'IJ ~~SIZEOFGUAROTO ROOT BALL ANO NOT DAMAGE SWAYING TRUNK !... LARGE OPENING ON SIDES AND BOTTOM TO A\1010 TRASH REMOVAL PROBLEMS LOOSE-SET SUPPORTS OESIGNED TO BE ' REMOVABLE IN 10YEARS ~~}: r',, _,. 1 :: . I ..._~ -I U \, _/~ IOOOT RAU. ' .. , ., __ .,. t I II I I u NOTES TrH guards can protect young trees from trunk damage caused by bicycles. If made too small, however (less than 30 in. in diameter ), tl'tay can damage the trea as it grows and ere diHicult to remove. The high cost and potential harm to trees outweigh the minor protection tree guards afford a trunk. They Should only be used in areas with particularly high traffic. TREE GUARDS 9-10 GENERAL RANGE OF SOIL MODIFICATIONS & VOLUMES FOR VARIOUS SOIL CONDITIONS -·---·-----·· ·---·- POSTCONSTRUCTION SOrL CONDIT.ION MIN. WIOTI-f PREPAREO SOIL FOR TREES (X) TYPE OF F»AEPA~ATION Good soil (not previously graded or compacted. topsollaver 6 ft or twice the width of the root barl, whichever is greater Loosen the ttJCisting soils to the widths and depths shown in intact) details above. --. Compacted soil (not previously graded. topsoil fayer disturbed but 15ft Loosen tl'le existino soils to the widths and depths shown in not eli minated) details above: add compos ted organ ic matter to bring the organ ic content up to 5% dry weight. Graded subsolts and dean fills with day content berween Sand 20ft Minim\nl treatment: loosen existing s<lll to widths and depths 35% shown. add cor'r1)0sted organic matter to bring organic content up to 5% dry weight . Optimum treatment : remove top 8-10 in. or ltle existing malerial . loosen existin g soil s to the w•dths and depth s shown, add 8-1 0 in. of loam tOI)soil. Poor quality fills, hea'JV clay soils. soils contaminated with rubble 20 f1 Remove ex isting soils to the \l\lidths end deplhs sho'<Nn, reptace or toxic material 9-11 ... ·,· with loam topsoil . F'Ol.D BURLAP FROM TOP OF ROOT BALL DOWN INTO GROUND; SET TOP OF BALL FLUSH PREPARE SOIL IN THE ENT~RE BED UStNG PROCEDURES OUTLINED IN CHART BELOW -1----·· ·····------------------8 WITH F'INISH GRADE 2• MULCH COO NOT PUT MULCH AGAINST THE BASE OF' THE PLANT) BEFORE PLANTING , AOO 3· TO 4· OF WELL·COMPOSTED LEAVES AND RECYCLED YARD WASTE TO BED ANO TIL..L.INTO TOP 6. OF' PREPARED SOIL 12 .. TO 18" CFOR-~-~-~-.J ' 'IZ!!! s ......... , ~··.'~~I J .. ~~~ LARGER SHRUB ROOT BAU.S, MAKE DEPTH MIN. A. CEEPER THAN BALLJ SOIL. SURF'ACE ROUGHENED TO BIND WITH NEW SOIL PREPAREO SOIL FOR SHRUBS NOTES 1. For container~rown shrubs. use fingers or small hand tools to pull the roots out of the outer layer of potting soit: then cut or pull apart any roots that circle the perimeter of the container. 2. Incorporate corrmercially pr&pared rnyconhiza spores in SHRUB PLANTING D'ETAILS CONTAINER·GROWN PLANT WliH ROOTS PULLED OUT OF BALL BALLED AND BURLAPPEO PLANT the soit immediately around the root ball at rates specified by the manufacturer. 3. Confirm that water drains out of the soU during the design phase: design alternative drainage systems as required . - e SOIL IMPROVEMENT The quality of soH available for planting varies widely from site to site. especially after construction activity has occurred. The nature of con,truction results in compaCtion, filling. contamination. and grading of the original soil on a site, rapidy making it useless for planting. Previous human aetivity at a site can also affect the ability of the soil to sup- port plants. During the design phase. assumptions must be made regarding the probable condition of the soil after construc- tion is complete. The health of existing or remaining soil determmes what types of soil preparation wih be required and the YOiume of soil to be prepared. Conditions will vary from location to location within a pro;ect, and details must be condition-specific. For large pro;ects or extreme condi- tions, it is usafut to consult an expert experienced in modify· ing planting soils at urban sites. NOTES 1. If site or design constraints prohibit use of the dimen- sions shown on this page, fOllow the guidelines for pl-.t· ing in urban areas. 