HomeMy Public PortalAboutORD04444 ORDINANCE NO. 444 33
.AN,,C1.1N .NC F- regulating the cone t klgi),;pltcrution and equipment
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b `p t1'6lh c etures in t e'City?df', l rcividin6 for ti buildidgg offici r�• .
or. 1r, ut{es and oartHe'o;tfi ;jSitir iYt oli+at t{;t pcalbi9 Chaptnt �
Of t gertlnir�ftd Attteh mentsthercto repealing F'
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U tirctinanccs In' t : i+ith"tli1 ;�`_"� !� �A , >4?Ific�iilg a penaltysl;" .:•
BE IT 0RDAI NF.I) Ill' '1'111: CfTY C�bf11�(` , nlr THIS CiTY OF JEFFERSON,
t AS FOLLOWS-
ARTICLE, I
N
ADMINISTRATION
octiou 100—Scope. `✓
1. Short title. 'Phis ordinance S'hall%be known and may be cited as .I,'TH
BUILDING CODE."
2. Matter covered. This ordinance presumptively provides for mattertb'ton
corning,affecting or relating to the construction,alteration,repairs,removal,demdlition;' ;.
equipment, use and occupancy, location'and maintenance of buildings or structures,
erected or to be erected in the City of Jefferson, Missouri,except in so far as such#oat__-,,rr
tprs arc otherwise provided for in the municipal charter, in other statutes or ordinatibetf;;;
or in rules duly promulgated under the provisions of the ordinance. f': a
3. Ordinance remedial. 'Phis ordinance is hereby declared to be remedial,.
and shall be construed to securb the ben*ial interests and purposes thereof, which are 9,
public safety, health and welfare, tl �' 'ructurai strength'and stability, adequate: }
light and ventilation and safely to 1 rty front Ere and hazards in
to
the construction, alteration, repair; re Mt
of buildings or structures.
4. All new work to conform.
(a). No building or structure;et.%.U-4}ereafter;.b' constructed, altered, repaired,
or removed, nor shall the equipnxnt,Af,kl) ttilditig ;structure or Premises be constructed,
installed, altered, repaired or renio�M, ri6 Mn' conformity with the provisions of
this ordinance.
M. No building or structure shall be altered in in), manner that would be in
violation of the provisions of this ordinance or of any authorized rule or approval of
the building official made and issued thereunder.
(c). But nothing in this ordinance shali prohibit the raising or lowering of a
building to nicet a change of grade in the street on which it is located, provided that the
building is riot otherwise altered.
5. Use and maintenance. It shall be unlawful to maintain, occupy or use a
building or structure, or part thereof, that has been erected or altered in violation of
tlm provisions of this ordinance.
fi. Buildings affected.
(a). The provisions of this ordinance apply to buildings or structures on land not
devoted or appropriated to streets,and to constructions,such as vaults,areas or street
T.- encroachments, however placed, that are appurtenant to such-'buildings or structures.
(b). Such provisions shall apply with equal force to rnunicipali;couilty or state
buildings,as they do to private buildings, except as may be specifically provided file by
statute or ordinance.
Section 101—Building-Official.
1. Appointment.
(a), i'he office of building-official is hereby created.
(b). The building official shall be appointed by and under the general control
of the Mayor. His appointment shall be fora period of two years,and he shall continue
in office conditionally on good behavior and satisfactory service until his duly appointed
i
,.
,?E successor;has qualified. hIe shall not be removed from office except for cause after
full op has been given him to be heard on specific charges.
;. r, ••�rr.w ' (c).
During temporary absence. -official the mayor
s Myf
�ldesignate,a atibstitute to act in matters that require prompt official attention.
imficins. To be elf ikle to a ointment the building official shall
liw W tk.ast'seven years active•experien ppas an architect, structural engineer,
f �i yi'+n u1 ' tendent'of building construction or building contractor in active charge of build-
` jsfruction. IIc shall be generally.informed on the quality and strength of build-
S1 materials, on the prevailing methods of building construction, on good practice in
i;'<✓?'' fire prevention, on the accepted requirements for safe exit facilities and on the proper
installation of plumbing,electric wiring,elevators and other installations for the safety,
comfort and convenience of.occupants.' He shall be physically capable of making the
necessary examinations and inspections of building in course of construction. He shall
not have any interest whatever directly or indirectly in the sale or manufacture of
any material, process or device entering into or used in or in connection with building
construction.
3. Duties. The building-official shall devote his whole time to the duties of
his office. He shall receive applications required by this ordinance, issue permits and
furnish the prescribed certificates. He shall examine premises for which permits have
been issued and shall snake necessary inspections to see that the provisions of late are
complied with and that construction is prosecuted;safely. He shall enforce all laws
relating to the construction, alteration, repair, removal, demolition, equipment, use
and occupancy, location, maintenance of buildings, and structures, except as may
be otherwise provided for. He shall,'when requested by the mayor or city council,
or when the interests of the municipality so require, stake investigations in connection
with matters referred to in this ordinance and render tvritten,,repo�Is on the same.. F?
For the pur{lose of enforcing compliance with law,to remove illegal of unsafe conditions;
to secure tlic necessary safeguards during construction, or to require adequate exit
facilities in existing buildings and structures, lie shall issue such notices or orders as
may be necessary.
4. Inspections+. Inspections required under'.the provisions of this ordinance
shall be made by the building-official or h duly appointed assistant;,4)r4?yided that he
may accept reports of inspectors of recognized inspection serviees,;aS«�rr.1rivestigation
of their qualifications and reliability. But no certificate called'fos by;And:provision of
this ordinance shall be based on such reports unless the same are°frs writing and cer-
tified by a responsible officer of such service.
5. Rules.
(a), For carrying into effect its provisions, the building-official shall adopt rules
as prescribed in this ordinance and consistent therewith, it being the intent of the
requirement that the standards of federal or state bureaus, national technical organirat-
d6us or lire underwriters,as the same may be aniendud from time to time, shall serve
as a guide in fixing the minimuni rules of practice under this ordinance.
M. For the J3urpose of eecm•ing for the public the benefits of new developments
in the building in u� and.-yet insuring public safety, he shall make or cause to be
made investigations; may accept duly authenticated reports from reliable sources,of
nciv rlwte•rials or modes of construction, intended for use in the construction of build-
lugs or structures in the municipality which are not provided for in this ordinance,
and shall promulgate rules setting forth the conditions under which such materials
or modes (if construction nnav be used.
34 notic(c). No rule of the building-official shall become effective until four weeks after
e of intention to adopt it shall have been given in the oflicial paper of the ntuni-
r.ipality and until a public hearing on the same shall have been held; provided'that .
said public hearing shall not be necessary unless a rer)uest shall have been ma etrfor
.,.such.,hearing during the said d o
tint tl perio L ubl4cation. Such ru
�rd dorm and open to If ii p �t t b" s
_.. ;.. 1/ tj,�� tlty >At the tin
tlshed'' ""L+5 <<±r aft, tl�ty!t00 f ltlb• _ __.M•�_
Rules!adopted Yin 111lbgW64',ai`Herein Pr tr:eame
force and effect'aa,provistons o this ordinance. + + i
O. Any rule ma be amended or repeated b the san
the adoption of new rues, or by specific action taken by the board ap appeals.
ribed for
ppeals.
f>>. Records. ,
I (a). The building-official shall keep careful and comprehensive records of ap lica-
tions,of permits issued,of certificates issued, of ins sections made, of reports rendered,
and of notices or orders issued, lie sliall retain on file copies of all papers in connection
fi with building work so long as any part of the building or structure to which they relate
may be in existence.
nc:c'i (b). All such records shall be open to public inspection at reasonable hours, but
i } 6 il,not be removed front the office of the building-official.
Reports. The building-official shall make a report to the mayor once each
=i ihonth;or oftener if requested, including statements of permits and certificates issued
4s..,
i '.;_and orders,promulgated.
fl. Cooperation of other officials. The building-official may request and shall
receive so far is may be necessary, in the discharge of his duties, the assistance and
cooperation of the city engineer in fixing grades, of the chief of police in enforcing
orders, of the corporation-council in prosecuting violations, and of other city officials.
9. Right of entry.
(a). The building-official, in the discharge of his duties, shall have authority to
enter any building,structure or premises at any reasonable hour.
(b). For the purpose of identification he may adopt a badge of office which he
Shall display on demand; provided that in an.emergency, any other method of identi-
fication shall be sufficient.
Section 102—Application for Permit.
1. When required. It shall not be lawful to construct,alter,remove,or demolish
or to commence the construction, alteration, removal or demolition of a building or
structure without first filing with the building-official an application in writing and
obtaining a formal permit.
2. Form.
(a). An application for a permit shall be submitted in such form as the building-
official may prescribe. I . .,
(b). Such application shall be made'by fhe owner-or lessee, or agent of either,
or the architect, engineer or builder-gmployed in connection with the proposed work.
If such application is made by a perei6ti other than the owner in fee,it shall be the duty
of the building-official to require verification of any application for a permit if any
doubt arises as to applicant's authorization to secure such permit.
(e). .Such application shall contain the full names and addresses of the applicant
and of the owner,and,if the owner is a corporate body,of its responsible officers.
(d). Such application shall describe briefly the proposed work and shall give such
additional information as may be required by the building-ufficial for an intelligent
understanding of the proposed work.
S. Plans. Applications for permits shall be accompanied by such drawings of
the proposed work,drawn to scale, including floor plans, sections,elevations and struc-
tural details, as the building-official may require. A copy shall be retained by the
Building official.
a 4. Plot diagram. There shall be fled a plot diagram as prescribed in the Zoning
Ordinance.
tµ4' 5. Amendments. Nothing in this section shall prohibit the filing of amendments
jp an application or to a plan or other record accompanmg same,at any time before the
completion of the work for which the permit was sought. Such amendments, after
approval,shall be filed with and be deemed a part of the original application.
6, Repairs. Repairs to buildings or structures may be made without filing an
application or obtaining a permit,provided such repairs cost less than$25.
7. Completion of existing bitildings. Nothing in this ordinance shall require
changes in,the plans, construction or designated use.of a building for which a lawful 1�
permit has been heretofore issued or which has beeii"otherwise lawfully authorized,and
the:cdheiruction,of which shall have been actually begun within ninety days after this l
ordihiipce becomes effective and which entire building shall be completed,as authorized,
withiif two yeaie thereafter. i
i
Section 103, Permits. r{
,.
1. Action on application. It shall be the duty of the building-official to ex-
i amine application for permits,within a reasonable time after filing. If,after examina-
tion he finds no objection to the same and it appears that the proposed work will be
in compliance with flue laws and ordinances applicable thereto and the proposed construc-
tion or work will be safe, he shall approve such application and issue a permit for the
proposed work as soon as practicable. If his examination reveals otherwise, lid will ;
reject such application, noting his findings in a report-to be attached'to the application ?
and delivering a copy to the applicant, i
2. A pprovnl in part. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the
4 • building-official(roan issuing a
per
for the construction of part of,
bttildtng or eti'ue
f' Lure before the entire plans and detailed statements of said building or structure hake
'•:e':' been stibmitted or approved,if adequate plans and detailed ptatements hnve been
—� -, pretts dOd4;�or the same and have boitjo JI ornply with thilt:. c !.;w•;
�'rriis#!dot rotineiA Ne ape` j ' ' enlove a buildin Wt'tl shill be
granted until notice of application thereof shall have been gfven't8'1 r't 61hlrP of lots
adjoining the lot upon which said building or struct ore is to he moved and to thttowners
of wires or other impediments the temporary removal of which will be necem and
an opportunity has been given said owners to be heard upon such a�pplicalioli#" 9lt until
a bond in ail adequate stint has been filed avith the mayor to indenuli y and sat "WT Hess
the ntunici)ality for damages. if building is not to be moved along or tierose any
street or al�ey:uxl no danger is apparent, t lie building-official may with the consent of
the mayor waive bond.
4. Conditions lit the permit.
(a). All work performed under a permit issued by the building-official shall con-;
form to the approved application and plans, and approved Amendments thereof. 13
(b}. The location of all new construction as shown on the approved plot diagram
or an approved amendment thereof,shall be strictly adhered to.
(c). it shall be unlawful to reduce or diminish the area of a lot or plot of which a
plot diagram has been filed and has been used as the basis fo'r a permit, unless a revised:
plot diagram showing the proposed change in conditions shall have been filed and?i
approved;provided that this shall not apply when the lot is reduced by reason of a street.",",
opening or widening or other public improvement.
5. Signal ure to permit. Every permit issued by the building-official under the•:.
provisions of this ordinance shall have his signature affixed thereto; but this shall:,
not prevent him from authorizing a subordinate to affix such signature. ;
6. Minitation. A permit under which no work is commenced within six mont yt
after issuance shall expire by limitation. }tt:
7. Posting of permit. prPt,
(a). A copy of the permit shall be kept on the premises open to public inspection
during the prosecution of the work and until the completion of the Sallie.
(b). The building-official may require a certified copy of t he approved plans tip
be kept. on the premises at all times from the commencement of the work to the com-�
pletion thereof.
(c). The building-official shall be given at least twelve hours notice of the starting
of work under a permit.
t 8. Revocation. The building-official may revoke a permit or approval issued
under the provisions of this ordinance in case there has been any false statement of
misrepresentation as to a material fact in the application or plans on which the permit
or approval was based.
9. Tees. The applicant for a permit shall pay a fee of S2.00 on buildings or
structures costing SI,000 or less and $2.00 additional for each additional $1,000 or
fraction thereof up to and including$5,000, and then$1.00 for every additional$1,000
or fraction thereof. Provided, however, that on any structures involving a cost not
exceeding$25.00, the building official shall determine the necessity for filing plans and
specifications and the issuance of a permit. The fee to be paid for a permit to erect or
install or reconstruct any heating''or power apparatus within this cite shall be $1.00
for every such permit. All fees for permits shall be paid to the City Clerk and by him
paid into the City'Treasury to be credited to the general revenue fund of the city.
Section 104—Certificate of Occupancy.
1. New buildings. No building hereafter erected shall be occupied or'used in
whole or in part,until a certificate of occupancy shall have been issued by the building
official certifying that such buildin conforms to the provisions of this ordinance.
2. Buildings hereaf ter'ultered. No building hereafter enlarged or extended,
or so altered,wholly or in partj;ati,4o.cliange its classification,and no building hereafter
altered for which a certificate,bfi'occupancy has not been heretofore issued,shall be
occupied or used in whole or in•par't until a certificate of occupancy shall have been issued
by the building-official certifying that the work for which the permit was issued has been
completed in accordance with the provisions of this ordinance; provided that if the
occupancy or use of such building was not discontinued during the work of alteration
the occupancy or use of the building shall not continue for more than thirty4ayg'after
complet ion of the alteration unless such certificate shall have been issued.
4
{ 3. Contents of certificai46 In addition_to the certification as to.,compliance '
.:,with the provisions of this ordinance;thecertificate of occupancy shall statr`i:hi3puj l s'."..f
for which the building may be used in its several'parts,.the:maxim uin•peMptii3al�1�lid;;:
loads on the several floors the number of individual:persons that may be'accorrti}t Med
in the several stories, in case such number is limited by a provision of law or by'06
permit,and all special stipulations of the permit,if any.
4. Temporary occupancy. Upon request of the holder of a permit, or of`the
'owner, the building-official may issue a temporary certificate of occupancy for part of a
building; provided that such temporary occupancy or use would not,jeopardize life or
perty.
i. Issioance and filing. A certificate of occupancy shall be issued Within three
'days after written application therefor, if the building at the time of such application
shall be entitled thereto. Copies of certificates of occupancy shall be furnished, on
request, to persons having a proprietary interest in the building.
6. Existing buildings. Nothing in this ordinance shall require the removal,.
alteration or abandonment of, nor prevent the continuance of the use and occupancy
of a lawfully existing building, except as may be necessary for the safety of life or prop-
erty. Upon written request from the owner,the building-official shall issue a:eertificate
of occupancy for an existing•huilding certifying, after verification by inspection, the
occupancy or use of such building; provided that at the time of issuing such certificate
there are no violations of law or orders of the building-official pending.
7. Change of occupancy.
(a). No change of occupancy or use shall be made in a building hereaf ter erected
or altered that is not consistent with the last issued certificate of occupancy for such
building unless a permit is secured. In case of an existing building,no change of occu-
pancy that irould bring it under some special provision of this ordinance shall he tirade,
unless the building-official finds, tilmn inspection, that. such building conforms sub-
stantially to the 1rovisions of law with respect to the proposed new occupancy and use,
and issues a certificate of occupancy therefor.
(b). The use of a building or premises shal,14 hdV!e changged I;tg"'use
Qf a temporary vacancy or change of ownership: '' ti j re•establisfi,nj pip
'a building,after a change of occupancy has been madW i'pii►r use that would
been permitted in a seal'building of the same type of,popilstruction is pprohit�it
change from a sp�tllyl.lprohibited use to argot feafty�prohibif ,
not be nulde. ;w�'$'i ': !.'J..R`
r4
36
,'.`:. owners,executors,administrators,agents,lessees or other persona who may have vested:
0 4A k,'%:'" or contingent'Interest Ia the.same, a written notice containing a description of the
#, I building or structure deemed unsafe,a statement of the particulars m which the build-
ing or structure is unsafe,and an order requiring the same to be made safe and secure or
removed,as may be deemed necessary by him.
(b). If the person to whom such notice and order is addressed, cannot be found
".,within the city after diligent search, then such notice and order shall be sent by regis-
tered mail to the last known address of such person;and a copy of such notice shall be
posted in a conspicuous place on the premises to which it relates. Such mailing and
i posting shall be deemed adequate service.
3. Disregard of notice. If the person served with a notice or order to renio%.e -
( or repair an unsafe building or structure should fail,within a reasonable time,to comply
1 withrthe requirements thereof, the corporation-counsgl shall be advised of all the facts
in the case,and shall institute an appropriate action in the courts to compel a compliance. -
} 4. Emergency work. In case there shall be, in the opinion of the building-
official, actual and immediate danger of the falling of a building or structure so as to
endanger life or property, he shall cause the necessary work to a done to render said
building or structure, or part thetWf, temporarily safe, whether the procedure pre- j
j scribed,in this section has been instituted or not.
S. Vacating buildings and closing streets. When a building or structure is
in an unsafe condition so that life is endangered thereby, the building-official may i
j order and require the inmates and occupants to vacate the same forthwith. He may, I
when necessary for the public safety, temporarily close sidewalks, streets, buildings,
structures and place adjacent to such building or structure, and prohibit the same ;
from being used,
G. Laborers and materials. For the purposes of this section, the building-
official may employ such laborers and materials as may be necessary.
7. Recovery of costs. The corporation-counsel shall institute appropriate
actions against the owner of premises where the unsafe building or structure was located
j for the recovery of costs incurred by the building-official in the performance of timer-
gency work.
j f .
Section 107—Violatiotts.
L. Notices. i
(a): Whenever the building-official is satisfied that a building or structure, or
any work in connection therewith, the erection, construction or alteration, execution
:or repairof which is regulated,permitted or forbidden by this ordinance,is being erected,
constructed, altered or repaired, in violation of the provisions or requirements of this
' ordinance,or in violation of a detailed statement or plan submitted and approved there-
-under,or of a permit or certificate issued thereunder, he may serve a written notice or
order..upon the person responsible therefor directing discontinuance of such illegal
action and the remedying of the condition that is in violation of the provisions or re- i
quirements of this ordinance. l
(b);' •In case such notice or order is not promptly complied with, the building-
off9cialrshall•request the corporation-counsel to Institute an apppropriate action or pro- t
ceed�ngg{af law or in equity, to restrain,correct or remove such violation,or'.the execu-
i tion d"*,ork thereon,or to restrain or correct the erection or.alteration of,or to require
+' tits reA�i l,of,or to ri vent the occupation or use of;:the building or structure'erected,
constructed or;attere ,in,violatiun of;or not.in compliance with, the provisions of this
'-.ordinance„or;evith respect`to which the requirements thereof, or of any order or direc-
trort fiade;pursuant to provisions contained therein, shall not have been complied with
$to �►iag work. Whenever in the opinion of the•building-official, by reason
11dg1ectti�' legal ttork`in violation of a provision or reiiuirement of this ordinance,
contiqu d £.a buildingg operation'iaeontrary to public;yelfare,he mayorder,either
fly or in�ytt >,dllfurrher work to be stopped and may'require suspension of work
yr •'til,the condttlerl nrl violation has been remedied.