2. Whenever possible, the soil imprO¥ement area should be connected from tree to tree. 3. Always test soil for pH and nutrient levels and ~st these as required. 4. Loosen soil with a backhoe or other large coarse-tiRing equipment when possible. THiing that produces lar~. coerse chunks of soil is preferable to lilllng that results in fine grains uniform In texture. 5. The bottom of planting soil excavttions should be rough to aYOid matting of soil layers as new soil is added. It is preferable to till the first 1ift (2 to 3 in.) of planting soil into the subsoil. to·. o· OR I..ESS'.;.~------c :=J , C7 • o--fo----./- ~R MORE,/ :ONTINUOUS NTERCONNECTION OF iOII.. FROM TREE TO TREE ~EOUIREO UNDER PAVING NOTE te- litticult design option: In highly dewloped areas with park· ng adjacent to the curb, planting in long narrow tree open- ngs with an 1 B-in. wide walk along the curb accommodates Jedestrians exiting cars. Root/paving conflicts are probable. MAKE OPENINGS AS LARGE AS POSSfeLE 14AK£WAU< IVIOTH AS "ARROW AS ~SSIBLE t.TTAEE Most difficult (and most expensive) design option: Tree open. ings are undersized for future trunk/root development. Severe root/paving conflicts are very Ukely. SIDEWALK PLANTING OPTIONS NOTE Acceptable design option: Each tree has a smaller canapy with tess yearly growth. More disease and insect problems are lilcaly. Ground plantings elimiMted by shade over time. NOTE ~ INTERCONNECTION OF TREE SOIL. FROM BED TO BED REQUIRED Difficult design option: Shading, slow tree growth. and poor health ere problems. Root/paYing confhcts are likely, NOTE Most difficult (and most expensive) design option: Slow tree growth and sevefe root/paving Conflicts are to be expected. PLAZA TREE PLANTING OPTIONS 9-12 GENERAL Traditional utben designs in whldi trees are reoullrtv spaced in smaCI openings within pa'lled areas generaHy result in poor trtt* petfOtMince. This is because such designs generally do not protide lldeQUate soil for root growth and ignore the feet that trees must signiftc:anlly increase trunk size every year. As well, competition for space, both at ground level and below, is intense in urban areas. CONTINUOUS MVI.CHEO OR PL.ANTEO AREAS StDEWAU< Best design option: Planting trees between sidewalks and buiklings creates the fewest conflicts between roots and paving by permitting looting actlvi1y on ~nt property, SIDEWALl< NOTE Acceptable design option: Planting between curbs and side- walks in a continuous unpaved planting bed provides good soille¥els for trees but contributes to root/paving conflicts as trees mature. ·.: ••• J SIDEWALK PLANTING OPTIONS 9-13 Although it is possible to design uncompacted soil volumes for trees under pavement. this is "*'f expensive and the SOil is never as efficient .s that In open planting beds. Increasing trunk sile can only be accommodated by using flel<ible mate- rials that can change configuration over time. Urban designs that have flexible relationships between trees. paving, and planting beds and large areas of open planting soil offer the best opportunity for long-term tree health and lower mainte- nance costs. WID!! SPACING PAOOUCES HEAI.THIER TREES Best design option: Separate planting and walking areas. Avoid smaJt disconnected soil volumes to minimize root/pav- ing conflicts. f~T02!!r-O.'\' • NARROW S,.ACING INCREASES TREE PROBLEMS PLAZA TREE PLANTING OPTIONS STANDARD ROOT BALL SIZES FOR NURSERY-GROWN SHADE TREES MIN. MIN. HEIGHT MAX. BALL BALL CALIPER• RANGE HEIGHT OIA. DEPTH (IN.) (FT·IN.) (FT) (IN.) (IN.) 'lz .6-6 8 12 9 '1. 6-8 10 14 10·1/7 1 8-10 11 16 12 1·'1. 8-10 12 18 13-'/2 1·'/a 10-12 14 20 13-1/2 1...11. 