Penalties.
A person whq shall violate a provision of this`ordinance or fail to comply
therewith or with any'of the re(j'uirements thereof,,or whti°. Olt erect, cat33'truct, alter
or repair, or has erected, constructed altered or repairQ'4,%uilding or.rotructure, in
violation of a detailed.stgtement or pfanpubmitted and; of roved thereunder, or of a
e"r it or certificate i d thereunder,sti guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by
..., .•
;'•'�.`,°''Sni"Qf,�not
less thanit dollars nor more, ne hundred dollars, orb imprison-
-_:-.N! I'
cl violatlon'shall be permitted to east shall constitute a parate�ofense,cl each clay "J
(b). The owner of a:bullding',structure or premises, where anything in violation•
of this ordinance shall..litrplaced.or;bhall;exlst;,and an architect, builder, contractort,;.,r•:k'
agent, person or corporation employed in connection therewith and'who may have'as'i' � ,'Y:'.
stated to the commission of such violation shall each be guilty of a separate offense and°" i ;i' '"
upon conviction thereof shall be fined as herein provided,'
4. Abatement. The imposition of the penalties herein prescribed shall not,pre:? ,
elude the corporation-counsel from instituting an appropriate action or proceeding!to`-;,,
prevetlt.att uplawful erection, construction, reconstruction, alteration, repair, conver-
ston, maintenance,or use,or to restrain,correct or abate a violation,or to prevent the
occupancy of a building, structure or premises, or to prevent an illegal act, conduct,
business or use in or about any premises.
BOARD OF APPIULS
'I'll(, bit ilding•regulatIons Board of Appeals, consisting of three officers, is
hereby created, r . .
(h). The in(tubers of the Board of Appenla'shmlh ippomtc l by.and,under the
general control of the Mayor. The first Board of Apptialo'shall have•one member ap•
pointed for one year,one ntemher for two years,and the other member for three year,4,
and thereafter till subsequent appointments shall he for three-year terms. Fac•h au•tn-
ber shall serve until his successor has qualified and no member shall be removed front
office except for cause after fall opportunity has been given him to be heard on specifie-
charges.
(c), One member shall be the presiding officer of the board,selected by the board
members,
2. QUnlificafinkis. One member o f t he board shall be an architect,one a gradu-
ate rngincer and one a'building contractor. finch member shall have had at least ten
yens' practice in his respective profession or business. No member of the. board cart
ypeal(fy to pass on any questions bearing oil a matter in which he is personally interested
financia Ile.
3. O{{reration aril fee.
(a), !f and whenever the building official shall reject or refuse to approve the
mode or manner of construction proposed to be followed or materials to be used in the
erection, maintenance or alteration of anv building or structure, or when it is claimed
that the rules and regulations of the building official or the provisions of this code or
any of the ordinances and regulations do not apply, or that an equally good and more'
desirable form of construction can be employed ill any specific case,or when it is claimed
that the true intent and meaning of this Code or of any of such ordinances and regula-
tions have been misconstrued or wrongly interpreted, the permit applied for having
been refused by the building official, then the owner or lessee of such building;or struc-
ture or his stilly authorized agent,may appeal from the decision of the building official
to the Board of Appeals, and any person who has been ordered by the building official
to incur any expense may appeal from said order.
(b). The Board of Appeals shall meet when called by building official. The
Board of Appeals shall have the power on appeal to determine whether and to what
extent the provisions of this Code are applicable to specified cases where the applica-
bility of such provisions is questioned, and in such cases shall construe the Code to
secure and carry out the beneficial purpose hereof, The finding of the Board shall be
filed in tits office of the building official within 10 days after the hearing. A certified
copy shall be mailed to the Appellant and a copy publicly posted in the office of the
:.building official for 30 clays thereafter. At least two affirmative votes shall be neces-
sary for the granting of any petition or the sustaining of any appeal. All rulings and
"'decisions of the Board of Appeals shall be bindin� upon all parties, and it shall be the
'duty of the building official to carry them into of ect.
(e). Materials and`methods of construction equivalent to those required by the
,provisions of this Code, with the written concurrence of the Board of Appeals, may be
,:*mitted by'the building official. Said written concurrences shall;s p,ecify what is
1s rm
,"peitted. A record of the required and the equivalent method allowed shall be kept
publicly posted in the office of the building official.
lc . Any person appealing from the decision of the building'official shall in every
case be required to pay to City Clerk a fee of $10.00 at the title of,giving notice of
such appeal.
:n
�,,.. ARTIC:LE II __... .......,_...._...M.—.- ...-..._ _.
�,E
DEFINITIONS
ts�fi. Section 200—Definition$.
° (a). Unless-otherwise expressly stated, the following terms shall, for the purpose
P" >t
�h,. of this ordinance,have4be meanings indicated in this section.
9t11 (b). Words used to the present tense include the future; words in the masculine
Y gender include the feminine and neuter; the singular number includes the plural and
y the plural the singular.
(c). Micrever terms in the text of this ordinance are marked with an asterisk("),
they shall have the meaning given them in this section, terms consisting of more than
one t-ord and defined in this section being hyphenated. When not marked with an
+ asterisk, they shall have their ordinarily accepted meanings or such as the context
may imply.
"Alteration," as applied to a building or structure, means a change or rearrange-_
men in the structural parts or in the exit facilities; or an enlargement, whether by-'
extending on a side or by increasing in height;or the moving from one location or posi-
tion to another;the term"alter"in its various modes and tenses and its participal forms,
refers to the making of an alteration.
"Amusement-device"means a mechanically operated device which is used to convey
persons in any direction as a form of amusement.
"Apartment"means a room,or a suite of two or more rooms,in a residence-building
occupied as the home or residence of an individual,family or household. •a•',7
"Approved," as applied to a material, device or mode of construction, zi¢l ns
approved by the building-official under the provisions of this ordiifance, or by,other '-
I authority designated by law to give approval in the matter in question.
"Approved-masonry•"means ninsonry constructed of brick,stone,concrete, heill4w- 'i
block, solid-block, or other material approved after test, or combination of these ma
terials.
"Area," as applied to a form of construction, means an uncovered sub-surface
space adjacent to a building;
"Area," as applied'to the dimensions of a building, means the maximum hori-
zontal projected area of the building. grade,
"Automatic,"as applied to a fire door or other opening protective,means normally
held in an open position and automatically closed by a releasing device that is actuated
by abnormal high temperature or by a predetermined rate of rise in temperature.
"Basement"means a story the fioorof which is not less than two feet below•and the
ceiling of which is not less than four feet and six inches above grade.
"Bearing-ball" means a wall which supports any vertical load in addition to its
own weight. _
"Budding" means a combination of materials to form a construction that is safe
and stable, and adapted to permanent or continuous occupancy for residence, business,
assembly or storage purposes; the term "Building"shall be construed as if followed bay
the words"or part thereof."
"Building line" means the line, established by late, beyond which a building shall
not extend,except as specifically provided by law.
"Building official" means the officer or other person charged with the administra-
tion and enforcement of this ordinance,or his duly authorized representative generally
known as the Building Inspector.
"Bulkhead" means a structure above the roof of any part of a building enclosing
I stairway, tank, elevator machinery or ventilating apparatus, or such part of a shaft
as extents above the roof,
"Business-building" means a building occupied for the transaction of business,
for the rendering of professional services, for the display, sale or storage, if not exclu•
sively storage,of goods, wares or merchandise, fur the supplying of food, drink or other
bodily needs or comforts, or for the performance of work or labor; including among
others, office buildings, stores, markets, restaurants, factories,workshops,laboratories.
"Cellar"means a story t he ceiling of which is entirely below of less than four feet',.:`
six inches above grade.
"Cemeni•mortar" means a mixture of one part of Portland t ql
than three parts of sivatl,proportioned by volurne,with an allowable ad
Bins not to exceed fifteen per cent of•t g n �/ ewrrfiii'!
x: "Cement limc•naortar' means a mixt'tfit�c�f'dnl YI, itf"1t`oi`tfa'ncic4 bent, sit .
of shiked lints or dry hydrated lime and not more than fix partsof sand, 11 PortioiSis .'
volume,
38
"Concrete"means;ex eop 4i rwtse specifically provided n mixture of one
' part of.po nd cement and' t ! pa rt�t aw d five parts r@e
aBB' Oortioned b vd .,.,rr ;4 4� h� r ,. " 't'4V
Corporation-counsel meads the officer e�t te'mun7ctpdti ,a`ho is charged.pq,
the prosecution of actions at law in its behalf.
"Court" means an open, uncovered,agtl,unoccupied,spacc;within the lot-line4f8fik"
sr n t
. tot, and includes Yard. •�j;�. ;.;
Curb-level means the el vat Ri 6. 'fiittd'by the III Ui idpal`
t authorities;
z referring to a building, it means the'elety 1 tsof the street grade":.
that is opposite the center of the wall nearest to and fact eeri line;
referring to an excavation{. t,;b eans.the elevation at tht� , ' 'I:of the street grade:'
which is nearest to the point of t b lxcavation under considettaC
• "Dead-load" means the w. ;:of walls, partitions oof
, floors, rs and all other
permanent construction of a buildihi:-::
39
"Habitable-roont" means a room occupied by one or utore persons for livirij,
eating or sleeping; and includes kitchen serving apartments or individual households"
but does not include bathrooms, water-closet compartments, laundries, serving ana
storage pantries, corridors, cellars and spaces that are not used frequently or during
extended periods.
r "Health officer" means the officer of the municipality who is charged with the;
,i1
., responsibility of enforcing regulations governing public health.
"1-ieavy-titnber-construction," as applied to biildings, means that in which wailti$'
^� are of approved masonry or reinforced-concrete; and in which the interior structural
elements, including posts, floors, and roof construction,consist of heavy timbers with
smooth flat.surfaees assembled to avoid thin sections, sharp projections and concealed'
or inaccessible spaces;and in which wall-supporting girders and structural mennbers.of"
steel or of reinforced-concrete if used in lieu of timber construction,have a fire-resistant
rating of not less than three hours.
"1-lei ht" as a lied to a building, eans the vertical distance from grade to the
highest point of such building; g, 6
r j
"height," as applied to a court, means the vertical distance from the level of.the
s•:
floor of the lowest story served by that court to the level under consideration; Y••;�;
"height," as a plied to story, means the vertical distance from top to top of two
successive tiers of floor beams;
"height," as applied to a wall, means the vertical distance to the top measured
from the foundation-wall, or from a girder or other immediate support of such wall.
"Hereafter"means after the time that this ordinance becomes effective.
"Heretofore" means before the time that this ordinance becomes effective.
"Hollow-block" means a cellular building unit of burnt clay or concrete, the gross
cubic content of which is not less than fifty per cent greater than the standard size of
brick and the cellular spaces of which are in excess of twenty-five per cent of the gross
cubic content of the unit. '
"Institutional-building"means a building in which persons are harbored to receive
medical,charitable or other care or treatment, or in which persons are held or detained
by reason of public or civic duty,or for correctional purposes; including among others,
hospitals,asylums,sanitariums, fire houses, police stations,jails.
"Line-mortar" means a mixture of one part slaked lints or hydrated line and not
more than four parts of sand, proportioned by volume.
"Live-load" means all loads except dead-load.
"Lot" means a portion or parcel of land considered as a unit, devoted to a certain
use or occupied by a building:or�•a•`-grou¢;of buildings that are united by a common in-
terest or use, and the customscc.��!!;accxssories,and open spaces belonging to the same.
"Lot-line"means a line'dividit g'brie'lot''froiit another,or from a street or other pub-
lic space.
'Multifamily-house" meaiii�building;occupied as the home or residence of-in-
dividuals, families or households living independently of each other, of which three
or..more are doing cooking within their apartments; including tenement house, apart-
:,ment house,flat.
"Municipality" means the municipal corporation which has adopted this ordinance
under due-legislative authority.
"Occupied," as applied to a building. shall be construed as though followed by
the words"or intended,arranged or designed to be occupied."
"Ordinary-construction,"as applied to buildings, means that in which the exterior
walls are of approved-masonry or of reinforced-concrete;and in which the interior struc-
tural elements are, wholly or partly, of wood of smaller dimensions than required for
heavy-timber-construction,or of steel or iron that is not protected as required for fire-
proof-construction or semi-fireproof-construction.
"Owner" includes his duly authorized agent or attorney, a purchaser, devisee,
fiduciary,and a person having a vested or contingent interest in the property in question.
"Party.-wall" ineans a wall used or adapted for joint use between two buildings.
"Passageway" means an enclosed hallway or corridor connecting a required exit
to a street or other open space communicating with a street when such required exit
does not lead directly to a street.
"Passenger-elevator"—sec"elevator."
"Petit-house" means an enclosed structure, other than a bulkhead, extending not
more than twelve feet above a roof.
"Person" includes corporation and copartnership as well as individual.
"Private-garage"—see"garage".
"Public-building"means a building in which persons congregate for civic, political,
educational, religious,'social or recreational purposes; including among others, court
houses,schools,colleges,libraries,museums,exhibition buildings,lecture halls,churches,
assembly halls,lodge rooms,dance halls,theatres,bat It houses,artnories,recreation piers.
3
d}
40
��.�eee garage
fotd�concrete"means a Portland cement concrete in which steel is embedded
trianner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
''x roll means the replacement of existing work with the same hind of material
utia il.in the existing work not including additionnl work that-would affect the structural
safety of the building,or that would affect or change required exit facilities,or that would
r_? affect a""vital element of an elevator,plumbing, as-Pilling,wiring or heating installat ion,
';..orcthaf'4idbuld be in violation of n provision of lsnw or ordinance.
"Reqwired"means required b ,some provision of This ordinance.
"Resldence•building," except o'hen classed as an institutional-building, tneans a
building in.which sleeping accommodations are provided; including among others,
dwellings,tenements,multifamily-houses, hotels,lodging houses,dornutories,convents,
studios,club houses.
"Self-cioeing,"
CIO! as applied to a fire door or other opening protective, means nor. ,
malty clod and equipped with an approved device which will insure closing after hav-
ing been opened for use.
"Semi fireproof-construction,"as applied to buildings, means that in which all%%-ails
are of approved-nta�nry or of reinforced-concrete;and the structural members of which
have fire•resisting ratings not less than a 4-hour rating for firewalls and party-walls;
a 3-hour rating for other walls, isolated piers, columns, trusses, and wall-supporting
girders;and a 2-hour rating for fire-partitions, girders not otherwise specified, exposed
beams, floors,roofs,and floor-fill inggs. 0
"Shaft" means an enclosed shaftway or space, extending, through one or more .
stories of a building, connecting a series of two or more openings in successive floors,
or floors and roof.
"Solid-block",means a building unit of burnt clay or of stone,gravel or cinder con-
crete, the gross cubic content of which is not less than fifty per cent greater than the.
standard size of brick,and in which there are no cellular spaces exceeding in the aggre-
gate twenty-five per cent of the gross cubic content of the unit.
( "Sprinklered" means equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system.
'Stairway"means one or more flights of stairs and the necessary landings and plat-
forms connecting them to form a continuous and uninterrupted passage from one story
to another in a building or structure.
"Standard-fire-test" means the fire test formulated under the procedure of the
American Standards Association as "American Standard" or as "Tentative American
Standard".
"Storage-building" means a building for the housing, except for purely display
I purposes,of airplanes,automobiles,carriages,railway cars or other vehicles of transpor-
tation, for the sheltering of horses, livestock or other animals, or exclusively for the
storage of goods, wares or merchandise, not excluding in any case offices incidental to
such uses, including among others, garages, carriage houses, stables, barns, hangars,
storage warehouses,freight depots,grain elevators.
t Story"means that part of a building comprised between a floor and the floor or
roof next above;and includes basement and cellar.
"Street" means a highway or thoroughfare dedicated or devoted to public use by
i legal mapping,user or other'lawful manner;and includes avenue,road,alley,lane,boule-
vard,terrace,concourse, driveway,sidewalk.
"Street-line"means a lot-line dividing a lot from a street.
"Structure" means a combination of materials, other than a building, to form a
construction that is safe and stable; including among others, stadiums, gospel and
circus tents, reviewing stands, platforms, stagings, observation towers, radio towers,
sheds,coal,bins,fences and display-signs;the term "structure" shall be construed as if
followedby;the words"or part thereof".
i "Unprotected-metal-construction," as applied to buildings, is that in which the
structural supports are metal and in which the roofing,and walls or other enclosures are
of sheet metal,or other incombustible materials,or of masonry deficient in thickness or
I otherwise not conforming to approved masonry,
"Width,"as applied to a court, means the minimum average width taken along all
sides, including lot-lines of the court, the widths along each side being measured at
right angles or normal to and from such side to the opposite side at the point of measure-
ment.
! "Writing"includes printing and typewriting.
"Yard"means a court that extends along the entire length of a lot-line.
i
i
t
41
It
ARTICLE.IiI t� fyr
CLA89ti16TION.
Section 300—Classification of Oecupancies. f. ,
1. Classes designated. For the purposes of this ordinance,buildings arc classi- '
';�SC�-s�.X�•.., fled,with respect to occupancy and use,as public-buildings, business-buildings, institu-
;;; ' , tional-buildings,resident-buildings,and storage-buildings.
2. Mixed occupancy. In case a building is occupied for two or more'purposes
?,i•;` not included in one class, the provisions of this ordinance applying to each;class of
occupancy shall apply to such parts of the building as come within that class; and if
' there should be conflicting provisions, the requirements securing the greater safety shall
:a.'.. apply.
3 'Doubtful Clasyificalion, In case arbuildin is riots cificall,
, g •� ix provi$ik1'for,
or where there is any uncertainty as to its classification, its status shall be.fi3i�;by a
;J. duly promulgated rule giving clue regard to safety.
Section 301—Classification of Conatritction.
1. 'Types designated. For the purposes of this ordinance,construction as used
An buildings shall be classified as fireproof-construction, sei ni•fireproof-construction,
';.'"'heavy-timber-construction,ordinary-construction,frame-construction,and unprotected-
;:',metal-construction.
2. Partial compliance. Nothing in this ordinance shall require full compliance
`prith a type,of construction, if, under this ordinance,a less restricted form of construc-
tion is permitted;but no building shall be deemed of a given type of construction unless
it conforms with all specific provisions of this ordinance applying to that type.
ARTICLE IV
GENERAL BUILDING RESTRICTIONS
f;
Section 400—Zoning Restrictions.
The restrictions of the zoning ordinance with respect to the location of trades and
industries,the use and occupancy of buildings,the height and bulk of buildings,and the
areas of.y rds, courts and other open spaces, shall not be deemed to be modified by
any provisinns of this ordinance;and such restrictions shall be controlling except insofar
as this ordinance imposes greater restrictions by reason of the type of construction used,
j in which case the provisions of this ordinance shall control.
Section 901—Fire Limits.
j 1. The following shall be and are hereby declared to be the fire limits of tile.
City of Jefferson, and whenever the fire limits of this city are referred to by any ordi-
trance, said ordinance shall be construed to include the following as said fire limits.
Beginning at Jackson Street and the Missouri River extending in a northwesterly
direction along south bank of the Aissouri River to Bolivar Street; thence in a south-
westerly direction along center line of Bolivar Street to Cliff Avenue;thence in a north-
westerly direction along center line of Cliff Avenue to Clay Street; thence in a south-
westerly direction along center line of Clay Street to W. High Street;thence in a South-
easterly direction along center line of W. High Street to Bolivar Street; thence in a
southwesterly direction along center line of Bolivar Street to Elm Street; thence in a
southeasterly direction along center line of Elm Street to Washington Street;thence in
a southwesterly direction along center line of Washington Street to the alley between
West Dunklin Street and West Ashley Street;thence in a southeasterly direction along
center line of said alley to Madison Street;thence in a northeasterly direction along center
line of Madison Street to East Miller Street;thence in a southeasterly direction along
center line of East Miller Street to Adams Street; thence in a northeasterly direction
along center line of Adams Street to East McCarty Street; thence in a southeasterly
direction along center line of McCarty Street to Jackson Street;thence in a northeasterly
direction to center line of alley south of E.High Street;thence in a southeasterly direction
to center line of Benton Street;thence in a northeasterly direction to alley north of E.
High Street;thence in a northwesterly direction to center line of Jackson Street;thence
in a northeasterly direction to point of beginning.
SY •
42
r 2� , , :xcrpt as hereinafter provided in this sect ion,.nealding
ttr I%
ci N fuctiott,or of unprotected construction shall be erected N
i flee within the fire-limits. °
g n•(b). Within the fire-limits,wooden shinglt'tdo `x
Alterations. (a). - t7tin the fire—limits no Uff iris strut �tt tbt=
truction or of unprotected-metal-construction shall be hcrcaftet'tncre {e�i"eigM."
-. .
„ (b): Within the fire-limits no building or structure of frame=c'n'stiucfion:or
otected-metal-construction shall be hereafter extended on"ari" 'Jrde unless:tha
S'ry Pt >` ;.
construction of such extension conforms to the requirements of this'ordiniince for new
:'-'''condtrttction; and provided that the area of the building as extended shall not exceed
kh6 411' able area for frame-construction.
Within the fire-limits no other building or structure shall be hereafter extended .
i t;-,.Qh ati .y,dc by frame-construction or unprotected-metal-construction.
othing in this section shall prohibit other alterations within the fire limits;
pt�ovlere.is no change of occupancy to a class otherwise prohibited.
4'.*6 ivilnpt buildings. No building of frame-construction or unprotected-metal-
rfanstruction shall hereafter be moved from without to within the fire limits,
adon. A building or structure shall be deemed to be within the fire-
Ain one-third
if more Ain one-third of the area of such building or structure is located therein.
i` `' 6. Exeel d6ne. Nothing in this section shall prohibit within the fire-limits and
nsu1ject to the s�Xecified limitations, the erection of new buildings or structures, nor the
'.;exjension or enargement of existing buildings or structures, of frame-construction or
unprotected-metal-construction,as follows:
A building of frame-construction or of unprotected-metal-construction
i occupied exclusively as a private-garage or stable,not more than one story.in height nor
more than seven hundred and fifty square feet in area, located on the same lot with a
dwelling:
(b). Out houses not more than eight feet in height nor more than one hundred
square feet in area; provided the roofs are covered with incombustible or fire-retardant
material.
(c). Greenhouses not more than fifteen feet in height erected on the same lot with
and accessory to a dwelling or a store.
j (d). Sheds open on the long side,not more than fifteen feet in height nor more than
five hundred square feet in area,with roofs covered with incombustible or fire-retardant
! material.
(e). Builders'shanties for use only in connection with a duly authorized building
i operation and located on the same lot with such building operation, on a lot.immedi-
ateiy adjoining, on an upper floor of the building under construction, or on a sidewalk
shed.
(f). Plazas or balconies on dwellings, not exceeding ten feet in width nor extend-
ing more than three feet above the second story floor beams;provided that no such struc-
ture shall extend to a lot-line or be joined to a similar structure of another building.
(g). Coal tipples, ice houses, material bins, trestles and water tanks;:when built
of planking and timbers of the dimensions specified for heavy-timber-construction.
(h). Fences not exceeding ten feet in height.
M. Display-signs as elsewhere provided in this ordinance.
Section 402--Fireproof Construction Required.
1. General.
Every building exceeding either the height or area limitations fixed in this ordinance
for semi-fireproof-construction shall be of fireproof-construction.
2. Special occupancies. Asylums, detention buildings, hospitals, jails, .nur-
series, and theatres hereafter erected shall be of fireproof-construction.
Section 403—Height Restrictions.
1. New buildings. .
(a). Except as may be otherwise provided by statute or by this ordinance, no
building hereafter erected shall exceed in height the limits fixed in this section. r -
(b). Each part of a building included within fire-walls.required to conform to the
area limitations prescribed for its type of construction,�AOI,,be limited in height as
though such part were a separate building.
2. Alterations.' -No building shall hereafter be altered so:as;,to,exceed the
limits of height fired by this section.
I i
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43
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1
roll.,2�+-fit^• .�. ��t'W
4, Publie 14Ii11�1din ;a. For public-buildings semi-firt-pr64-construct�t�h a
rioE exceed sevens five feet;ordinal -construction and heav timber-constructs b ..
not exceed thirty-five. feet, provided that churches of such construction may be.forry
five feet but not more than two stories, and that schools of such constructioq AAll 91 ;
not more than two stories high; and frame-construction shall not exceed thirty.,16it
provided that churches and schools of such construction shall he not moreltiit»pttea.:,'' s•
story high.
4. Institutional buildings. For institutional-buildings semi•IireproofftCOtl�
struction shall not exceed seventy-five feet; ordinary-construction and heavy-timber-
construction shall not exceed two stories nor thirty-live feet; and frame-construction•
shall not exceed one story nor twenty-five feet.
5. Residence buildings. For residence-buildings, semi-fireproof-construction
and heavy-timber-construction shall not exceed seventy-five feet;ordinary-construction
shall not exceed three stories nor forty-five feet; provided that when the floors immedi.
ately over the basement and over cellars are of a construction having a fire-resistance
rating of not less than two hours, ordinary-construction may exceed these heights but
shall not exceed four stories nor fifty-five feet; and when in addition, in multifamily-
houses which are sub-divided by fire partitions into floor-areas not exceeding twenty-
five hundred square feet,all other floors have a fire-resistance rating of not less than one
hour,ordinary-construction may be,but shall not exceed,five stories nor sixty-five feet;
and frame construction shall not exceed two stories nor thirty-five feet; provided that
dwellings of such construction shall not exceed three stories.
6. Business buildings. For business-buildings semi-fireproof-construction
and heavy-timber-construction shall not exceed seventy-five feet; ordinary-construc-
tion shall not exceed fifty feet;and frame construction shall not exceed twenty-five feet.
7. Storage buildings. For storage-buildings semi-fireproof-construction shall
not exceed fifty feet; ordinary-construction and heavy-timber construction shall not
j exceed thirty-five feet; provided that in buildings which are sprinklered heavy-timber-
construction may be,but shall not exceed,seventy-five feet;and frame-construction shall
not exceed one story nor twenty-five feet.
8. Exceptions. (a). For the purpose of this section, the following appurte-
nances shall not be deemed parts of buildings; church spires, tanks and their supports,
bulkheads, chimneys, and parapets that do not extend more than four feet above the
roof surface at their point of contact.
(b). For the purpose of this section neither a basement nor a cellar shall be deemed
a story.
9. Unprotected metal construction. Buildings of unprotected-metal-con-
struction shall be not more than one story high; provided that this shall not prohibit
mezzanine stories the aggregate floor area of which does not exceed twenty-five per
cent of the area of the budding.
Section 404—Area Limitations.
1. New buildings. No building hereafter erected shall exceed.in area in any
story above grade,the limit fixed in this section.
2. Use of firewalls. No building shall be limited in area if it is divided by
firewalls into sections, none of which exceeds the limits of area fixed in this section for
its type of construction.
3. Alteration. No building shall be hereafter altered so as to exceed in area
in any story above ggrade the limits fixed in this section; provided that a building here-
tofore erected which already exceeds the limit of area may, nevertheless, be extended
on a side by means of the type of construction prescribed fora building hereafter erected,
if the existing and new portions are separated by firewalls.
4. Semi-fireproof construction. For business-buildings and storage-buildings
semi-fireproof-construction shall not exceed ten thousand square feet; provided that
fire-partitions may be used in place of firewalls in the subdivisions of buildings of greater
t areas; provided further that for public-garages semi-fireproof-construction shall not
exceed seven thousand five hundred square feet.
5. Heavy timber construction. Heavy-timber-construction shall not exceed
siie thousand five hundred square feet for buildings fronting on one street, nor,eight
thousand square feet for buildings fronting on two streets nor ten thousand square feet
for buildings fronting on three or more streets, provided that for public-garages heavy-
} timber-construction shall not exceed six thousand square feet wherever located.
1 6. Ordinary construction.. Ordinary-construction shall not exceed five thou-
sand square feet for buildings frosting on one street, nor six thousand square feet for
44
Inis ronting on two streets,nor seven thousand live hundred square feet for by{{t�'
-.< .,.... .on three or more streets, ;�
Watt
r.; _ e construction. Buildings of framc•conshuction shall not eXtoeti- ".
th"' d square feet.
modification. ,
;(a): `The limiting areas fixed in this section may be inaeased:b'y':,oeq;,hUp red'
f when the Uuildinq is sprinklered,atjd by two Ittnulred per cent tt•hetitbebiiilding
jlklered and does not exceed one Nit �for an average o tteenty-iive`E t in.height
e roof,or to a ceiling which is unpI W and has a lirt•resistana oE'h ,igsasthan
-{jour.
lyion 405--Street Tncrouchments.
oneral. Except as otherwise provided in this section, no part of,a building
A, eP'_erected or of an enlargement.of a building heretofore erected shnli project
a`street=line or a building-line.
{ .",' 2. Projections removable. A part of a building permitted to project beyond
h or building-line shall be so constructed that its removal may be made
,without causing the building to become structurally unsafe.
:*3. Structural support. No part of a building hereaf ter erected or of an enlarge•
r, ' t►�iept of a building heretofore erected,that is necessary for structural safety,shall project
e
4 bnd a street-line or building-line, but this shall not be deemed to prohibit the pro-
.jet:tion beyond the street-line or beyond the building-line within the street-line, to the
;e tent of not more than twelve inches,of the footin s of street walls;provided such ro-
' -&d ig parts of footings are not less than eight feet below curb-level.P p
;,,...,
4. Permissible projections. Under the conditions prescribed in this section
nd`within the limitations specified herein,the following projections shall be permissible
j }t being understood that when a building-line has not been established the street-line
shall control.
(a). The main cornice, meaning thereby a moulded projection at or near the top
I oUaa wall that faces on a street, may project beyond the building-line not more than
i three feet; provided such main cornice is not less than twelve feet above curb-level at
all points. .
1 t (b). Cornices of show window and porches, including metal awning covers may
I
project beyond the building-line not more than fifteen inches.
(c). I14oundings, belt courses, lintels, sills, architraves, pediments and similar
projections of a decorative character, may extend beyond the building-line not more
than four inches when the}•are less than ten feet above curb-level,and not more than
ten inches when they are ten feet or more above curb-level.
(d). Columns, pilasters and other similar ornamental projections, including their
mouldings and bases, erected for esthetic reasons, may project beyond the building-
line not more than twelve inches.
(c). Rustications and quoins may project beyond the building-line not more than
I four inches.
W. Base courses may project beyond the building-line not more than one and one-
fourth per cent of the width of the street but not more than ten inches in any case;
provided they do not extend more than five feet above curb-level.
(g). No door shall be hung hereafter so as to project, when fully open more than
twelve inches beyond the building-line.
W. Marquises at entrances to buildings may extend beyond the street-line and
across the sidewalk to the curb line;provided they are not less than ten feet above the
curb-level at all points, and;within the fire-limits are constructed of iron and glass or
other incombustible materials. They shall be securely supported from the building,
and shall be properly drained. N6-marquise shall extend along the street wall of a build-
; ing for more than fifty per cent of the length of such wall, nor, in any case, more than
1
twenty-five feet, and there shall be a clear distance of not less than four feet between
any two marquises on the same building.
W. Drop awnings,attached to buildings, may extent! beyond the street-line but
not nearer than eighteen inches to the curb-line;provided that, when let down to their
i full extent,they are not less than seven feet above the sidewalk at all points.
(j). Fire escapes and balconies to five towers or other required exits, constructed
of steel or other incombustible material, only when required, may project beyond the
building lines not more than four feet;but no part of such fire escape or balconies shall
be less than ten feet above the sidewalk; provided that nothing to this section shall
prevent the use, in corthection,with permissable fire escapes, of movable stairs to the
sidewalk,so arranged that they,are more than ten feet above the sidewalk when not in
actual use.
45
Areas may pruject beyond the building•IitiL:nil;'nibt�utNtlil' lih'�+Itt! rp'V�t�6tt ',
ft" i every such area shall be covered over at the street level by hh appMvet grating of '
lmotal or other incombustible ranterial,
Vaults, entirely below,the sidewalk Ievcl. Wray.extend;;bt yend.-the
fine but not beyond the curb line.
,. (m). Exterior hose connections for lire extinguishing ct ent or fresh air inlets
for plumbing systems, hereafter installed, shall be.set'inslde:tJle'build ing-line, or to
s' recesses in the street walls when such walls are on the building-li'ae,or.the may project
..frA r not more than nine inches beyond the building-line through the strce(Wall at least t.Wo.•,
�;..' feet above the street. level;or tile)- may be placed in the angle}iihde by the street Wall ;.
with a pilaster or other permissibe projection outside the building line.
5. Limitatiou. Nothing; in this section shall be deemed to'authorize a projec-
tion beyond the street-line or building-line that is prohibited by the zoning ordinance
i or by other lacy or ordinance,
-' 6. Permits revocable. Permission, expressed or implied in the provisions of
this section,to construct it building so as to project beyond the street line or building line
is revoca ble by the municipality at will.
7. Alterations. No change or enlargement shall be made to an existing part
of a building now pro ecting beyond the street-line or building line except in conformity
with the provisions off this section for new construction.
8. Existing encroachments. Parts of buildings which alreaci project beyond
the street-line or building,-line may be maintained as constructed unti�ttteir removal is
directed by the municipality.
ARTICLE, V
LIGHT AND VENTILATION
Section 500—General.
1. New buildings. For the purpose of providing natural light and adequate
`ventilation, every building hereinafter erected, shall be constructed, arranged, and
equipped to conform to the provisions of this article.
2. Alterations.
(a), No building shall hereafter be altered nor rearranged so as to reduce the size
of a room or the amount of window space to less than that required for buildings here-
after erected;or so as to create an additional room,unless such additional room is made
to conform to.the requirements for rooms in buildings hereafter erected,except that such
rooms may be of the same height as existing rooms in the same story.
(b). No building shall hereafter be enlarged,nor shall the lot on which it is located
be diminished so that the dimensions of a required court shall be less than prescribed Tor
buildings hereafter erected.
3. Buildings ou the same lot. If more than one building is hereafter placed
on a lot, or,if a building is placed on the same lot with existing buildings, the several
buildings, may, for the purpose of this article,be considered as a single building.
4. Limitation. Nothing in this article shall be construed to modify the provi-
sions of any other ordinance,or of any rule authorized by law or ordinance, regulating
yards,courts, or other open spaces; but whenever the provisions of this article require
greater yards,courts,or open spacers than prescribed in such ordinance or rule the pro-
visions of this article shall control.
Section 501—Rooms.
1. Habitable rooms.
(a). Every habitable-room shall have one or more windows, opening directly
on a street or on a court conforming to the requirements of this article.
(b). Such rooms shall be not less than six feet wide in any part,and shall contain
not less than sixty square feet of clear floor area. Such rooms shall have a clear height
of not less than seven feet,six inches for-at least sixty square feet of floor area. .
(c). It shall be unlawful to divide a habitable-room or enclose a part thereof by
curtains, portieres, fixed or movable partitions or other contrivances or devices, unless
each part of the room so divided or enclosed shall separately conform to the requirements
of this section.
2. Business and workrooms. Every room occupied for office,clerical or admin-
istrative purposes,and every room occupied as a store, salesroom, restaurant, market,
46
.............
ii6s kitchen, laundry other than one accessory to a dwelling,
taurant
b'K
a(I P residen�e-
f P Itl.d ftWgM
Oj Machinery room or boiler room and.every.room iw,a
bui not otherwise provided for, shalt-beiliroylaW 1*61i'6hi or,more window,; or
v iiliting skylights opening directly ofi'i street, or on a court conforming to the re-
en
quireme"itts:of this article;or such rooms shall be provided with all approved means of
mechanical anical ventilation as prescribed in this article;or, when the unoccupied space ex=
coeds five hundred cubic feet for each occupant,such room may be ventilated by tran-
1 or other similar devices opening into rooms having windows or skylights opening
directly to the outer air as herein prescribed.
3. Public buildings. In public-buildings every room used as all auditorium
or for public assembly, and every other room except a habitable-room,that is not on a
court as prescribed in this section for business and workrooms,shall be provided with an
approve( system of mechanical ventilation as prescribed in this article,unless the space
within such room exceeds one hundred and fifty cubic feet for each occupant and windows
having an aggregate area of not less than ten per cent of the floor surface, one-fifth of
which is operable, and opening on a street or court, are provided on opposite sides of
the room,
4. Iloonis in institutional building. In institutional-buildings every room
shall be provided with natural light by one or more windows opening oil a street or on
a court conforming to the requirements of this article,and with airy windows as re-
quired for habitable-rooms or by an approved system of mechanical ventilation as pre-
scribed in this article; provided that in jails and other detention buildings the opening
on such street or court of the windows of cells or similar rooms may be indirect.
5. Batfiroonis and water-closet compartments.
Ever), bathroom and every room containing one or more water-closets
or urinals,shall be ventilated by one or more windows opening a street or oil a court
conforming to the requirements of this article;or on a vent s9il aft which extends to and
through the roof or into a court conforming to the requirements of this article; or by
a separate duct of incombustible and non-corrodible material,not less than seventy-two
square inches in cross section,extending independently of any other duct to and above
the roof;or by a ventilating skylight;or by an approved means of mechanical ventilation
as prescribed in this article.
6. Service pantries and storerooms. Service pantries and storerooms for food,
except in dwellings and in apartments,shall be ventilated as prescribed in t his section for
bathrooms.
7. Alcoves. No alcove having a floor area exceeding thirty-five square feet or
a depth exceeding three and one-half feet shall attach to or open on a habitable-room
or room that is required to have one or more windows, unless such alcove is separately
lighted and ventilated by windows as required in this article.
8. Stairways and corridors.
(a). Every stairway, public hall or corridor in multi-family-houses and in institu-
tional-buildings shall have one or more windows opening directly on a street or on a
court conforming to the requirements of this article. In such stairways there sliall be
at least one window for each story through which it passes.
(b). In such public halls and corridors, there shall be at least one window or
ventilating skylight for every twenty feet of their length or fraction thereof, unless a
window is placed at the end of such hall or corridor so that it will adequately light the
public hall or corridor for its entire length.
(c). Every recess or return, the depth or length of which exceeds twice the width
Of the hall or corridor, and every part of such a public hall or corridor that is shut off
from any other part by a door or doors,shall be deemed a separate hall or corridor within
the meaning of this section.
M. In buildings not exceeding four stories in height, a ventilating skylight con-
forming to the requirements of this article, may be used in lieu of the windows required
in a stairway;provided there is an unobstructed vertical Well,liole in such stairway not
less in area than one-fourth of the required glass area of the skylight.
9. floonis needing special devices. Unless already provided for by law or duly
by reason of use or occupancy, dust, fumes, gasses
authorized rules, rooms in 111fill, I
vapors or other noxious or deleterious impurities tending to injure the health of occu-
pants or to create a fire hazard, exist. or develop, shall be provided with an approved
system of ventilation to remove effectually such impurities during occupancy..."
Rooms below grade.
room,other than a habitable-room,the ceiling of which is below or is less than.,�,
e,,grade and which is frequented b the public or in which five or more''.`
47
ptlAtittb.axe-regularl employed or congregate, shall, unless provided with windows as
require! habitable-rooms, be provided with an approved means of mcchanleal
ventilation as prescribed in this article.
11. Privaey.
(a). lit multi-family-houses hereafter erected or altered access shall be had to
livin�rooms, kitchens and hedrooms without passing;through a hcdroom.
b).., Access without passing through it bedroom shall also be provided to at least
one water-closet, unless every bedroom has direct connection with it water-closet or a
Y
bathroom having, water closet accommodation.
Section 502— Windows;
1. Glass'area. The aggregate glass area of windows required by this article shall
be not less than one-tenth of the floor area of the room served by them; provided that
in habitable-rooms such glass area shall be not less than ten square feet, and in bath-
room,.,it shall be not less than six square feet.