10.12 14 22 14-1/l 2 12-14 16 24 16 2-1/2 12·14 16 28 18·1/2 3 14-16 18 32 19-'/2 3-'/2 14-16 18 38 23 4 16-19 22 42 25 5 18-20 26 54 3'2-'11 --------•up to end including the 4-tn. caliper size. the caliper mea- sw-ement indicates the diameter of the trunk 6 in. above ground level. For larger sizes. the caliper measurement is taken 12 in. above ground level. NOTES 1. See American Standard for Nursery Stadt, ANSI Z60.1, for complete list of nursery standards for other types and sizes of trees and shrubs. 2. See International Society of Arboriculture's "Principles and Practic:es of Planting Trees and Shrubs,· 1997. e e e ROOT PATH TRENCH. SET IN RADIAL PATTERN CONTINUOUS FROM TREE TO TREE lA" WIDE X 12. DEEP) ~ ··.o··. ~ -, , ROOT PATH TRENCH NOTES 1. ln urban areas where the pavement subgrade is com- pacted soil that is tree from rubble, toxic. or poorly drained fills, a system of root paths can be installed to guide roots under the pavement, where they have room to grow. These roots grow deeper in the soil. causing fewer root/paving conflicts than roots left to exploit the normal mince weaknesses in paving and subgrades. 2. A root path trench is made by installing a length of strip drain material (a 1 2-in. wide x 1_.n. thick plastic drain core wrapped in filter fabric) in a narrow trench and bacldiUing with loam topsoil. This allows air and water to flow more freely into the soil under the pavement. Install geotextile fabric and the grave' base material and then the paving. 3. Root paths cannot replace larger soil trenches or struc .. tural planting soil in areas in which existing soil conditions are extremely poor for root exploration. TREE SOIL INTERCONNECTION OPTIONS UNDER PAVING . :."J.· l.OOSELV COMPACTED LOAM SOIL CONTINUOUS FROM TREE OTREE A continuous soil trench provides very good soil but In lim- ited quantity. Use in areas where adjacent backfUI is com- pacted soils or fils. it~· __ _a._ '-~ . -·~-e·-o· :t • STRUCTU ------··.r NOTE STRUCTURAL SOIL MIX CONTINUOUS OVER ENTIRE AREA Structural planting soils replace subgrade material with a fiU that can be corJ1)1Cted to meet normal engineering compac· tion requirements and still support root growth below the pavement. The principle is that when the gravel is compacted. the soil is not because the amount of soil in the mix is insuffi- cient to fil al the voids. Hydrogel. a cross-inked potassium ccpolymer, is used to help bind the miK1ure during \he mixing process. The ~~ mix includes ASHTO 14 gravel (100 b calcu- lated dtly weight). stvedded clay loam (15-18 lbl. hydrogel C0.03 lb), and water :t 1 0 (including the water calculated in the gravel and the soil). For further information. contact the Urban Horticulture Institute al Cornell University (Ithaca. NY). 9-14 GENERAL Areas of dense urban development leave little room for tree roots to develop. Large areas of pavement. competition ~th foundations and utilities for space below ground, and exten- sive soil compaction and disruption limit the amount of soil available for trees. When the area of ground around the tree open to the rain and sun is less than 400 to 500 sq ft per tree. the following design guidelines should be followed to encourage the growth of large healthy trees. Five major parts of the tree structure must be accomme> dated in the design process; CROWN GROWTH: The tree crown expands every growing season at a rate of 6 to 1 B in. per year. Once the crown reaches a competing object such as a building or another tree canopy, the canopy growth in that area slows and then stops. Eventually the branches on that side of the tree die. As the canopy expansion potential is reduced, the overall growth rate and tree health are also reduced. TRUNK GROWTH: The tree trunk expands about '/., to 1 in. per year. As the tree increases in stze, the lower branches die and the trunk lengthens. Tree trunks