2. U eningm.
f: (a), lit habitable-rooms and in bathrooms such windows shall be so constructed
that telhen fully open the aggregate open space shall be not less than one-t went ioIt of the
' floor area of tltc room served Ty such windows.
(b). in other rooms the aggregate openable area of windows,doors, transoms and
ventilating skylights that open on a street or on a court conforming to the requirements
d of this article shall be not less than one-twentieth of the aggregate floor area of the
rooms served thereby..
Section 503—Air Shafts.
1. Size. Air shafts, required by this article, shall have a cross-sectional area of
not less than one fifth of a square foot for every foot of height of shaft,but not less than
nine square feet in any case. No such shaft be less than two feet in its least distension.
2. Skylights. Unless open to the outer air at the top for its full area,such shaft
shall be covered by a skylight haying it net area of fixed louvre openings equal to the
maximum required shaft area.
3. Air ducts.
(a). Such shafts shall be connected with a street or court conforming to the re-
quirenients of this article by it horizontal duct or intake at a point below the lowest
window opening on such shaft.
(b). Such duct or intake shall have a minimum unobstructed cross-sectional area of
pot less than three square feet with a minimum dimension of twelve inches.
(c). The openings to the duct or intake shall be not Icss than one foot above the
bottom of the shaft and the street surface or bottom of court at the respective ends of
the duct or intake.
(d). Such duct or intake shall be constructed of incombustible non-corrodible
material.
Section 504-11entilating Skylighls.
Skylights permitted by this article shall have glass areas not less than required for
the windows they replace. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or louvres of
an aggregate net area not less than required for openable parts in the windows they re-
place, or with approved ventilation of equal efficiency.
Section 505—Meehanical Ventilation.
1. General.
(a). When mechanical ventilation is required, or is permitted as an alternative,
the system shall be designed and constructed in accordance with generally accepted
good practice, to provide the necessary changes of air, but not less than prescribed in
this section.
(b). Except is otherwise specifically prescribed by law or in duly promulgated
rules, the recommendations of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engi-
neers shall be decned to be generally accepted good practice.
2. llttsiness and work rooms. For rooms occupied for office, clerical or
administrative purposes,as stores or sales rooms,as restaurants, public dining rooms in
hotels or elsewhere, as factories, workshops or machinery rooms, as bakeries, hotel or
48
,:`yr�t, 1, y� IYy elf�,`y.r.
restaurant kltx bn61 I&undr�I tithct'tkttn iicceAsory tb dwellings,;'t r i't�bolldr r riiirf,tho
ventilation requirements shall be within the zone of comfort as established by gentrA11 ,k ,§
accepted good practice; a
3. Rooms In public and institutional buildings.
(a). For auditoriums and other rooms used for assembly purposes,and for class-
rooms in schools, not less than two cubic feet of air per minute for each square foot.of ">
floor shall be provided.
(b). For wards and dormitories of institutional-buildings not less than one cubic''.'
foot of air L)er minute for each square foot of floor shall be provided. ,
(c), For rooms not otherwise provided for In this section not less than one cubic'.
foot of air per minute for each square fo&of.fltiilti,`�hall be provide.(]•
4. Bathrooms. For bathrooms and'to110fo' nipartments not less than two cubic
feet of air per minute for each square foot'bf fiod0 ihalI be provided.
5. Service!pantries and storerooms. For service pantrirs and storerooms not
less than one cubic foot of air per minute for each square foot of floor shall be provided.
6. Rooms below grade. For rooms'WhollyL or partly below grade not less than
one and one-half cubic feet of air per minute for each square foot of floor shall be pro-
vided.
AR'T'ICLE VI.
MEANS OF EGRESS
Section 600—Application of Article.
1. New buildings. Buildings hereafter erected shall be provided with exit
facilities in accordance with the requirements of this article.
2. Alterations. No building shall hereafter be altered so as to reduce the
number or capacity of exits to less than required for buildings of similar construction
and occupancy hereafter erected. Exists hereafter installed shall conform to the re-
quirements for exits in new buildings, except when such exits are installed to comply
with a specific order of the building-official.
3. Existing buildings. Every building heretofore erected which is not pro-
vided with exit facilities as prescribed in this article for new buildings and in which
the existing exit facilities are inadequate for the safety of the occupants, shalt be pro-
vided with such means of egress as shall be directed in a written order by the building—
official.
Section 601—General.
1. Kinds of exits. Exits shall consist of interior stairways, fire towers, hori-
zontal exits,exterior stairways, passageways or doorways,constructed and arranged as
specified in this article.
2. Number of occupants.
(a). The dimensions and capacity of exits shall be proportioned to the number of
persons to be accommodated.
(b). When the number of persons to be accommodated by the exits is not stated
in the application for a permit or is not otherwise fixed, it shall be decided on the basis
of the area of the space devoted to a particular purpose,and shall be assumed to be one
person for every ten square feet in Glance halls, lodge rooms and places of assembly;
one person for every fifteen square feet in court rooms,restaurants,classrooms in schools
I and colleges, and rooms in public-buildings not otherwise provided for; one person for
every twenty-five square feet in stores, markets, lodging houses and reading rooms;
one person for every thirty-five square feet in factories and workrooms;one person for
every fifty square feet in offices and showrooms;one person for every one hundred square
feet in hospitals,asylums, hotels,furnished room houses,and other residence-buildings;
and one person for every one hundred and fifty square feet in warehouses and garages.
1 For occupancies not herein specified the building-official shall, by rule, establish the
ratio to be assumed.
,
Section 602—Nttutlmr of Exits.
1. From rooms. Every room having an area exceeding one thousand square
feet or occupied by more than seventy-live persons shall have at least two doorways,
remote from each other,cacti of which either serves as a direct exit or leads to an exit or
into other rooms through which there is unobstructed egress to an exit or exits.
i Y•'
49
1. Ground fluor. livery floor-area having direct exit to a strebt.and orcupicd
by nmrr n tha sevcnt y-live persons, shall have at least two means
r;.;.. 71. Moor arena. Isvcry story not having direct exit ton it red eve at Icast
nnc interior st;airtvav or lire tower connected it Itercto.: Jry r . c�� II have at
lY 44�JP� n ..
least one additional c�it when it exceeds 1p,twti thou dnt 1; arc feet in
area,
i. A mrtmente.
(a). In multi-family-houses ever$,,aparthtenl that has not direct exit to a street
or to a court o wiling oat a street,shall:hkVN=css to;,t least one additional exit sepa-
rat(d (rum amt independent of the pritritu'jhlhterior stairway or lire tower..
(b), Access to the separate and iddelkrMent exits nay he tlirough•the' same cor-
ridor or hallway; provided that such corriddr or hallway i4 CnCIuHMI I)y and separated
from the stairway exits and other parts of the building by partitions having a fire.resistance rating of not less t hall one hour, except as ut herw ise prescribed.when I he
building is of fireproof-construction.
5. I'lueem of JIMMen►IIIy. (a). Every room, gallery, tier or other space used as
a place of assembly shall have at least two means of exit.
(h). In buildings occupied as places of assembly for seventy-five or more persons
for recreation or amusement, each and every room, gallery, tier or other space, where
such assembly occurs shall have direct access to separate and independent exits as
follows: not less than two exits when six hundred persons or less are acconiodated in
such room, gallery, tier or other space; not less than three exits when more than six
hundred bill not more than one thousand persons are acconuuodated;and not less than
four exits when more than one thousand persons are accommodated.
6. Fire towers required. In buildings exceeding sixty feet in height, at least
one stairway shall be a fire tower;provided that in sprinklered buildings in which two or
more stairways conforming to the requirements of this article are provided, such fire
tower shall not be required unless the building exceeds one hunched feet in height,
7. Roiler room exits. Every building, except dwellings, in which high pressure
steam boilers,or apparatus using or producing gas or vapor,are placed below grade,shall
have in addition to the primary interior stairway stationary iron ladders or stairs lead-
ing directly through a manhole to the street from the story in which such boiler room or
such apparatus is located, or some other direct exit to the exterior, unless a second
separate exit by an enclosed stairway or a horizontal exit is provided.
Section 603—Location.
1. IM tanggy to exits. Exits shall be so located that no point in a floor-area,room
or space served by them is more than one hundred feet.distant from an exit,measured
along the line of travel; except that when a floor-area is subdivided into smaller areas,
such as rooms in hotels and office buildings, the distance from the door of any room,
along an unobstructed hallway, to an exit, shall be not more than one hundred and
twenty-five feet,
2. Remoteness. Where separate exits are required for a floor-area,they shall be
placed as remote from each other as practicable.
3. Uniform distribution. Where more than two exits are required, they shall
be distributed as uniformly as practicable within or around the floor-area,room or space
they'are to serve, to effect a rapid discharge of occupants.
4. Outlets.
(a). Every required stairway, except in dwellings, shall lead, either directly or
through a passage-way or hallway to a street, or to an open space that communicates
with a street. z
(b). In buildings more than two stories high above grade with roofs having a pitch
of not more than one in four, at least one required staimay shall continue to the roof..
(c). In buildings more than three stories high shove grade, when there are two or.
more required stairways, at least two shall continue to the roof; provided that in case
of roofs having a pitch exceeding one in four, such stairways shall be connected by a.
communicating hallway in the top story.
Section 60,1—Interior Stairways.
1. Construetion.
(a). Required stairways shall be constructed of incombustible materials through-
out, except in buildings of frame-construction, and in buildings of ordinary-construe-
tion,and in buildings of ordinary-construction not exceeding thirty feet to the floor of
the topmost story and occupied by not more than forty persons above or below the
first story above grade.
.._ Section 105—Other Certificates.
1. For completed structures. Upon the completion of the construction,alte _.
tion or repair of a structure, the building-official shall if so requested by the holde`
the:,peirnit, issue a certificate to the effect that the structure has been complete
conformity with the provisionsof this ordinance,and indicating the use'or uses to '
the structure may thereafter be put and to what extent.
2. For completed instollatious. a' r•
When a certificate is s aecificall required h
Y I y a provision of this ordinance for
an installation, extension, alteration or repair of an elevator or elevator equipment, ?
Plumbing, gas-piping, electric wiring or heating system, it shall be unlawful to use or
permit the use of the installation,equipment orappliance to which such provision applies,
until the appropriate certificate has been issued.
Section 106--Unsafe Buildings.
1. Removal or repair of building.
(a). A building or structure that may be or shall at any time hereafter become
dangerous or unsafe, shall, unless made safe and secure, be taken down and removed.
(b). A building or structure declared structurally unsafe by duly constituted 1?
;YC
-authority may be restored to safe condition; provided that if the damage or cost of re-
construction or restoration is in excess of fifty per cent of the value of the building or
structure exclusive of foundations, such building, or structure, if reconstructed or •.-
restored, shall be made to conform with respect to materials and It pe of construction,..'
to tht: requirements for buildings and structures hereafter erecte(i; but no change of
use or occupancy shall be compelled by reason of,such reconstruction or restoration.,;
2. Notice of unsafe Indidin
(a). Upon receipt of information that'a building or structure is unsafe,tbe'6uild�f
ing-official shall make or cause to be made an inspection;and if it is found that an'''unsafe
condition exists, he shall serve or cause to be served on the owner, or some one of the
50
_ .............
! (b)i VM1heu trends or.landin KS are of elate;inn�b 4 shall
I be sins for the'tt titif len�ggtth atitd.,wid( 'by sc� d st es;at Icast tine•eighth
of an di it }iibts',securely fasteaea. Wfliett s�lrsref goon n the treads w4
and lAbditlgti rrAay.be golidly sudported for tai fM entire Icf1 t *�itt`d+wi t2 �tltem aterials
of which iU�t(�rtair�"nrc constructed."
(e):''''y0di"ind landings, shall be constructed and maintained in a mnnner to
prevent p4ir,W from:slipping thereon,
2.:,..
Eric hMures.
IiiV ..
e`(y building exceeding thirty feet to the',(ioor of the topmost story or
oc(A ed'b�Ittd ,than forty persons above or below the first story above grade and in
multif=fami yvhouiies more than two stories Ill 6I interior required stairways, including
hallways connecting them to the doorway Ieauling to the outside,shall be enclosed with
fire-partitions
In all other buildings,except dwellings, interior required stairways which are
not enclosed in fire-partitions,shall he enclosed in part itions of wood studs firestopped at
s every floor with incombustible material and covered on both sides with expanded metal
lath and gypsum-mortar not less than three-quarters of an inch thick, or of other con-
struction having a fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour.
.; (c). All interior stairways in buildings other than dwellings, connecting two or
ff more stories, whether required as exits or not, shall be enclosed as prescriber) in this
section for the required stairways in the building; provided that when such stairways
do not serve as required exits and do not connect more than two stories the enclosure
may be of a construction having,a fire resistance rating of not less than one hour,in the
assembly of which no combustible material shall be used when the building is of fire-
proof-con st ruc t ion; and provided further that an enclosure shall not be required for a
flight of stairs from the main entrance floor to the floor next above %%-lien such stairs
are not apart of a required stairway, nor for a flight of stairs in a building of fireproof-
construction,semi-fireproof-construction or a sprinklered building of ordinary-construc-
tion,%%-bell such stairs connect only one story w ith one other story immediately above or
below it.
(d). Openings. No openings except the necessary doorways, shall be permitted
tin a stair enclosure required by this section. Such doorway shall be equipped with ap-
proved self-closing fire doors, except that when fire-partitions are not required for the
enclosure, substantial self-closing meta)or metal covered doors or wooden doors of the
flush type of nominal thickness of one and three-eights inches may be used. This shall
not however, prohibit windows opening io the exterior of the building.
3. Basement stairs.
(a). Except in dwellings, no stair leading up from a lower story shall be placed
under an exit stairway leading from an upper story, unless such stair and exit stairway
are enclosed within the lower story by a fire-partition,and with an unbroken ceiling con-
! struction, having a fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour, on the soffit of the
{ flight through the lowest story of the stairway from above.
(b). In public-buildings no exit stair or stairway from a lower story shall lead to
an exit doorway serving an exit stair or stairway from an upper story. ,,
(c). No other stair or stairway from a lower story shall lead to ail`exit doorway
serving an exit stair or stairway from an upper story,unless such stair br stairway from
below is separated at its upper end from the stair or stairway from above by fire-
partitions.
4. Moving stairs. Moving stairs, such as escalators, moving downward %%-lien
serving stories above the doorway to the exterior of the building or moving upward
when serving stories below such doorway, and moving stairs moving in the opposite
i directions which are equipped at the head of each flight with a device for slopping all
flight simultaneously, may he used as required stairways; provided they conform in all
respects,except niinununi width,to requirements of this section. The width shall not
i be less than twenty-four inches, and no credit for additional width shall be allowed in
i determining exit capacity unless the width exceeds forty-four inches.
5. Widtli.
(a). The minimum unobstructed width of a stairway serving as a required exit,
except for handrails projecting not more than three and one-half inches into such width,
shall be not less than forty-four inches;provided that in dwellings, i n lti-family-houses
and storage-buildings, and in other buildings occupied by a single tenant and limited
in occupancy to forty persons,such width may be thirty-six inches.
(b). The aggregate width of exit stairways in any story,except in places of assem-
bly, shall be such that they may accommodate at one time the total number of persons
1 permitted to occupy the largest floor-area served by such stairways above that story,
i on the basis of one person for each three and one-half square feet of floor surface of the
1 hails, landings and stair treads within the stairways; provided that, when the build-
1
51
..;7:�Aa,:.ing is eprigo ofed, the required aggregate exit capacity may be reduced to t'o-thirdr ,
in buildings of heavy timber-construction or ordinary-construction, and to,:one•half.�.
in buildings of fireproof•construction or semi-fireproof•construction; and when hors-'�
zontal exits are provided in accordance with the requirements of this article,the required'
aggregate exit capacity may be reduced to one-third. The term story as used in'this
paragraph means the space included between two successive levels at which there are
exit doors leading into the stairway.
(c). in places of assembly, such aggregate width shall be not less than atthe'ratc
of twenty-two inches for every one hundred persons to be accommodated by such stair-
ways,
(d). The halfway or corridor connecting a stairway with the exit doors leading
to the street,or to it court or open space communicating with a street,shall have a clear
width of not less than the aggregate required widths of stairways served thereby.
6. ''Trcads and risers.
(a). Treads and risers of required stairs shall be so proportioned that tile product
of the-width of tread,exclusive of nosing,and the height of riser,in inches,shall be not
lessthan seventy nor more than seventy-five;but risers shall not exceed seven and three•
quarter inches in height,and treads,exclusive of nosing, shall he not less than nine and
one-half incheswide;provided that in schoolsthe proportion and dimensionsof thetreads
and risers ma) in the discretion of the building—official, be adjusted to suit the age
of the pupils for which the school is intended. 'Treads and risers shall be of uniform
width and height in any one flight.
(b). The use of winders is prohibited in required stairways.
7. Landings.
(a). No flight of stairs shall have a vertical rise of more than twelve feet between
floors or landings; provided that in stairways serving as exits in public-buildings such
vertical rise shall not exceed eight feet.
(b). The length and width of landings shall be not less than the width of stairways
in which they occur,
(c). In public-buildings flights of less than four steps shall not be used in stair-
ways,interior or exterior,fire towers,passageways,at entrances or elsewhere in connec-
tion with required exits. To overcome lesser differences in level,gradients not exceed-
ing one foot in ten may be used,
8:. Handrails.
(a).` Except where permitted in aisles,stairs shall have walls or well secured balus-
trades or,guards on both sides.
(b).-. Such stairs when less than forty-four inches in width shall have handrails on
at least'one side.
(c): Such stairs when required to be forty-four inches or more in width shall have
handrails on both sides.
(d). When the required width of a flight of stairs exceeds eighty-eight inches, an
intermediate handrail,continuous between landings,substantially supported and termi-
nating at the upper end in newels or standards at least six feet high, shall be provided.
9. Space under stairs. Except in dwellings, the space under stairs built in
whole or in part of combustible materials shall be left entirely open and kept clear and
free from encumbrance.
Section 605—Fire Towers.
Except as herein otherwise specified fire towers shall conform to the requirements .
of this article for interior stairways. The enclosing walls shall be approved masonry,
brick, or reinforced concrete not less than eight inches thick and having
4-hour standard fire rating, There shall be no openings in such walls, except
for the necessary doors or windows. Access to the stairway at each story served by
a fire tower shall be by vestibules or outside balconies having solid floors of incom-
bustible materials and provided with substantial railings. Such balconies or vestibules
shall adjoin either a street or a court not less than,tett feet wide nor less than one hun-
dred and fifty square feet in area,and the permisiibld doors and windows in the enclos-
ing walls shall open on such street or court. The balconies or vestibules shall be level
with the floors of the building and the stair landings of the fire tower. Self-closing fire
doors, swung in the direction of travel from the budding to the fire tower,shall be pro-
vided at both building and fire tower ends of such balcony or vestibule. The clear
width of such connecting balconies and vestibules shall be not less than that required
for hallways.
52
Smokeproolt Tower with OuJ'side.8akony frJ once 4'b'''`' paaa
Plar, ' Z7evaPinn
A7teriDY of
lire Daor
Outside)halco�, Outolds
So hi1{/Oor WWI pp
- ,yaTCOJ�
Smoke
proote Tower wl-th Vestih ileb7 ranee
Plan Eort o l
1 1
ii
E � Vestibule ; �
openln 1
iI
1 lXltn�
1 from floor 1 i
{ Interior Ole i ceil7ng 1
``I q .Butldin� i Re;lin�
0
I
1
1
i 1
'� �FlOaYLi17G
Air
Veae.W bule, +—Rre Door
R'
' Raih'n� `VestibLle Openins
Typical arrangernents for fire towers.
No direct cone nunicatiol,with building.
Section 606—I1orizontal Txits.
1. ? General. I-Jorizontal exits shall consist of vestibules, open air balconies,
bridges, or doorways through firewalls or fire-partitions, connecting t�.0 floor-areas.
This construction and arrangement shall be as prescribed in this section.
Connected r e f horizontal
shall be suffic entto old the occur nt's of bothfloor a ,
reasallowingnotless than th three
j and one-half square feet of clear floor space per person.
53
Stairways. On each side of a horizontal exit there shall be at least one
W. or stairway or fire tower conforming q
q to the requirements of this article, ads uate
,the number of occupants on either side of such horizontal exit.
Vestibules and. balconlf'M. When vestibules or open air balconies are used,
1 a11 conform to the requirements for vestibules or open air balconies of lire towers.
Bridges. When bridges are used they shall he constructed of incombustible
?'` "• ttla•terial. The clear width of such bridges shall be not less than required for hallways.
. 6. Opeuin s. All doorways or windows opening on, under or within ten feet of
vea ibulest alconies or bridges shall be equipped with self-closing fire doors or
a?�;upiroved fire windows.
7• Gradients. Where there is a difference in level bett%een the connected floor-
a,gradients of not more than one foot in ten feet shall be provided. No stairs or
steps s hall be used in a horizontal exit.
,Section 607—Exterior Stairways.
1. Materials. Exterior stairs or stairways hereaf ter•erected under the provi-
sions of this article, shall be constructed of incombustible materials and shall conform
in other respects,except as to enclosure, to the requirements of this article for interior
stairways.
2. Access. Each story served by an exterior stairway, shall have a doorway,
equipped with an approved self-closing fire door,leading to such stairway.
3. Oknnings protected. All doors and windows opening;on or within ten feet
of such stairs or stairways or of fire escapes as hereinafter provided, shall be protected
by approved self•closing fire doors or approved fire windows.
4. Metal guards. Unless otherwise enclosed, metal mesh or other rigid guards
at least four feet high shall be provided throughout on each unenclosed side of such
stairs or stairways.
5. I:nelosures. If exterior stairways are enclosed on any side, such enclosures
shall be of approved-masonry or incombustible materials.
6. Glass. Glass used in the construction of enclosures shall be wired glass.
7. Fire escapes.
(a). Exterior fire escapes which are hereafter constructed by direction of the
building-official on buildings of three or more stories heretofore erected and which, by "
reason of location or other physical limitations, cannot be constructed to conform fully
to the requirements for exterior stairways, shall, however, be constructed of incom-
bust ible materials.
(b). Such fire escapes shall be of sufficient strength to sustain a liveload of one
hundred pounds per square foot on balconies and a concentrated load of four hundred
pounds on stair treads.
(c). They shall be so placed that they can be readily and safety reached by the
occupants of the building.
(d). Unless the stair or ladder leading to the ground at the foot of such a fire
escape is permanently fixed,the stair or ladder shall be constructed with counterbalanc-
ing devices that permit it to be easily and quickly released and placed in rigid position
for use.
(e). Such fire escapes shall be so located that safe egress will be provided at the .
foot of the same to a street either directly or through a fireproof passage.
(t). Such fire escapes shall be spacious enough that the movements of those using
the fire escape will not be retarded.
Section 608—Passageways.
1.' Width. The clear width of passageways serving as required exits shall be not
less than at the rate of twelve inches for every one hundred persons to be accommodated
but not less than five feet in any case.
2. 114-ight. Such passageways shall have a clear height of not less than eight feet.
3. Openings. No such passageway shall serve more than two doorways,or stair-
ways, or one of each.
4. Floor. When the floors of such passageways are not level, gradients of not
more than one toot in ten feet may be used; provided that at a door leading into a
passageway or at the foot of a stairway, the floor shall be level across the entire width
of the passageway and along its length for a distance of twelve inches more than the
width of the door,and for a distance of not less than forty-four inches at the foot of the
stairway.
s
L7;1ii i'
54
b. Enelt►attre. 'I c enclosin walls, floors and ceilings of such Fasogways:is 11
have a fire resistance rating of not less than two hours,and shall be',with6ut,opAttio
.. ' other than necessary doorways or stairwells.
n `` Section 609—Hallways.
The clear width of every hallwt► 6rr;psi'iiiage:1 ''tg 'd a,required exit. shall be not
less than at the rate of twelve inched 4Ot ei ib �t" d )C, rsons to be accommodated
but not;lew;than forty-four inches;provid th�t,�iitAwtllingti and triulti-family-houses
or in casn,lebs than forty*Persons are to be accomifibdated,the minimum clear width may
be thirty-six inches.
Section 610—Doorways.
1. Width. No exit door shall be less than thirty-six inches in width. The aggre-
gate clear width of doorways serving as exits for more than forty persons shall be not less
than at the rate of twenty-two inches for every one hundred persons to be accommodated.
2. Hanging of doors.
(a). The doors of required doorways shall be so hung and arranged that when
opened they shall not in any way diminish or obstruct the required width of passageway,
hallway, stair, or other means of exit.
(b). Except in residence-buildings doorways serving as required exits to a street
or to a court or open space comnumicating with a street, shall have the floors including
ithe doors of vestibules,so hunt;as to swing outwards when opening;but this requirement
shall not be construed to prohibit the use of doors,swinging both inwards and outwards,
nor of sliding doors in stables, garages, or shipping and receiving rooms of business-
buildings and storage-buildings.
(c). Exit doors leading from rooms occupied by fifteen or more persons, shall be
hung to swing in the direction of exit travel.
M. No exit door shall open immediately on a flight of stairs, but a landing the
length and width of which are not less than the width of such door, shall be provided
between such door and such stairs. No riser shall be located within one foot of an exit
door.
i 3. Revolving doors.
(a). Revolving doors, to be acceptable as exit doors, shall have a width equal to
that required for an acceptable swinging door,the width in the case of such a door with
rigid braces being the width of a single swing, and in the case of such a floor in which
the wings may be readily released from one another by pressure so they may swing
independently, being the aggregate clear width of the two openings on each side of the
central shaft.
(b). Revolving doors shall not be used as exit doors in public-buildings or institu-
tional-buildings, nor shall they be used as exit doors in buildings occupied as stores
where more than seventy-five persons are likely to be congregated, unless there are also
exit doors of the swinging type, having an aggregate %%idth of at least fifty per cent of
required width of exit doors and there is at least one swinging door adjacent to each
revolving door.
4. Door fastenings:
(a). Fastenings on required exit doors shall,be such that the door may be readily
opened from the inside without the use of keys;provided that this requirement shall not
apply to the doors of rooms where persons are under legal restraint,nor to doors of room
or floor areas while such rooms or floor-area are not occupied by any persons.
(b). Draw bolts shall not be used in places of assembly.
Section 611—Alaixxtenance.
1. 101iysical condition. All required exits and fire escapes shall at all times be
maintained in good, safe, usable condition, and shall at all times during occupancy be
kept free and clear of obstructions and readily accessible.
2. Exit signs.
(a). Required exits shall be indicated by suitable lights; provided that exits from
floor-areas occupied as theatres,dance halls and other places of assembly,and from audi-
toriums accommodating more than seventy-five persons shall be plainly marked by
approved exit signs,sufficiently illuminated when the floor-area is occupied to be readily
distinguished.
(b). Enclosed interior stairways and exterior stairways, which are provided in or
\ for a building in addition to the required stairways and which do not conform to the
55
ppWVlblon's of this article for required stairways,shall be marked in a suitable manner to
'[ndl&te that they are not approved exits,but may be marked to indicate the extent to
'41itch they can be used as means of egress.
3. Lighting.
(a). Required stairways, passageways, hallways and other means of exit includ-
ing exterior open spaces to or through which exits lead!shall be kept adequately lighted
at all times that the building served thereby is occupied. .
(b). Artificial lighting shall be provided whenever natural lighting is itiadeq?late.
(c). In auditoriums and assembly halls the lighting shall be such during occupancy
that the light intensity at every point thirty inches above the floor is not less than five-
tenths of a candle power except during a performance requiring dimming or darkness;
provided that during the showing of motion pictures where it is the practice for,patrons
to proceed to and from seats at any time such light intensity shall be not less than
five-one-hundredths of a candle potter.
(d). Lights required to comply with the provisions of this section and lights in
EPPublic-buildings that are likely to be or become dangerous in any way to occupants,shall
protected by suitable wire netting or other efficient means against breakage and other
hazards.
(e). In public buildings and institutional-buildings the artificial lighting required
by this subdivision shall be by electricity so arranged and supplied that the interruption
of service on any circuit inside the building will not result in total interruption of the
required lighting.
4. Storage prohibited. No part of a stairway,whether interior or exterior,nor
of a fire totter, nor of a hallway, corridor, vestibule, balcony,or bridge leading to a
stairway or exit of any kind,shall be used for any other than exit purpose.
5. Radiators. No coil or radiator, or steam riser shall be placed in a stairway,
passageway,hallway or other means of exit,nor in an aisle of a floor-area in which seat-
ing accommodation is provided, unless the same be placed in a recess formed in or by
the stalls or partitions and guarded by substantial metal screen for a height of not less
than six feet.
ARTICLE I'll.
MATERIALS, LOADS AND STRESSES
Section 700—Quality of Materials.
All building materials shall be of a quality to meet the intent of this ordinance, and
shall conform to specifications, consistent with its requirements, promulgated as rules
by the building—official in accordance with provisions of this ordinance relating to
administration.
Section 701—Tests.
1. Accepted materials: In case there is reason to doubt the quality of a material
to be used in a building or structure,the building—official n ny require tests to be made to
establish its suitability or to determine whether it conforms t o t he intent of this ordi-
nance.
2. New materials,appliances and construction.
(a). New building materials or materials not otherwise provided for in this ordi-
nance, shall be subjected to such tests, to determine their character and quality,as the
building—official shall direct.
(b). Appliances permitted or required by provisions of this ordinance and new
methods of construction shall be subjected to such tests to determine their efficiency,as
the building-official shall prescribe.
3. Conduct of tests. Tests required under this section shall be conducted under
the supervision of the building—official at a testing laboratory of recognized standing.
Duly authenticated tests by a competent person or laboratory may be accepted by him
in lieu of tests under his oars supervision. So far as practicable test procedure shall be
described in rules duly promulgated in accordance with the provisions of this ordinance.
4. Approvals. Any material, appliance,or method of construction meeting the
requirements of this ordinance or rules authorized thereunder shall be approved by the
budding-official within a reasonable time after the completion of the tests. All such
approvals and the conditions under which they are issued shall be reported and kept on
file,open to public inspection..
i
;ra
56
lift Condlt3ons attacbtng,to approvals.
x (a), ,:TVletetls;a plianCes or methods of construction which have been tested and
apliroved shall lie weed and installed in accordance with the terms of approval.
(b): it shall be unlawful to use any brand mark on any other material'or appliance
than that for which the approval was issued,
6. Additional tests. The building-official may require tests to be repeated, lx�
if at any time there is reason to believe that a material or appliance no longer conforms:{, ?
to the requirements on which its approval was based.. '!i
7. Tests on completed wvork. In case there is reason to question the safety of
a floor or other structural part of a building or structure in course of construction or .
before a certificate of occupancy has been,'-,issued,the building-official may require tine
owner or builder to make load tests or other"suitable tests to determine the acceptability
of the construction. Such tests shall be made under the supervision of tite building.
official and shall show that the!constidetion in question will sustain without serious
distress a load equal to twice the designed live-load,
II. Itejeetion. Any material, appliance or metl�ocl of construction failing to
conform to the requirements of this ordinance or rules adopted thereunder shall not be'
used.
Section 702—Weights of Materia181.
For the purpose of estimating dead-loads,•iti the absence of more definite informa-
1 tion, the weights of buildings materials in pounds, per cubic foot, shall be assumed
to be as follows:
Brickwork. ......................................................120
Concrete,stone.............. ........... ................144
Concrete,cinder..:............................../..................108
Gypsum block.... 48
Hollow tile, wall bearing............................................ 60
Hollow tile, partition............................................... 54
i Plaster, mortar..... ... ....................................... 96
Granite,bluestone annd.marble.......................................168
Limestone..................................... .................156
Sandstone.........................................................144
Oak...... .. ................................................ 48
Southern yellonv pine... .. .................... 42
Cypress, larch,short leaf yellow pine and tamarack.................... 36
Douglas fir, Port Orford cedar,hemlock,redwood,spruce,and white pine. 30
Western cedar..................................................... 24
Section 703—Loads.
1. General.
(a). Every building and structure shall be designed and erected of sufficient
strength in all its parts to sustain safely all live-loads depending thereon, whether
permanent or temporary, in addition to the dead-loads.
(b). Every temporary support placed in or under a building or structure shall be
of sufficient strength to carry.safely the load to be supported thereby.
2. FI(mr loads. No floor hereafter erected in a building shall be designed for less
than the following live-loads per square foot of area uniformly distributed,according as
the floor may be intended to be used for the purposes indicated:
40 pounds for habitable-rooms or other residence purposes;
50 pounds for office,clerical or administrative purposes;
100 pounds for places of assembly or other rooms in pub)ic-buildings,except that for
classrooms of schools the floor need not be designed for more than 50 pounds;and 125
pounds for any other purpose.
NOTE.—This subdivision does not relieve the designer or builder of a building or
structure from the necessity of providing the necessary strength in the construction to
carry tite loads that are to be actually imposed. It merely prescribes live loads for less
than which no building or structure shall be designed. In Appendix A some actual and,
probable loads for various occupancies are listed, with notes on tine effect of certain
load concentrations.
3. Concentrated floor loads. Every floor hereafter erected in a business-
building or storage-building shall be designed to sustain safely a load of two thousand
pounds placed upon any space two and one-half feet square wherever such load upon
an otherwise unloaded floor would produce stresses greater than the uniformly dis-
tributed load for which the floor is designed.
57
stairways and passageways.
.,..,.Stairways, passaggeways, and hallways, aisles or similalr? 5tloes.thAC"i)tit, t
}�trti-.�� »btitut&`.pgrts of floors otltcrw isc provided[or,shall be design�dto sgstuiti aaii
„� ,.; loads oEinot leas than 100 pounds per square foot uniformly distributed.
No safe or other concentrated load shall be placed on a stair landing or t
1; stair hall, nor shall its weight he carried by a beans which also carries the floor of ad
landing or stair hall. Rft
5. Roof loads. t
(a). Lvery roof hereafter erected, having a rise of four inches or less per foo s
of horizontal projection shall be designed to carry safely a vertical live-load of not 1
than thirty pounds per square foot of horiibnt l projection.
(b). Every roof hereafter erected, having a rise of more than four inches and no `:.'�
more than,tweive inches per foot of horizontal projection shall be designed to carry,"Ill,,
safely a vertical live-load of not less than twenty pounds per square foot of horizontal .,
projection;
(c). Every roof hereafter erected, having a rise of more than twelve inches per
foot of horizontal projection,shall be designed to carry safely a wind force acting normal
to the roof surface, on one slope at a time, of twenty pounds per square foot of such
surface,
(d). When a roof,in addition to serving as a closure of a building or structure, is
to be used as floor, it shall be designed to carry safely the live-load to be imposed but
not less than the minimum live-load prescribed in this section, for floors.
6. Sidewalk loads. For street surfaces and roofs over vaults and areas between
the curb and building-line,the liveload shall be taken at three hundred pounds per square
foot uniformly distributed.
7. Yard and court loads. For yards and courts inside the lot lines the live-
loads shall be taken at not less than one hundred and twerity-five pounds per square
foot uniformly distributed.
8. Reduction in live loads. Except in buildings used for storage purposes, in
designing a column, girder, truss, wall, pier or foundation, carrying _tore titan one
floor,the live-loads of the floors dependent for support on such column, girder, truss,
wall, pier or foundation may be reduced,but shall not be taken at less than the follow-
ing e percentages of the live-load for which such floors were designed, to wit: One hun-
drd per cent for the topmost floor, ninety per cent for the floor next below the top floor,
eighty per cent for the floor next below that, and at correspondingly decreasing per-
centages for lower floors,but in no case at less than fifty per cent for any floor.
Section 704—Wind Pressure.
1. When considered. All buildings and structures shall be designed to resist a
horizontal wind pressure on all surfaces exposed to the wind, allowing for wind in any
direction, of not less than fifteen pounds per square foot for those portions less than
forty feet above ground, and of not less than thirty pounds per square foot for those
portions more than forty feet above ground.
2. Stability. The overturning moment due to wind pressure shall not exceed
seventy-five per cent of the moment of stability disregarding live-loads unless the
building�or structure is securely anchored to the foundation.
3. Allowable Stresses.
(a). For combined stresses due to wind and other loads,the working stresses pre-
scribed in this article may be increased thirty-three and one-third per cent: provided .
the section thus found is not less than that required by the dead-load and live-loads
alone.
(b). For members carrying wind stresses only, the permissible working stresses
may be increased thirty-three and one-third per cent for steel and fifty per cent of re-
inforced-concrete or wood.
Section 705—Posti►ig Floor Capacities.
1. New buildings. The live-load for which each floor, or part of a floor,,of a
business-building or a storage-building hereafter erected is designed and approved shall
be conspicuously posted in that part of the story to which it applies.
2. Existing buildings. In every business-building or storage-building hereto-
fore erected in which heavy loads or concentrations occur or machinery is introduced,
the owner or occupant shall cause the weight that each floor will safely sustain to be
estimated by a competent person and filed with the building-official, and when accepted
by him posted as provided for new buildings.
58 ' .
m.. >i:;
S v` No person shall place or cause or permit to be placed >.,•;
i on a oi':on any part of a structure a greater load than the appry ;y
or a
i Seej'ti`:706—Working Stresses.
i s .. :.
": lsertcral requirementp.
(a). Every building or structure hereafter erected and all new construction in the
i alteration of an existing buildin);or structure shall be so designed aq.4 Mltrueted that
the working stresses fixed in this section are not exceeded. In usin r� Ytresses,the
effects of all loads and conditions of loading and the influence o(all Q : ";affecting the
design and strength of the several parts shall be taken into account.�,t d°"..;'
(b). Higher stresses than herein specified may be used but on� a ?(t is clearly
established, by test or other satisfactory evidence, that material of a higher grade or a
superior worktnanship than is generally provided in accepted good practice is to be em-
ployed. The use of higher stresses; however, shall not be allowed until a statement,
giving the reasons for such permission together with the facts and circumstances on
which it is based, is placed on file and made a part of the official record of the permit.
(c). For materials permitted in the construction of buildings or structures which
are not provided for in this section,the building-official shall by rule establish working
j stresses.
2. Natural stone. The working stresses in pounds per square inch,on natural
stones in compression,shall be taken as follows:
Sandstone,.. 400
t Marble. .............. ..... 600
Limestone............................ ........................... 700
Sl ate. ...................................................... ..1000
Granite..........................................................1000
3. Masonry.
(a). The working stresses,in pounds per square inch,in masonry in compression
shall be taken as follows:
When laid
i Portland Natural In Cement Lime
Cement Mortar Cement Mortar Lime Mortar Mortar
iBrickwork.............. 175 140 140 75
Hollow walls of brick.... 125 100 100 —
Ashlar masonry, dressed
{ granite............. 800 .640 640 400
I Ashlar masonry, dressed
1 limestone......,,,. 500 400 400 250
Ashlar masonry, dressed
marble............. 500 400 400 250
j Ashlar masonry, dressed
I sandstone.......... 400 320 320 160
Rubble stone.,,....,... 140 100 100 —
Hollow-block,gross area. 80 70 70 —
Solid-block,gross area... 125 100 100
Concrete, when Portland
cement is used...... 500
Concrete, when natural
cement is used...... 150
( Grout, neat Portland ce-
ment, in thin layers
under bases only,.,. 1000
t (b). In walls faced with stone architectural terra cotta or other approved facing
material,only the backing shall be assumed to take load and the working stress in such
backing shall be taken as that prescribed for the type masonry used as backing;provided
that when such facing is brick, cast stone or stone ashlar bounded with the backing to
the extent of twenty per cent,the wall for its entire thickness may be assumed to carry'
,and the working stress shall be taken as that prescribed herein for the type of
+•ry used as backing.
Reinforced concrete.
ced concrete shall be designed and constructed in:accordance
w,if egulations for Reinforced Concrete"as adopted by the American
Coil A tlatitue�; 6 d:`a11 subsequent revisions,
9
r } Yn vertically reinforced-concrete columns having not less than one-half nor.
mgte.i: 'an two 1)er cent of vertical reinforcement secured against lateral displacement by
ol'u{-4uarter-inch steel ties spaced• not more than twelve inches apart,:the working .
stresses in pounds per square inch shall be taken at not more than 450 in the concrete
and 6,750 in the vertical reinforcement.