move considerably in the wind, especially during the early years of develop- ment, and are damaged by close objects. TRUNK FLARE: At the point where the trunk leaves the grculd, most tree spaet&s develop a pronol.I1C8d swelling or flare as the tree matures. This flare. grows at more than twice the rate of the main trunk diameter and helps the tree remain structurally stable. Any hard object placed in thts area, such as a tree grate or confining pavement, will either damage the tree or be moved by the tremendous force of this growth. lONE OF RAPID ROOT TAPER: Tree roots begin to form in the trunk flare and divtde several times in the immediate area around the trunk. In this area, about 5 to 6 ft away from the trunk, the roots rapidly taper from about 6 in. in diameter to about 2 in. Most damage to adjacent paving occurs in this area immediately around the tree. Keeping the zone of rapid taper free of obstructions is important to long-term tree health. Once a tree is established, the zone of rapid taper is generally less susceptible to compaction damage than the rest of the root zone. · ROOT ZONE: Tree roots tpm radially and horizontally from the trunk and occupy only the upper layers (12 to 24 in.J of the soil. Trees in all but the most well-drained soils do not have taproots. A relationship eKists between the amount of tree canopy and the volume of root-supporting soil reQuired (see the accompanying chart~. This relationship is the most 9-15 critical factor in determining long-term tree health. Root-sup- porting soil is generally defined as soil with adequate drain- age, tow compaction, and sufficient organic and nutrient components to support the tree. The root zone must be pr~ tected from compaction both during and after construction . Root zones that are connected from tree to tree generally produce healthier trees than isolated root zones. SOIL MOOIFICATrONS Thoroughly till orgaryc matter into the top 6 to 12 in. of most planting soils to improve the soil's ability to retain water and nutrients. (Do not add organic matter to soil more than 12 in. deep.) Use composted bark, recycled yard waste, peat moss, or municipal processed sewage sludge. All products should be composted to a dark oolor and be free of pieces with identifiable leaf or wood structure. Recycted material should be tested for pH and certified free of toKic material by the supplier. Avoid material with a pH higher than 7.5. Modify heavy clay or silt soils (more than 40% clay or sih) by adding composted pine bark (up to 30% by volume) andfor gypsum. Coarse sand may be used if enough is added to bring the sand content to more than 60% ot the total mix. Improve drainage in heavy soils by planting on raised mounds or beds and including subsurface drainage lines. Modify extremely sandy soils (mora than 85% sand) by a~ ing organic matter and/or dry, shredded clay loam up to 30% of the total mix. SOIL VOLUME FOR TREES 12001'2• . w., 90Q.I20 i~ ~~ e«lf16 •80112 ;g ..... .. ~ 011(-32018 !! .. -140/4 .JU ::) _.,,. /" I ~/J I / v v ~ ---- 200 «10 600 BOO 1000 1200 l 400 1 BOO SOIL VOL.UIIIItl; IU!:.QUIRED c"1 t 11 The ultimate tree size is defined by the projected size of the crown and the diameter of the trree at breast height. NOTE For example. e t8-in. chmeter tree requires 1000 cu ft of soil. UNCOMPACTED SOIL. PROTECTED UNDER STRUCTURAL. PAVING_.....~ UNDERGROUND STEAM UNE --'LOJ NOTES 1. Coarse plantings keep pedestr;ans out of planters. 2. Curbs protect planters from pedestrians and deicing salts. 3. Underground steam lines must be insulated or vented to protect planter soil. SOIL PROTECTION FROM COMPACTION AND DEGRADATION TREES IN t..ARGE SOIL-VOLUME NOTE TREES IN SMALL SOIL.. VOLUME (PLANTERS' tf visually symmetrical tree planting is required, symmetrical soil volumes are also reQuired to produce trees of similar crown size. VISUALLY SYMMETRICAL TREES - - CROWN EX,.AND!I e· TO 1 a· EVEAY GROwiNG SEASON CLOSEL V SPACED TREES lOR TREES NEXT TO RUILOJNGSI CAUSE SIGNIFICANT CROWN COMPETITION . INSIOF. ARANCH~S OlE ANO T~~E CEVEI..OF'S L.ONG·TERM STRES~·RELATFO PROBLEMS 1 ~~~.