(c). In laterally reinforced-concrete columns having not less than one nor more
than six per cent of vertical reinforcement, and reinforced laterally by steel hoops or
spirals of not less than one-quarter of the volume of the longitudinal reinforcement,
?` ',• evenly and rigidly spaced not farther apart than one-sixth of the diameter of the en-
� `y,,:. closed column nor more than three inches, the working stresses in pounds per square
inch shall vary with the percentage of vertical reinforcement as follows:
for a percentage of............ 1 2 3 4 5 6
in the concrete.. .............. 580 660 740 820 900 980
in the steel .................. 8700 9900 11100 12300 13500 14700
the percentage of reinforcement being the volume of the steel divided by the volume of
the concrete within the hoops or spir;Its.
(d), In reinforced-concrete columns, the ratio of length to least side or diameter
shall not exceed fifteen;and the least.side or diameter shall be not less than twelve inches;
provided that for columns supporting not more than one floor or a roof the least side
or diameter may be six inches.
(e), In columns of structural steel thoroughly encased in concrete the working
stress shall be taken at nor more than fifteen thousand pounds per square inch on the
structural steel. The encasing concrete shall be not less than three inches thick at
every point outside the structural steel and shall be reinforced with not less than one
per cent of steel, o[ which at least fifty per cent shall be disposed in the form of spiral
reinforcement or horizontal bands or hoops uniformly spaced. Such reinforcement shall
be placed not nearer than one inch to either the structural steel nor the outer surface of
the encasing concrete. The ratio of length to least radius of gyration of the structural
steel section shall not exceed one hundred and twenty.
5. Steel.
(a), The working stresses, in pounds per square inch, in steel shall be taken as
follows:
Tension.. ....... .......... 18,000
Compression in short lengths, when lateral deflection is prevented........... 18,000
Compression in columns, maximum...................................... 15,000
Extreme fiber stress in flexure,in tension,and incompression when unsupported
length is not more than fifteen times the breadth...................... 18,000
Fiber stress in pins.... ............................................. 27,000
Shear in web plates, maximum... .................................... 12,000
Shear in pins and power driven rivets.............•....................,. 13,500
Shear in hand driven rivets and bol ts.................................... 10,000
Bearing on pins and power driven rivets in single shear.................... 2.1,000
Bearing on pins and power driven rivets in double shear. .................. 30,000
Bearing on hand driven rivets and bolts in single shear. . . ................. 16,000
Bearing on hand driven rivets and bolts in double shear.................... 20,000'
(b). The working stresses, in pounds per square inch of cross-section, for steel
columns and struts shall vary with the ratio of unsupported length to least radius of
gyration of the section, as follows:
For a ratio of
200 5,588 130 9,284 90 12,414
190 5,989 120 10,000 85 12,844
180 6,429 115 10,376 80 13,279
170 6,908 110 10,764 75 13,714
160 7,431 105 11,163 70 14,148
150 8,000 100 11,571 65 14,578
140 8,617 95 11,989 60 15,000
For intermediate ratios the working stresses shall be proportioned to those given.
For structural members subjected to stress due to dead-loads or live-loads, the ratio
of one hundred and twenty shall not be exceeded. For members subjected to stress due
only to wind or vibration the ratio of two hundred shall not be exceeded.
(c). The compressive working stress in flanges of beams and girders when the ratio
of unsupported length to breadth exceeds fifteen shall be reduced at a uniform rate from
17,950 for the ration of fifteen to 11,200 for the ration of forty.
(d). Combined stress due to flexure and axial stress shall not exceed that allowed
for either flexure or axial stress alone.
f
i
i.
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(c). The tihearing working ittese iii tite Grose section of webs of built-up,gitilers tiod
rolled shapes shall vary with the ratio of the uueupoorted disthncC;bitfkon Ganges or
i stiffeners,twhichetrer is less,and the thickness of the web;A4 fl;pi>f6hif r*from 11,500
when the ration is fifty to 3,800 when the ration is one hundred find ilixtyr'.'
(f). The working stresses, in pounds per square inch,:on sections through throat
of weld to welded joints shall not exceed the following: .
Shear., ....................11,300
Tension. :.......................13,Ono
Compression.. .................................15,000
Extreme fiber stress,tension side... ..............................13,000
Extreme fiber stress,compression side.............................15,000
provided that adequate provision shall be made for bending stresses due to eccentricity,
if any, in the'disposition of base metal parts.
6. Cast iron.
(a). The working stresses,in pounds per square inch, in cast iron,shall be taken as
follows:
Direct compression in short blocks. ...............................16,000
Extreme fiber stress in compression...............................:12,000
Extreme fiber stress in tension.. 3,000
Shear.. 3,000
3 (b). The working stresses, in pounds per square inch of cross-section for hollow
cast Iron columns shall vary with the ratio of unsupported length to least radius of
gyration of the section, as follows:
for a ratio of 120 2,700 70 6,200
110 3,600 60 6,600
100 4,500 50 7,000
90 5,400 40 7,400
80 5,800 30 7,800
For immediate ratios the working stresses shall be proportionate to those given.
The maximum ratio here given shall not be exceeded,
(c). Cast iron columns shall not be subjected to tensile stresses.
7. Wood.
(a). The working stresses, in pounds per square inch, in lumber and timber shall
' be given as in the following table:
Extreme Shear Compression
Fiber and with Across
Direct Tension the Grain the Grain
Cedar:western red........,... 720 64 200
I northern and southern
_ white. .. .............. 600 56 175
Port Orford... ........... 880 72 250
Alaska..............•..,. 880 72 250
Cypress: southern..... 1,040 80 350
Douglas fir: coast region....,.. 1,200 72 325
Rocky Mountain region,... 880 68 275
Fir: balsam............. ..... 207 56 ISO
golden, noble,silver,
white.................... 880 56 300
Hemlock: west coast.......,.. 1,040 60 300
eastern.. . ............... 800 56 300
j Larch: western ............. 960 80 325
Oak: red and white. ..... ,,,.. 1,120 100 500
Pine: southern.,,, .. 1,200 88 325
California, Idaho and
'++�~•- northern white,Pondosa and
sugar............... ..... 720 68 250
Norway.................. 880 68 300
>ltedwood..................... 960 56 250 r..,
y' ce; red,white,Sitka....... 880 68 2S0 ��
glemann............ . 600 ' 56 17S
w` ' eastern...........: 960 76 300
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When timber is used in a wet locaition or exposed to the weather the workltig
i' str. �bhall be appropriately reduced.
�, The working stresses, in pounds per square inch, of cross-section for,xbp Gtr•
I its shall;Vary with the ration of unsupported length to diameter or leant wlder w
followfa:.'.
For a ratio of 12 or less.......... 16 20 25 30 35• " '4d ' y 50
Cedar: western red..,.. ....... 553 538 505 425 304 224 171 110 �
Douglas fir: coast region.... ... 870 847 796 675 487' 358 274 175
Rocky Mountain... ..... .. 632 617 582 500 365 268 206 132 r"
Hemlock: west coast.......... 712 696 660 573 426 313 240 153
Larch: western............... 863 828 752 570 396 291 223 142
Oak: red and white. .......... 790 771 728 625 457 336 257 164
Pine: southern................ 870 847 796 675 •487.. 358 274 175
Redwood..... ..... .. .. .. 786 754 688 526 365 268 206 132
Spruce: red, white and Sitka. .. 632 617 582 500 365 268 206 132
For intermediate ratios the working stresses shall be proportioned to those given.
The maximum ration here given shall not be exceeded. When timber is used in a wet
location or exposed to the weather the working stresses shall be appropriately reduced.
Section 707—Soil, Bearing Capacity.
1. Presumptive capacity.
(a). In the absence of satisfactory tests, the sustaining power per square foot of
different soils shall be deemed to be as follows:
Softclay........................ .1 ton Coarse sand.. ................. 4 tons
Wetsand.... .................. 2 tons Gravel.. ..................... 6 tons
Firm clay.. .. .. .... 2 tons Soft rock..................... 8 tons
Sand and clay, mixed or in Hardpan.. .................10 tons
layers.. ................ 2 tons Medium rock..................15 tons
Fine,dry sand.................. 3 tons Hard rock.... .................40 tons
(b). In case a building or structure rests partly on rock or hardpan and partly on
some other soil,the bearing capacity of the latter shall be taken at not more than one-
half of the capacity otherwise assumed.
2. Soil tests. When a doubt arises as to the safe sustaining power of the soil
upon which a building or structure is to be erected or it is desired to exceed the pre-
sumptive capacity, the building-official may direct that borings or tests be made by
and at the expense of the owner of the proposed building or structure to determine the
sustaining power of the soil. Whenever such a test is made the building-official shall
be notified so that he may be present in person or by representative. A complete record
of the test shall be filed with the building-official.
3. Filled grouzid. No foundation of a building or structure shall be placed on
filled ground until the building-official has fixed,by test or inspection,the safe sustaining
power that may be assumed.
ARTICLE VIII.
CONSTRUCTION
Section 800—Workntansltip.
Workmanship in the fabrication, preparation and installation of materials shall
conform to generally accepted good practice. Specific provisions of this article shall not
be deemed to suspend any requirements of good practice,but shall be regarded as supple-
menting or emphasizing them, and shall be controlling. The building-official shall,as
may be necessary,promulgate rules in accordance with the provisions of this ordinance
embodying the requirements of such generally accepted good practice.
Section 801—Excavations.
1. General. Until provision for permanent support has been made,excavations
C shall be properly guarded and protected to prevent the same from becoming dangerous
to life or limb, and, where necessary, shall be sheetpiled and braced to prevent the
adjoining earth from caving in,by the person causing the excavation to be made.
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' ik��t'$`ti•'
2, S10i 'wr of 1Veighlwring Uuildings and Struetures.
(a). Whhjen an excavation extends not more than ten feet below curb-level the d '¢
owner of a building or str4d6c,the safety of which may be affected by such excavation,
shall preserve and protet1he same from injury and, when necessary, shall underpin
and support the same by proper foundations. For such purpose, he shall be permitted,
if necessary,to enter upon the premises where such excavation is being made.
(b). tt'hen an excavation extends more than ten feet below curb-level the person
causinv such excavation to be made shall,if afforded the necessary consent to enter upon
the adjoining land,at his own expense preserve and protect from injury every,building
or structure,the safety of which may 6e affected by such excavation, and, when neces- „r
sary, shall underpin and support the same by proper foundations, irrespective of the
depth to which the foundations of such building or structures, may extend. If the neces-
sary consent is not accorded to the person staking the excavation, then it shall be the '
duty of the person refusing such license to preserve and protect such building or structure
frtipjiiiYjuryy and,when necessary,to underpin and support the same by proper founda-
tio p• „d(nr that purpose such person shall,when necessary,be permitted to enter upon
th is es where such excavation is being made.
(” In case there is a party-wall along a lot-line of the premises where an excava-
t being made, the person causing the excavation to be made shall at his own
pe;preserve such party-wall in.as safe a condition as it was before the excavation
mmenced and shall, when necessary, underpin and support the same by proper
fotltlsiations,
In case a building or structure is so located that the curb-level to which it is
i pproer[y referred is at a higher level than the curb-level to which the excavation is re-
ferrzd such part of the necessary underpinning or foundation as may be due to the
difference in the curb-levels, shall be made and mainteined at the joint expense of the
owriers,,of the adjoining premises at that point.
Section 802—Foundations.
lr. General Requirements. Except when erected upon solid rock or upon walls
or piers on the water front,foundation-walls shall be carried not less thatt one foot below
frost line and shall rest on solid ground or on leveled rock,or on piles or ranging timbers
when'solid earth or rock is not found;provided that when one-story buildings of frame-
constriiction do not exceed seven hundred and fifty square feet in area,such foundation
j walls shall not be required,
3. Footings.
(a). Footings consisting of masonry,reinforced-concrete or steel grillages,shall be
provided under foundation-walls that rest on earth. Footings of wood may be used if
j they are entirely below permanent water level or if they are thoroughly impregnated
with creosote or other approved preservative.
(b). Where metal is incorporated in or forms part of a foundation,it shall be pro-
tected from rust by paint, asphalt, concrete, or by such materials and in such manner
as may be approved by the building-official.
3. Pressure Under Footings. For the loads exerting pressure under the
footings of foundation-walls the full dead-loads and the reduced required live-loads on
the lowest walls,piers or columns shall be taken.
4. Design.
(a). Footings shall be designed that the pressure on the soil per unit of area shall,
1 so far as possible, be uniform under all parts of the footings.
n
(b). I proportioning the areas of footings the dead-loads alone shall be con-
sidered; provided that in no case shall the full dead-loads plus tite reduced live-loads
! on a footing exceed the bearing capacity of the soil.
5. Pile Foundation. Should meet requirements set out in Fire Underwriters
Code.
! Section 803—Fotlndat.ion Walls.
j1. Materials. Foundation-walls shall be built of approved-masonry, reinforced-
] concrete, or steel encased in masonry; provided that all foundation walls be made, or
encased with blocks,shall be fully waterproofed below grade level.
`L. Thickness.
(a). Foundation-walls shall be of adequate strength and thickness to resist lateral
Eppressures[corn ad' at earth and to support their vertical loads;but the thickness stroll
not less than'the' thickness of walls supported by them.
'.: (b). If;built of rubble stone, the thickness shall be not less than eighteen inches.
If built of brick, concrete, hollow-blocks or solid-blocks,the thickness shall be not less
• i
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6349
than twelve inches;provided that e•hen such walls of dwellings or of other butid not
exceeding twenty feet in height do not extend more than five feet beldw,th R
ground level the mininutm thickness of solid brick nr concrete w&11A Ahlin w,.
Inches,and the minimum thickness of hollow wails of brick,and wallsof lollowl"tivi<;..
solid-blocks shall be ten inches,
�. Private n i
(c). I ovate Garages, f�uimdatinns must be at least 18 n depth an d,t�bt��'dg,�,`�;;
than fit, in width.
"`r'.•`' (d), houndatioa walls deeper than twelve teat shall have thicknesses two tnCliea'';,`
greater than the minimum thickness required in paragraph (b).
Section 1104—Retaining Walls.
1. Construction. Walls built to retain or support adjoining earth or roctc`aWi; w `
be constructed of approved-masonry or reinforced-concrete.
2. ilydraulic Head. Unless provision is made to drain off water,a hydrostatic."..f'
due ue to a head equal to the height of the wall shall be assumed,
3. Support. The pressure on the soil under such walls shall not exceed.the
safe bearing capacities allowed by this ordinance.
Section 805—Building To Ile Enclosed.
Every, building,other than buildings of frame-construction or unprotectedinetal-
construction, shall be enclosed on all sides with independent walls or party walla of
approved-masonry, reinforced concrete, or other form of construction having a'fire-
resistance rating equal to that required for the exterior walls according to its type of
construction. But this shall not preclude the omission of the exterior walls for part
of a story when the use or occupancy of the building makes such omission necessary
or desirable;provided that in such a case,the unenclosed part is separated from the rest
of that story and from the stories above and below by walls and floors having a fire-
resistance rating equivalent to that required for exterior wails,and that piers,columns,
and other structural supports within the unenclosed part shall have a fire-resistance
rating of not less than that required for the exterior walls. Nor shall this preclude the
use of windows,show windows and other openings in the exterior walls so far as the use
and occupancy of the building makes them necessary and desirable; provided they are
constructed and protected as required by this ordinance.
Section 806—Masonry.
1. Quality of materials.
(a). Clay or shale, sand-lime,and concrete brick used for bearing walls or piers
shall be of quality at least equal to the "Grade MW" or "medium grade" described
by the Standard Specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials, serial
designations, clay or shale brick C62-40T, sand lime brick C73-39, concrete brick
Grade B C55-39. When used for non-bearing purposes and not exposed to the weather,
brick may be of duality not inferior in any respect to the "Grade NW" or soft brick
described in the above specifications.
(b). Hollow clay tile in walls exposed to weath0r`or.�protected only by direct
application of stucco shall be equal in quality to;'Grade•LBX,"as prescribed in A.S.
T. Al. serial designation C34-39. For all other ttsed;.a�t} itlity at least equal to"Grade
LB" of the same serial designation will be requiredl;%:?;'.,
(c). Concrete block or the shall be of quality-at least equal to that described in
the Tentative Specifications and tests for Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units of
the American Society for Testing.Materials, serial'designation C90-39.
(d), All cements and limes used in mortar shall conform to the requirements of
the standard specifications for these materials issued by the American Society for
Test in Materials.
e Sand used in mortar shall be clean and free from animal or vegetable matter.
Solid block shall have a compressive strength over the gross area as laid in
the wall of not less than 1,500 pounds per square inch.
Section 806—Masonry.
1. Quality of lklaterials:
(a). Clay or shale, sand-lime,•and concrete brick used for bearing walls or piers
shall be of quality at least equal to the "Grade B2"or "medium grade" described by
the Standard Specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials,serial desig-
nations, clay or shale brick C62-30, sand lime brick C73-30, concrete brick C55-28T.
��''s
64
..........
When used Aiing purposes and',tkot ex: ed to the li
quality not infector in any respect to the"Gride exposed to
soft ri the ab-6v6'1'
specifications.
(b)..'.Hollow clay tile shall be of quality at IcAst equal to the "medium Gradet",`:",�,
as
prescribed by the Standard Specifications of the American Society'for Testitig Ro"
tedals,serial designation C34-31.
c (c). Concrete block or the shall be of quality at least equal to that described
iti,�,the.Tentat,ive--Specifications and Tests for Load Bearing Concrete Masonry Units
of the American Society for Testing Materials, serial designation C90.31T,
(d). All cements and times used in mortar shall conform to the requirements of
the standard specifications for these materials issued by the American Society for
Testin Materials.
(
e�.I Sand used in mortar shall be clean and free from animal or vegetable"tatter.
2. Erection.
la protected against freezing for at least forty-eight hours
being All masonry shall be
after set. Unless adequate precautions against freezing are taken, no masonry
shall be bilt when the temperature is below twenty-eight degrees Fahrenheit on a rising
temperature or below thirty-two degrees on a falling temperature, at the point where
the work is in progress. No en materials shall be built upon.
(b). Except when carried independently by girders at each floor,no Avail shall be
built up snore than twenty-five feet m height in advance of other walls of the building.
(c). Masonry walls that meet or intersect shall be adequately bonded or anchored.
Piers having less than four square feet of cross-sectional area when located at all inter-
section with a wall shall be bonded into and built as part of that wall.
(d). Every masonry pier supporting a girder,"arch or column, or a lintel carrying
a wall over an opening of snore than ten feet, shall be built of approved-masonry;
provided that isolated piers or posts on the interior of buildings shall not be built of
stone;and provided further that isolated piers shall not be built of hollow-block masonry
in buildings of fire-proof-construction, semi.fireproof-construction, or heavy-timber-
construction.
(e). Isolated piers shall not exceed in height ten times their least dimension.
(f). Door and %vinclo%v openings in walls shall be spanned by well-buttressed
arches, or by lintels having bearings proportioned to their loads but not less than
five inches.
(g). No masonry shall be supported on wooden girders or other form of wood-
construction.
(h). No timber, except mailing blocks not exceeding all ordinary brick in size,
shall be placed in masonry walls; provided that in buildings of ordinary-construction,
timber lintels may be placed over openings, on the inside of the wall, resting at each
end not more than two inches on the wall,and chamfered or cut to serve as centres for
masonry arches;provided further that this shall not preclude the use,on exterior walls,
for decorative purposes only,timber members against the masonry or set into the masonry
to no greater extent than permitted in this section for chases.
(i). During erection,wails,shall be'adequately braced.
3. Brick Masonry.
(a). In brick walls at least every sixth course shall be a header course or there
shall be at least one full length header in every seventy-two square inches of wall surface.
In walls more than twelve inches thick the inner joints of header courses shall be covered
with another header course which shall break joints with the course below.
(b). When running bond is used every sixth course shall be bonded into the back-
ing in a substantial manner;or the face and backing brick shall be bonded at frequent
intervals with approved non-corrodible metal wall ties.
(c). Underburned bricks shall not be used in any part of a building or structure
Where exposed to the weather, nor in isolated piers, nor in such part of a bearing-wall
above which the wall extends more than forty feet.
(d). Brick laid in cement-mortar or in cement-lime-mortar shall be wet ininiedi-
--itteiy before being laid,except in freezing weather,or in the case of every hard or vitri-
fied brick.
(e). Horizontal,and-vertical joints in face courses brick masonry, shall be filled
with mortar.
4. Stone O"llwy.
(a). In stone masonry at'least,tien per cent of the face area shall consist of header
t I inches ofbond into the backing masonry;provided that
,stones having n less than fouir in
in rubble stone masonry no header stone shall be less than twelve inches long measured
at right angles to the face of the masonry.
(b). Sandstones and other stones showing a pronounced cleavage shall,"be laid.*., as
on their natural bed,except for cornices and other projecting members which shall have
the grain or bedding planes vertical and at right angles to the face of the masonryi.
ir
65
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(c).• Lxcept for foundations, rubble atone masonry shall not be used in walls fiver
forty feet in height.
S. Hollow Walls,grid Iiollow Block and Solid Block Masonry. nti
(a). In hallow walls of brick, and in walls and piers of hollow-blocks or sal�d�
blocks, suitable provisions shall be made at each line of Floor beams and wherever'1c4,
concentrations occur, to insure good bearing and a uniform distribution of load.;t;aar `
(b). When hollow walls of brick, or walls of hollow-blocks in which,2 `ce11's`'
of the blocks are laid vertical, are decreased in thickness, the blocks in the, treC
of the thicker wall shall be tilled solidly with masonry or the exposed ope hi h
top course shall be covered with slabs of hard burned tile or concrete at l"t:i( "ich
in thickness or the openings may be stopped in some other approved-mani9eiz?�l�','
(c). Where two or more hollow units are used to make up the thickn .' iwall,
the inner and outer courses shall be bonded at vertical intervals not exceedingo feet,
by lapping at least one cell completely over a cell of the unit below.
(d). In hollow walls the parts of same shall be connected by bonds or ti 'of brick,
stone or the material of the wall, or of iron, placed not more than twenty-four inches
apart in either direction;but the parts shall not be deemed to act together in the support
of loads unless such bonds or ties are of a size and design to fully develop the strength
of either part.
(e). Brick facing or lining when used with hollow-block masonry,shall be bonded
to the backing with at least one header course in every six courses of brick, or there
shall be at least one full length header in every seventy-two square inches of wall surface.
(f). Hollow clay tile shall not be used in exterior walls unless hard burned or
vitrified tile is used, or such walls are covered on those parts that are exposed to the
weather with stucco,or with veneer conforming to the provisions of this section.
(g). Hollow walls of brick or walls of hollow-block or solid-block masonry shall
not be used as bearing-walls in buildings or structures exceeding forty feet in height.
6. Ashlar facing.
(a). Stone,architectural terra cotta or other approved material,used for the facing
of a wall, shall have a thickness of not less than one-eighth of the height of the unit,
but in no case less than three and three-quarter inches.
(b). Stone ashlar facing shall have at least twenty per cent of the superficial
area not less than four inches thicker than the remainder of the facing to form bond
stones,which shall be uniformly disposed in the wall.
(c). In stone ashlar every stone that is not a bond stone and every stone that
projects wholly or in part beyond the face of the wall,shall be securely anchored to the
backing with substantial approved non-corrodible metal anchors.
7. Veneer.
(a). Masonry veneer shall consist of brick, stone, concrete, terra cotta, or other
approved material.
(b). Such veneer shall rest directly upon a foundation-wall,or upon other approved-
masonry or reinforced-concrete.
(c). It shall be securely attached at intervals of not more than sixteen inches
vertically and twenty-four inches horizontally, to the wall or, in the cases of frame-
construction, to approved sheathing combined with a weather-proof lining.
(d). Non-corrodible flashing to prevent moisture from penetrating behind the
veneer shall be provided at wall openings.
8. Mortar.
(a). In masonry construction, footings, foundation-walls and rubble stone walls
shall be laid in cement-mortar only.
(b). Hollow walls of brick, hollow-block or solid-block masonry, chimneys,
backing of walls faced with ashlar, exterior walls in skeleton construction and isolated
piers,shall be laid in cement-mortar or cement-lime-mortar.
(c). All other masonry shall be laid in cement-mortar, cement-lime-mortar or
lime-mortar.
9. Wall Thicknesses.
(a). The thickness of masonry walls hereafter erected shall conform to the pro-
visions of this sub-division and shall in all cases, irrespective of other requirements of
this ordinance,be sufficient to keep the stresses in the masonry within the working stresses
prescribed in this ordinance.
(b). Except as in this subdivision otherwise provided, the thickness of masonry
walls,other than fire-walls and party-walls, shall be not less than twelve inches for the
uppermost thirty-five feet of their height, and shall increase four inches in thickness
for each successive thirty-five feet or fraction thereof measured downward from the top
of the wall.
(c). In business-buildings and storage-buildings of other than fireproof-construc-
tion, the thickness of such walls shall be not less than twelve inches for the uppermost
f
,l
U'U
wt�•five Eeet of their heightr and shall increase four inches in thickness for eaclf
aive twenty-five feet or fraction thereof measured.downwa rd from the top of the
Eli,. Pte,•
y i
BEARING NON BEARING
Lr O
Ifo D
b
D 2 5TORY 2 STORY
t ATTIC OUT51Dt Or
Ifo rIXE LIMV 5
ClYwUlIms(,SOLID"Sm
a ONLY) RY OMLY)
2d
o r-1-Pu e
K or oAet
D
D �
za• zar --°n � I
u GRADE
--- K rr '
I tip,. �, v
� i
tA�' B C
UNDATION WALL5
Fig.,2. ."'
Minimum wall thicknesses for residence buildings, institutional buildings, and ;
public buildings: A=masonr bearing walls §806-9b; B—masiSn
p g : y g ry non-bearing walls,
§806-9e; C—masonry.walls o dwellings not over thirty feet high nor fifty feet long,
§809-9f; D---solid masonry walls of two-story buildings (all classes) outside fire limits,
§806-9i;subject to, rer provisions of §806-9, §803-2, §806-5g and §806-10.
(d). In busin uildings and storage-buildingsjof'<fireproof-construct ion, the
thickness of such. Is'"shall be not',ietts than twelve.W} fiea'for the uppermost thirty-
Eve feet of their. )arid shall•incaiease,four incht 1d,'thickness for each successive
twenty-five feet on thereof me isred d9wnward"from the top of the wall.
(e).. Non- alls may be.160 inch*;less in thickness than otherwise required
for walls;pro t no such wall shall be less than twelve,inches thick in any part,
unless eight are otherwiss!:s e<_ cally permict_.;!i6d provided further than
no twelve-inc c, Hess shall extend.�/Q`�r more than fi4r.feet in the height of the wall.
,.,t$,>:e.iF`` _Y :
ffz�f?
f a {iS.
lip
�7
Y}3 BEARING N N•6EJ�1? :S' eiEto4 s
iy ,�"e
� Noe•FlaePaoof P1RlPR00l� NoN FlRevaooF tlarr►0odr: CONST N.•,.,��,�
lir
W re 9 n, 9
:4 !ti•iy
�D i `
20 2d' y16 16
'. 1 STO
9 APPROVERY D
MASONRY
6ulrRts6ED ,
S S ?o ITERV A15
24' 24 ' ?o N
_._ b C b Duirms
' N � h C• V
13? 4 24 8'
GRAD32' 28 2f5 I2'C D E
�--FOUNDATION WALLS --�
Fig.3.
Minimum wall thicknesses:for'business buildings and storage buildings:. A—
masonry bearing halls, non-fireproof buildings; §806-9c; B—masonry bearing walls,
fireproof buildings, §806-9d; C—masonry non-bearing walls, non-fireproof buildings,
§806-9e; D—masonry non-bearing walls, fireproof buildings, §806-9e; E—one-story
buildings, §806-9b; subject to other provisions of §806-9, §803-2, §806-5g, §806-10
and §1005-1.
(E). In dwellings,walls including party-walls,but not including rubble stone walls,
may be eight inches thick, when such walls are not more than thirty feet in height nor
more than fifty feet in length between cross-walls or adequate buttresses;provided that
in a gable wall of a dwelling the portion of such wall within five feet of the peak need
not be considered in fixing the height of such,wall:
(gg). Walls supported by girders at each story.may be eight inches thick.
(h). Walls of business buildings and storage-buildings, other than fire-walls, or
party walls,not more than one story high,may be eight inches thick;provided they are
reinforced at intervals, not exceeding twenty feet, by cross-walls, piers or buttresses.
(i). Outside of the fire-limits,approved masonry walls, eight inches thick,may be
used for buildings not exceeding thirty feet nor two stories in height, except that first
story wall shall be not less than twelve inches in a two-story building,the walls of which,
under this ordinance, could be of frame-construction; provided they do not exceed
fifty feet in length between cross-walls, piers or buttresses. Hollow walls of brick or
halls of hollow-block or solid-block masonry, eight inches thick, may be used when
such buildings do not exceed one story in height. ,
t...,
68
(j). The thickness of rubble stone walls shall be four inches more than otherwise
required for walls,, provided that no rubble stone wall shall be lese'than,slxtee6 inches
ei
in thickness.
(k). When clip courses or wall ties are used to bond'a facing or a lining to a wall,
neither such facing or lining shall be regarded as a part of the required thickness of the
wall nor as contributing to its strength,
(1). Walls exceeding one hundred feet in length between cross-walls,- erC or
buttresses shall be not less than sixteen inches thick;but face-brick,bonded to t9le Back-
ing by clip courses, may be included in the thickness of the wall for the purpose of this
paragraph.
(m). Except for window panelled backs, and permissible chases and recesses,.
walls shall not vary in thickness between their lateral supports. When a change in
thickness, due to minimum thickness requirements, occurs between floor levels, the
greater thickness shall be carried up to the higher floor level,
(n). Interior bearing-walls that are less than twelve inches in thickness and
support wooden floor or roof joists, shall be corbeled not less than three inches to re-
ceive such joists, unless approved metal joist hangers are used.
10. Lateral Support. The height of a masonry wall between successive floors
or other substantial lateral supports shall not exceed twenty times its thickness, unless
it is reinforced by adequate cross-walls, piers or buttresses at intervals not exceeding
twenty times the thickness of the wall.
11. Existing walls. Walls heretofore erected may be used without change, if
in good condition, in buildings hereafter erected or altered;provided the stresses in the
masonry under the new conditions do not exceed the working stresses permitted by this
ordinance.
12. Parapets.
(a). Parapets shall be provided on all Fire-walls, party-walls, and exterior walls
of masonry or reinforced-concrete,where such Walls connect with roofs other than roofs
of fireproof-construction;provided that a parapet shall not be required for a wall facing
on a street having a width of fifty feet or more, nor on a wall of a building the roof of
which is ten feet lower than the roof of a building adjoining or adjacent to such wall,
nor on the walls of a detached dwelling,nor on the walls of a building which is fifty feet
or more distant in all directions from other buildings. walls are permitted, such
(b). In dwellings and in buildings in which eight-inch -w
parapets shall be not less than eight inches thick and carried at least two feet above the
roof.
(c). In all other buildings such parapets shall be not less than twelve inches thick,
and carried not less than three feet above the roof
(d). Parapets shall be properly coped with incombustible, weather-proof material.
13. Chases and Recesses.
(a). No chase shall extend into a wall more than one-third of its thickness; but
no chase shall be cut or built in an eight-inch wall or within the required area of a pier.
(b). No horizontal chase shall exceed four feet in length, nor shall the horizontal
projection of any diagonal chase exceed four feet.
(c). Chases shall not be cut in hollow walls of brick or walls of hollow-block
or solid-block masonry, but,when permitted,shall be built in.
(d). Chases shall be filled in solidly with incombustible material within the floor
thicknesses at each floor level.
(e). Recesses for stairways or elevators may be left in walls of buildings, but the
thickness of the wall at Such recess shall be not less than the required thickness of the
wall at the fourth story above grade, unless reinforced by additional piers, by steel or
reinforced-concrete girders, or by steel or reinforced-concrete columns and girders,
securely anchored to walls on each side of such recesses.
(f). The aggregate area of chases and recesses in a wall shall not exceed one-fourth
of the whole area of the face of the wall in any story.
(g). Chases or recesses that would reduce the thickness below the required mini-
s mum,shall not be built or cut in firewalls or fire-partitions.
Section 807--Reinforced Concrete.
1. General. Except as otherwise specifically provided in this ordinance or in
rules duly promulgated by the building-official,the"Building Regulations for Reinforced
Concrete" as adopted and amended from time to time by the American Concrete In-
. te
accepted good practice in reinforced-concrete
stitute shall be deemed to be the generally a C
construction.
h9
2. Concrete.
(a), Concrete for reinforced-concrete shall consist of one part Portland;ceit3tfli '.
and not more than six parts aggregate, by volume measured dry, and not more 4han
seven and one-half gallons of water her sack, ninety-four pounds of cement. The
aggregate shall be mixed in an approxunnte ratio of two parts fine aggregate and four
parts coarse aggregate. -1. .
(b). Fine aggregate shall consist of sand,crushed stone,or gravel scretaiingb, pass-
ing when dry a screen having one-quarter-inch diameter holes, taut not more than six
per cent passing a sieve having one hundred meshes per lineal inch.
(c). Coarse aggregate shall consist of crushed stone or gravel or other approved
inert material which is retained on a screen having one-quarter-inch diameter holes,and
graded in size from small to large particles. The maximum sire shall be such that all
the aggregate will pass through a one and one-quarter-inch diameter ring.
3, Reinforcement.
(a). The steel reinforcement shall conform to accepted standards.
(b). Nothing herein contained shall prevent the use of steel wire or fabric for the
reinforcement of slabs,for lateral reinforcement of columns,or for resistance to shrinkage
and temperature stresses.
4. Design. Buildings and structures hereafter erected of reinforced-concrete
shall be designed according to generally accepted practice.
5. Willis.
(a), Enclosure «ails of reinforced-concrete shall be securely anchored at all
floors. Such galls when supported by girders at each story shall be bonded or otherwise
securely tied to columns or piers.
(b). In buildings of fireproof-construction the thickness of walls of reinforced-
concrete shall be not less than six inches for the uppermost fifteen feet of their height,
and shall increase one inch in thickness for each successive twenty-five feet or fraction
thereof measured downward from the top of the wall; provided that for wallssupported
by girders at each story the thickness may be, but shall not be less than, fiveinches;
and provided that in no case shall the thickness of any part of a wall of reinforced-con-
crete be less than one twenty-fifth of the unsupported height between successive floors,
unless the walls are laterally supported by cross-walls, piers or built-in columns at in-
tervals not exceeding twenty-five times the thickness of the wall.
(c). In buildings of other than fireproof-construction, the thickness of walls of
reinforced-concrete shall be not less than one and one-half times the thickness required
for buildings of fireproof-construction.
(d). The steel reinforcement, in both vertical and horizontal directions, shall be
not less than one-quarter of one per cent. In walls eight inches or more in thickness
F the reinforcement shall be divided,and equal amounts placed near each face of the wall.
Nothing smaller than the equivalent of a three-eighths-inch-round rod shall be used for
reinforcement and the spacing shall not exceed eighteen inches in either direction.
6. Protection of Reinforcement.
(a). The reinforcement in footings shall be covered on all sides by not less than
three inches of concrete wherever such footings come in contact with the ground; and
by not less than two inches of concrete where the nearest surfaces of the concrete are
not in contact with the ground.
(b). The reinforcement in columns,girders and beams shall be covered on all sides
by not less than one and one-half inches of concrete;in walls and floor slabs by not less
than one inch of concrete; provided that when a highly siliceous aggregate or other
aggregate liable to disruptive action under high temperatures is used,the concrete cover-
ing the reinforcement shall be at least one-half inch thicker than herein specified and
sha11 be reinforced with a three-inch metal mesh or finer placed one inch from the finished
surface. In structures where the fire hazard is limited, the metal reinforcement shall
be placed not nearer the exposed surface than 314 inch in slags and .walls, or I-inch in
beams, girder and columns.
(c). When the exterior surfaces of the concrete are covered with cement-mortar
or gypsum-mortar three-fourths of an inch or more in thickness, the concrete covering
the reinforcement,except in footings, may be one-half inch less in thickness than herein
otherwise required;provided that in no case shall it be less than three-fourths of an inch.
?. Protection Against Frost.
r�
(a). Unless approved effective provision is made against freezing,no concrete shall••'�^`'�`�?�'
be deposited when the air temperature is thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit or lower.
(b). Freshly deposited concrete shall be adequately protected against freezing so
long as the air temperature is thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit or lower.
(c). The provisions of this subdivision shall also apply to plain concrete and other
materials liable to injury or deterioration by freezing, which are used in fireproof-
construction and semi-fireproof-construction or for other required protection against fire,
i•
70
S. Removal of Forms, Forms for reinforced-concrete shall remti2I it place
until the concrete has hardened. Removable floor forms,beam and girder Bidei,'661
casings and other vertical parts of forms, shall not be removed until the concret
set sufficiently that it will not be injured by their removal, Those parts of lie,Z&6
and shoring that support structural members shall not be removed until such members
have acquired sufficient strength to support safely their own weight and such loads as
may come upon them.
Section 808—Steel and Iron.
fJ L General. Except as otherwise specifically provided in this ordinance or in
rules duly romulgated by the building-official, the "Standard Specification for Struc-
tural Steel lor Buildings"and the"Code of Standard Practice",as adopted'and amended
from time to time by the American Institute of Steel Construction, shall be deemed to
be the generally accepted good practice in steel construction.
2. Cast iron columns.
(a). Cast iron columns shall not have a smaller outside diameter or side tha
five inches. ?IV,,
(b). The thickness of metal shall be not less than one-twelfth the diameter
least dimension of cross-section,but riot less than three-fourths of an inch.
(c). Cast iron columns not cast with one open side or back, shall have t hr
eights inch holes drilled in the shaft, to permit measurement of the thickness.
3. Steel columns.
(a). No part of a steel column shall be less than one-quarter of an inch thkk.
(b). In buildings andistructures exceeding forty-five feet in height, column c6n-
nections and connections of girders or beams to columns shall be riveted.
4. Column bases.
(a). Whenever necessary to properly distribute the load, iron or steel shoes or
billets shall be used at the lower ends of columns.
(b). Cast iron bases or shoes shall be not less than one inch thick in any part
(c) Cast iron bases or shoes shall be planed on top, and, when resting on steel
girders,on both top and bottom.
5. Lintels,beams and girders.
(a). Cast iron lintels shall not be used for spans exceeding six feet. They shall
be not less than three-quarters of an inch in thickness at.any point.
(b). When rolled steel beams are used in pairs to form a girder, they shailtbe
connected together by bolts and separators at intervals of not more than five feet.
All beams twelve inches and over in depth shall have at least two bolts to each sepanat6r.
(c). The thickness of web in riveted girders shall be not less than one one-huiddred
and sixtieth of the distance between flanges or between stiffeners,and in no case less than
one- ar e of an inch.
r d T he compression flanges of steel beams and girders shall be supported laterally
if the le t h exceeds fifteen times the width, unless the working stresses in such fldhges
are d'ced as prescribed in this ordinance; but the distance between lateral supports
shall not exceed forty times the width of the flange.
6. Riveting.
(a). All shop work shall be riveted.
(b). All component parts of built-up columns,girders and trusses,including splices
in the same,shall be riveted.
(c). Rivets shall be used for the connections of main members carrying live-loads
which produce impact and for connections subject to reversal of stresses.
7. Bolting. Where riveting is not required by the provisions of this section
connections may be effected by bolts of mild steel.
8. Welding.
(a). Nothing in this ordinance shall prohibit the use of arc or gas welding in
the erection of steel constniction in lieu of riveting or bolting.
(b). Surfaces to be welded shall be free from loose mill scale, rust, paint or other
foreign matter.
(c). Surfaces to be welded.shall not be painted.beforp�th�ey are welded. Parts
that are welded in the shop, to be erected:by bolts•or rjyqi�'Jhjhe field, shall receive
the usual painting after the shop work is
(d). The edges of base metal parts, one-quarter o :sa-tncl or more in thickness,
transmitting stress by means of butt welds shall be beveled,the bevel of each part being",
not less than thirty degrees.