________ CJ!ttP LINE: OR CANOPY PROJECTION I i I I 1 ! ,_ .... ,.~--::::~: -_-:·--.. ---: TRUNK EXPANDS AT A RATE OF y.• TO 1 • IN DIAMETER PER YE,t.R ; ,,' ........... ... ... , .. _ ........... , ~ .. , tl" .. .-"" ....... ...., 1 30~ OR I .... · ..... ~.. ,.--.... ··---:\ MORE -~--[~:::~---~ .... ~ •• _)<~--~·) , ............. "1 ....... , --. ~ ............ :::::-.... -.. ,..... ,-' ,..· ,'., MINIMUM SOIL J.":::: .. -_-_-_:---:-::'-··>~ VOLUME !SEE CHART• -..... __ l .... /· s· .o· TO e·.o·· ...... ·--~- RADIUS AROUND TRUNK IS . ZONE OF RAPID ROOT TAPER j TRUNK FLARE E~PANDS AT . TW1CE THE RATE OF THE TRUNK IEASIL..Y 0-"MAQEC AND DAMAGES ADJACENT PAVING AND TR!:E GRAT£!11 TRUNK SWAY!> SI~VDIAL INCHES IN HIGH WINO TREE STRUCTURE -PARTS & GROWING CHARACTERISTICS ROOM¢J TO GROW NOTE DDRAINAGE QOOM TO GROW Soil volume provided for trees in urban areas must be sulfi. cient for long-term meintenance. SOIL VOLUME -REQUIREMENTS FOR TREES ........_ INTERCONNECTEC SOJL VOLUMES UNDER ~~WING FROM TREE TO TREE:./ NOTE The irlterconnection of soil volumes from rrea to tree has been observed to improve the health and viqor of lrees. SOIL VOLUME -INTERCONNECTION 9-16 CONSTRUCTION AROUND EXISTING TREES Grettt care should be taken not to compact, cut, or fill the earth withir) the crown area or e)(isting trees Most tree roots are located in the top 6 to 18 in. ot the soil and ott•n spu~ad considerably farther than the drip line of the tree . Compactlon can cause se~(e root damage and reduce the movement of water and air rhrough the soil. To avoid com- pacting the earth. do not operate equipment or store materi- als within the crown spread. Before construction begins. inject the soil within the crown area of nearby mature tree~ with commercially prepared kelp-based tertilizer and mycnorrhrta funyus developed to rnYigorate tree roots. Prune tree roots at the edge or tha root save area, as rool~ pulled during gritdl119 can snap or split wen into the root save area. Rot and drsease that enters dying roots in compacted or tilled aree~s can mO\'e rnto the tree if root pruning has not been carried out. Install tree pro· tection fencing and silt protection at the hmit.s of construe· tion activity near trees. During construction, apply addittot\al water in the canopy area &o compensale for any root loss beyond the crown spread. Have aH mature trees inspected by a certified f!rbcr:sl ba!cre cor:struction begins to i dentify any special problems. Remove all deadwood and treat all trees for exist· ing rnsecl and disease PfOblems. When possible, begin ferti~ ization and problem treatments at leut one full gtowing ~eason before construction. Removal of significant portions of the crown will affect the heallh of a tree by reducing its ability to photosynthesize in propof1ion to the mass of its trunk. Younger, healthier lrees wtthstand constructioo impacts belter than older trees. 9-17 ~- l/~ ~ WOOC. STONE:. OA CMU DRY WEU. !WITH NO FOOTING I /TOPSOIL ............ _ ..... _ ·/ ·~· 01..0 ! GRAOE : . +--a·-o~ MIN. ~~ J'x: -·· ---------·-CE.:--x"' /" 1 PERFORATED VENT I CAP TO PROTECT PIPE , FAOM CLOGGING AND I PERMIT AtAFLOW ... I . ........ '-','-,, , /PERFORATED PIPE LAIC ON OL.D _( . I I GAAOE 14~ DIAMETER MIN 1 -"""f)( II{!! II l!ll:f----f"··· --flliiD\ 'v-' \ ., ·-..::-:..::; .:::::::~:.:::.::::::-.:::;:::::. :1 I " I I j ie·.cr o.c .. MtN. .... ...._ ~~· ,/ VENTEDT·S~CTtONCOLL£CTS '-~· ........ _.. DRAINAGE F'ROM DRY WELL --..... -.::------·--··------:= .. _ _,.,. AREA CONNECTING TO DRAIN -----------------·-'K LEAOtNG TO OAYUGHT FILLING AROUND EXISTING TREES e - - NOTE TRENCH CUTS THROUGH ROOTS. Fewer roots are severed by tunneling under a tree than by digging a trench beside it. UNDERGROUND UTILITY LINE NEAR EXISTING TREES NOTE 2X PLANKING LOOSELY CABLED AROUND TREE G"OF WOOD CHIPS PLYWOOD MATTING ~. If construction operations must take place wi1hin the crown spread area. install 6 in. of wood chips on top of the soil to protect it. Use plywood matting over mulch in areas where equipment must operate. Protect the trUf'lk of the tree with planking loosely cabled around the tree·to reduce scarring by equipment. Remove planking, matting, and mulch as soon as operations are finished. TREE AND ROOT PROTECTION DIAMETER OF •n.l l I >. p_,q TREECROWN r ROOT PRUNE TRENCH CUT AU. AROUND TREE OlD _:::~} ~ CUTTING GRADE AROUND EXISTING TREE WITHIN CROWN SPREAD AREA RE:TAIN EXISTING VEGETATION OR APPLY z• TO 3" MULC~ SIGN· "KEEP OUT: TREE PROTECTION AREA" (25'·0" O.C.t WOOD AND WIRE SNOW FENCE ON STEEL POSTS Sll .. T FENCE ----....... , -, '\ .... ,, .... I > / ,.-"' ,-' ,_611" -"'----------;;,," OIANETER '-~~' ... ,_ ,,"'" . OF TREE CROWN ... .........__ ~ MULCH OVER "":-~ SILT CLOTH NOTE A barrier such as that illustrated can keep constrUction equipment and personnel from compacting the soil around tree roots . -t- CIAMET£A OF TREE CAOWN OLD GRACE FILLING GRADE AROUND EXISTING TREE 9-18 Often neigborhood traffic control problems are solved by relaitvely low-cost devices. A range of devices are available . Their benefits and effectiveness depend on their frequency of application, where they are used and the problem they are intended to reduce. Often a single device is not adequate to solve a problem and a series of devices are usually necessary. From "Walkable Communities ... A Search For Quality" by Dan Burden . ,.. Traffic Calming The concept of traffic calming has been in existence for several years. Used in Europe more so then the U.S. the principle is to equalize the relationship between pedestrian traffic and vehicles. Engineering and design standards for roadways has favored the efficient, safe passage of cars in both urban and suburban areas. As the lane widths and right of ways for vehicles increased so did the speed of the vehicle . Traffic calming aims to balance the rights of both pedestrians and vehicle and to reduce vehicle speed through the introduction of "calming" devices. Narrowing the street width, reducing the speed limit, Introducing cross walks . The effect of these devices is to lessen the access of the vehicle and thereby causing the driver to lessen the vehicle speed . On the following pages a few of these traffic-calming devices are shown in diagram form. In the report we have suggested the inclusion of mid-block crossings that would introduce a textured paving crossing in High Street. ~ c 0 +:: CJ CD til .. 0 Inventory List Sign Ordinance Zoning Ordinance Article IV. Preservation and Conservation Jefferson City of Historic East/ Summary The City of Jefferson Greenway System Comprehensive Plan Update Sidewalk Replacement Study Development Strategy Plan Development Strategy Plan Missouri State Capitol Historic District ( Architectural Guidelines) Jeffran/ Routes and schedules Jefferson Landing Parking Planning Study Maps Zoning Map Watershed Map of CBD Area Map/ Directory of Business Services Street Map & Resource Guide 8-Jul-97 31-Dec-98 Sep-92 Oct-91 Mar-96 2-Aug-99 Apr-89 Sep-89 Aug-91 3-Jun-99 3-Apr-80 Aug-99 12-Jan-99 May-96 City of Jefferson City of Jefferson City of Jefferson The URBANA Group Department of Parks and Recreation Landform Urban Planning Services Tran systems Corporation ZHA, Inc.& J Dennis Wilson & Assoc. ZHA, Inc.& J Dennis Wilson & Assoc. ZHA, Inc.& J Dennis Wilson & Assoc. Jefferson City Transit Eldon Hattervig Rich & Associates, Inc Jefferson City Planning Department Jefferson City Area Chamber of Commerce Jefferson City Area Chamber of Commerce