(e). Steel con structioia,i�hich is to,be welded in the field shall be temporarily.
supported and properly'
roperly alig 'nied,by erection bolts or other efficient means before the
field welding is done.
71
z
(ty ' Eitcept as otherwise specifically provided in this ordinance or in rules duly
pr8mulgated by the huilding-ofitci;d, the "Code for Fusion Welding and Gas Cutting
to Building Construction",as adopted and amended from lime to tune,by the American
Welding Society,shall he deemed to be the generally accepted good practice in welding
and gas cutting.
9. Cas Cutting.
(a), Nothing in this ordinance shall prohibit gas cutting in steel construction;
provided that gas cutting shall not be done on a member while it is under stress, and
that it is not clone where the milling of surfaces is required for proper workmanship.
(b). Gas cut edges shall be smooth and regular in contour,and when used in the
preparation of base metal parts for welding, shall be thoroughly cleaned to expose only
clean metal,
(c). Gas cutting of holes in a member which has not been designed therefor
shall not be done.
10. Tie Rods.
(a). 'Cie rods required by this ordinance shall be not less than three-fourths of an
itch in diameter.
(b), holes for tie rods in floor arches shall be placed as near the thrust of the arch
as practicable,
(c). The distance between tie rods in floors or roofs shall not exceed eight times
the depth of the beams nor eight feet in any case.
11. Templates. Lintels, steel joists, beams, girders or trusses; supported at
either end by a wall or pier,shall be properly anchored thereto and shall;;e4t.upgn tem-
plates or shoes of cast iron, steel or stone of such design and dimensions:to ddidiibute
safely the loads on the masonry, unless the bearing surface of the lintels, steel:ioiata or
beams is sufficient to distribute the load. u, ##
12. Protection Against Corrosion.
(a). Unless completely covered with cement grout or mortar or',egtttpletely inn tst
bedded in concrete,structural steel shall have at least one coat of paidt;tiefore,erection,
and after erection at least one additional coat of a different shade than the,flrst.
(b). Cast iron columns shall not be painted until after inspection;.:;,Ii ,c
(c). All scale, dirt and rust shall be completely removed before painting iron or
steel. :..
(d). lron or steel used under-ground or under-water shall be coveted on all sides
by not less than three inches of concrete.
1:3, Protection Against Fire. In buildings or structures of ordinary-construc-
tion or heavy-timber-construction, iron or steel hereafter placed to support a masonry
wall or part thereof, or a street surface, if not protected as required For fireproof-con-
struction, shall be protected with not less than two inches of fireproofing materials ap-
plied in a manner to afford a fire-resistance rating of not less than three hours; provided
that such protection shall not be required for lintels supporting walls over openings eight
feet or less in width.
Section 809—Wood Construction.
1. I3ca1118 and Joists.
(a). In buildings, other than buildings of frame-construction, wooden beams and
joists,except headers and tail joists,shall have bearings of at least four inches.
(b). The ends of wooden beams and joists resting on masonry walls, shall be cut
to a bevel of three inches in their depth.
(c). Wooden trinuners, headers and tail joists over six feet in length, unless sup-
ported on walls or girders, shall be filing in approved auetal stirrups or hangers.
(d). No wooden beam or joist shall be cut or pierced in any manner that would
cause it to be of insufficient strength for its load.
(e). Except in the case of pitched roofs, wooden floor and roof joists having spans
in excess of eight feet shall be.rigadly braced with continuous rows of bridging at intervals
not exceeding eight feet,
(f). Except in buildings of frame-construction or of ordinary-construction,wooden
beams and joists shall not. be dependent for their support on wooden stud partitions
nor on «•alls or partitions constructed of combustible materials. Nothing in, this
section shall prohibit the use of wooden girders and woolen posts for the support of: ';4%X,4NI,
beams or joists, even though the space between posts may be filled with parttttons'of;;;,, pf,z} '>
any material.
(g). In ordinary-construction all trimmers and at least one beam or joist in,'.:;[e;, MY;
every six feet, which rest on masonry walls, shall be secured to such walls by approved':":'!';'
metal anchors attached in a manner to be self-releasing. When one end of such a
4y;.
72
i ;Anmmer, beam ibc, o �e supported by a girder, it shall be secured in an appro ved
htihnnertO,itl�Vii der"or to a trimmer, beam or joist correspondingly suppported from
the'r ojlpCtl t�tl;bf euah girder. Trimmers, beams or joists supported by.girdeke,at
both'irfd ab,M i)SWilihilarly secured to such girder or to trimmers,beams or jdiete,\bUp='
Nit Jrbrii;dppositb sides on such girder, to form continuous ties bettween"OjioWte
masonry walls.
(h) Where floors or roof joists,or beams run parallel to masonry walls or along-
side of piers otherwise unsupported,such walls and piers shall be secured to four or more
joists of the floor or roof construction by approved metal anchors.
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; (1). In oriilaA =ddn6trUCtion wall-plates and roof construction shall be anchored, ..,
„, .• 'e;walle:ur� Cvery six feet. In heavy-timber-construction every roof girder] "
„rary;:altwate roof beam,shall be anchored to an exterior or interior wall or to an
r coldimi;roof planking where supported by a wall shall be anchored to such wall,:',
r i'rvale not exceeding twenty feet;every monitor and every saw•-tooth construction`':;
1
74
{ 4a ftl � s between the masonry of chimneys or flues and wooden joists,beams
or h M—between incombustible material,
(fMAI bf combustible mantels shall be filled with incombustible
materials.
(g). All spaces between combustible wainscoting and the wall or partition to
which ?t is attached shall be filled with incombustible materials.
6. Frame construction.
(a). Walls and partitions shall be constructed to develop a strength and rigidity
equivalent to wooden studding, not less than two inches by four inches, spaced not to
exceed sixteen inches on centers.
T' TarlBtemt
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Fig.6.
Firestopping around chimney and fireplace, §809-5a.
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V
75
(b). 1Vhr-re exterior walls or parts thereof more than one story high are sheathed
boards shall be not less than three-fourths inch actual thickness, Sheathing boa'rda..'
shall he laid tigh and ul properly nailed to each atu igqh
d with not less than two et '
iLenny nails, Where the sheathing is omitted or is not laid diagonnik, all corners shali
ce diagonally braced aml such of her measures taken to secure rigidity as may be neres.
siiry.
(c). Wooden sheathing may be omitted when other approved types of construction
of adequate strength and stability are used,
(d). Ledger or ribbon boards used to support joists shall be not less than one by
four inches, shall he cut into the studs, ins, securely nailed with not less than two
tenpenny nails to each stud.
(e). Sills shall be not less than four inches by six inches secured to the foundation-
walls in an approved manner.
(f). No part of the wooden franle-work shall he placed below the ground level. i
(g). In buildings of frame-construction, except private-garages, an exposed wall
which is less than three feel distant from a lot-line other than a street-line,shall have a
fire-resistance rating of not less than two hours; provided that the material of the
weather surface may be similar to that of the other exterior walls of the bailding.
(h). In buildings of franle-construction, an exposed wall which is less ihan,Een
feet distant from a wall of another building of frame-construction on the same lot,shall
have a fire-resistance rating of not less than two hours; provided that the material.of
the weather surface inav he similar to that. of the other exterior walls of the buildings;
and provided that when the aggregate area of the two buildings does not exceed one and
one-half times the limiting area fixed by this ordinance for either building, such fire-
resistance rating shall not be required.
(i), Walls or partitions separating two or more dwellings of franle-construction
i� shall consist of wooden studs covered on both sides with gypsum-mortar or cement-
mortar, not less than three-fourths of an inch in thickness, on expanded metal lath,
or of sonic other construction having a fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour.
' i. Stucco.
(a). Stucco shall consist of cement-mortar or other approved mortar, on wooden
lath,or on metal lath weighing not less than three pounds per square yard,or on woven
or welded wire lath not lighter than No. 19 gauge.
W. if sheathing for franle-construction is omitted, the stucco shall be.back-
plastered.
(c). Stucco on frame construction shall be not less than three-fourths inch thick,
Section 1110—Miscellaneotis Requirements.
1. Vaults and Arens.
(a)• The walls of vaults and areas and the roofs of vaults shall be constructed of X.
approved-masonry, reinforced-concrete or steel beancs with masonry arches.
(b). Openings in the roofs of vaults under street surfaces shall be provided with
substantial covers of incombustible materials,flush with the top surface and constructed
to prevent persons from slipping thereon. Covers shall be maintained normally closed, '
and when open for use shall be frilly guarded to prevent accidents.
(c). Glass used in vault lights shall not exceed sixteen square inches for one light.
Z. Floor liglit.s.
(a). Floor lights in floors within a building shall have metal or reinforced-concrete
frames,and shall have the same strength as the floors in which they are placed.
(b). The glass in floor lights shall be not less than three-fourths of an inch in
thickness.
�q (c), If lights°exceed sixteen square inches in area, wired glass shall be used or a
metal screen shall be placed under the floor light.
3. Bay winds wti and show windows. Bay windows and show windows that
extend beyond exterior walls, hereafter constructed on buildings other than buildings
of frame-construction shall be constructed of incombustible materials; provided that
show windows that do not extend above the second story floor level on buildings of or-
dinary-construction may be constructed of wood covered on the exterior surfaces with
metal or other approved incombustible, weatherproof materials; provided further that
when bay windows on dwellings of ordinary-construction are not more than ten feet
in width, such covering on the exterior surface shall not be required.
4. Pion-bearing partition construction.
(a). The unsupported height of non-bearing partitions shall not exceed thirty-six
times the thickness of the partition exclusive of plastering; provided than when steel
reinforcement is embedded within the thickness of the partition inclusive of plastering
but not more than one inch distance from both faces, the unsupported height may be
but shall not exceed sixty times the thickness exclusive of plastering,
c
76
(1)),,;,All non-bearing partitions shall be built solidly against floor and ceiling con-
struction id reinforced for the purpose of the greater ratio of height to thickness Y;"Y.
over unretthi%Wid pa'rtitions, shall have such reinforcement securely anchored to floor
and ceiling construction in an approved manner.
5. Partitions In multi-favitilly houses. In every building hereafter erected
or altered to be occupied as a multi-family-house partitions separating apartments,or
apartments from hallways, or apartments from other occupancies, and partitions sepa-
rating stores, or stores from VIallways or other occupancies, unless constructed of
approved-masonry, shall, in buildings of fireproof-construction, be fire-partitions,and,
in buildings of semi-fireproof-construct ion or heavy-timber-construction, shall be par-
titions having a fire-resistance rating of not less than two hours,With openings,in either
case,equipped with approved fire doors; provided that in buildings frame-construc-
tion and ordinary-construction such partitions may consist of wooden studs covered
both sides with gypsum-mortar or cement-mortar not less than three-fourths of
n inch in thickness, on expanded metal lath or of some other construction having a
fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour.
Cellar titions. -ellings and buildings of frame-construction,
par Except in d%%
;partitions hereafter erected in collars shall be constructed of incombustible materials
r shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour, unless such partitions
:`,Oclose only coal or wood bins and do not extend to the ceiling, unless such cellars.,
are sprinklered.
7. Ceilings in multi-family houses. In every building hereafter crecte
'
altered to be occupied as a multi-family-house,the floor construction immediately aboVe,"
those parts of the building occupied for business purposes shall have a fire-resistance
rating of not less than one hour, unless such parts are sprinklered.
'8. Cellar ceilings. In buildings of ordinary-construction or frame-construction,
`except dwellings and one-story buildings outside of the fire-limits, hereafter erected or
to altered to change their occupancy classification,the ceilings over cellars shall be gypsum-
a ar or cement-mortar not less than three fourths of an inch in thickness on expanded
etal lath,or the floors above such cellars shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less
Ethan one hour, unless such cellars are sprinklered.
Concrete floor. Every floor resting directly on the ground below eurb-level
a 11 be constructed of Portland cement concrete,not less than three inches thick.
10. Drainage. ' In buildings of fire-proof-construction or se in i-fireproof-con struc-
warehouses, and in buildings of heavy-timber-
.-,tio6 occupied as factories or storage n
iconstruction, hereafter erected, provision shall be made for the discharge of water from
4very floor and for adequate drainage from courts or other spaces receiving such dis-
.charge.
11. Waterproofing. In buildings hereafter erected, if by reason of dampness.
In the ground,the building-official shall deem it necessary to do so, the outside surfaces
of foundation-walls below the adjacent ground level shall be covered with waterproofed
Portland cement or otherwise rendered waterproof by some approved process.
12. Repairs. Every building and structure heretofore or hereafter erected
shall be kept in good repair to maintain the conditions of safety and habitability pre-
scribed by this ordinance; and rain water shall be so drained and conveyed therefrom
to prevent dampness in the walls and ceilings.
13. Ceiling and roof joist in canopies of filling stations within the fire limits may
be of wood providing that soffitts of canopies are of cement plaster on metal lath,metal,
or of other incombustible material,no exposed wood material permitted.
ARTICLE IX
SAFEGUARDS DURING CONSTRUCTION
Section 900--General.
The provisions of this articie'shall apply to all work in connection with the erection,
alteration,repair,removal or demolition of buildings or structures.
Section 90I--Scaffo]&.
1. 'Construction. All scaffolds shall be safely constructed and firmly supported,
proper.1ysecured and of sufficient width,to insure the safety of persons working thereon,
or,.pansiag under or near them.
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2. Guard rniln nnd'tb4i boards.
(a). Every scaffold, othht,�than iron workers' scaffolds and carpenters' bracket
scaffolds,the platform level of which is more than six feet above the ground or above a
Permanent or temporary floor,shall be provided with guard rails not less than thirty-six
inches high above the platform level, and with solid toe boards not less than six inches
high above the platform level, extending its entire length and along the ends, except
where ramps or runways connect with them, unless otherwise enclosed or guarded.
(b)' On suspended, swinging and pole scaffolds the space between guard rails
and toe boards shall be filled with wire mesh screens securely attached.
3. Overhead prb'k." When objects are likejy,�to fall on a scaffold from above
f a substantial overhead$rgt qa, i*0n shall be provide,d_'not more than ten feet above the
scaffold platform.
4. Planking: .::.PlanI 4psed for the platforms of scaffolds shall be not less than
one and five-eights inches thick, of sound, seasoned lumber. The clear span between %•';;q
supports shall not exceed ten feet. ;r <,>
Section 902—Sidewalk Sheds.
1. When required. Whenever a building or structure within ten feet of a iitreet-
line,is to be erected or raised to exceed forty feet in height,ar whenever such`a building
or structure more than forty feet in height is to be demolished, the owner or"the person
doing or causing such work to be clone shall erect and maintain during such work in
front of said building and adjacent to the street-line a shed of sufficient strength and
stability to sustain safely the %weight of materials that may be placed thereon and to
withstand the shocks incident to the handling of such materials or their preparation for
use and accidental jars from trucks passing or delivering material.
2. Railings and toe boards. When the roof of such shed is used for the storage
of material or for the performance of work of any kind,substantial railings not less than
three feet high and solid toe boards not less than six inches high shall be placed along the
open sides and ends of such roof,
3. Walkway. Such shed shall be constructed to afford an unobstructed walkway
for pedestrians,not less than eight feet high and four feet wide.
4. Mairntenance. Such shed shall remain in place until the building is enclosed,
or, in case of demolition, until the building has been reduced to twenty feet in height.
Section 903—Temporary Fence.
In a building operation that does not require a sidewalk shed, the owner or person
doing or causing such work to be done, shall, unless released by the building-official,
erect and maintain in front of the building or structure during such building operation,
a substantial fence not less than eight feet high. With walkway on outside of fence at
least 3 feet wide with 36-inch rail on outer side of wall:. Such fence may extend not
more than six feet from the street-line into the highiway, and shall be built solid for
its full length except for such openings, provided with sliding doors or doors swinging
inwards,as may be necessary for a proper prosecution of the work.
In the event of a building operation.which requires only a short period of time and
in the event of the release by the building-official of the erection of a temporary fence
the owner or person doing or causing such work to be done shall make adequate provision
for the safety of any and all persons by the provision of walkway, roped off space,and
such other means of protection as may be required by the building-official,
Section 904—Hoists.
1. Interior hoists.
(a). Temporary construction hoists on the interior of buildings or structures
shall haire the car substantially constructed, the guides rigidly secured and overhead
machinery safely supported.
(b). The floor openings or other spaces through which they operate shall be en-
closed on all sides and for their full height,except for the necessary doors for loading and
unloading with barriers so constructed that heads,arms or legs cannot be thrust through.,.
them or loose material cannot fall through.
2. Exterior hoists.
Temporary construction hoists on the exterior of buildings or structures shall
be erected on sufficiently solid foundations to avoid injurious settlement or distortion:.:
3. Elevators.
(a). When a building exceeding sixty feet in height is to be equi ped with one or
more elevators„�.f least one of such elevators shall be installed, in a fiireproof shaft, as
soon as consfrtiction conditions permit.
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(b). Such elevator shall be maintained in operative condition and•,reBldya46C;,.
service at all times in charge of a competent operator.
£,,!
(c). No elevator or hoist shall be used for the transportation of persons dutjnit` >'
construction operations, unless it is equipped for passenger service in conformance with
law or ordinance.
4:.. Hoisting nutchinery.
(8 p(;; oisting machinery, including boilers, if any, shall be placed to avoid un-
I azards and to provide ample room for the free and safe movement of opera-
lion.
(b). Such machinery shall be enclosed to exclude unauthorized persons. If
placed outside the building further protection against falling objects and inclement
wea shall be provided.
When such hoisting machinery is placed within a building or structure, or
feet of any part thereof, only incombustible materials shall be used for the
ex ering of the enclosures.
If hoisting machinery is operated by steam with boiler on or adjacent to
premises, suitable spark guards shall be provided for smoke stack.
i Y, Section 905—Temporary flooring.
1. Working floor. In buildings or structures of skeleton construction,the entire
tier of beams on which construction of the frame is proceeding, known as the working
-:floor, shall be thoroughly planked over, except spaces required for construction work,.
";for raising or lowering materials and for stairways or ladders. t
2. Permanent floors. In buildings or structures of skeleton construction"
ftii ,permanent floor construction, except for necessary temporary openings, shall be
:-.tniitalled as the construction progresses. There shall be not more than three unfilled
s;;floors above the highest permanent floor, nor more than one unfilled floor below that
",'bit*een permanent floors.
3. Wood construction. In buildings of ordinary-construction or heavy-timber-
Y�A Snatructidii'the tinder flooring shall be laid for each story as the building progresses,
I 'p, 'if double floors.are:n It to be used, the floor two stories below the one where work
ender wiy shall be plp5t over. ;4;ri'
eetion 906--Flacr'Openings.
All floor openings,unless guarded by permanent enclosures or full-height temporary
barriers, shall be covered with substantial temporary flopring,..or guarded on all sides
by substantial railings not less than three feet high set aOleast two feet from the edges
1 of the openings, and,by toe boards not less than six inches,high''set along the edges of
the openings, except for such parts of the openings as acei`riecessarily open for traffic
� purposes.
Section 907--R'Oofs and Skylights of Adjoining"Buildings.
When a building.'or structure is to be carried above the roof of an adjoining building,
protection for the'skyylights and roof of such adjoining buildings shall be provided, at
his own expense,by•t.a person constructing or causing the construction of such building
or structure; provided that if the owner, lessee or tenant of the adjoining.building
should refuse permission to have the roofs and skylights protected, the responsibility
and expense for the necessary protection shall devolve on the person refusing this
permission.
f
Section 9013—Stair Facilities.
1. Temporary stairs. When the construction of a building has progressed to a
height exceeding sixty feet above grade or when a building exceeding sixty feet in height
is undergoing alterations or repairs, unless one or,more permanent stairways have been
installed, at least one temporary stairway shall be provided, continued in height as
rapidly as the work progresses to the highest floor that has been installed,and maintained
in serviceable condition until a permanent stairway has been completed.
Z. Ladders. Until either permanent or temporary stairways are installed,
suitable substantial ladders securely fastened at top and bottom, shall be provided _]
j and maintained to provide means of reaching the various levels. ;.;�
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�166t>1on 909---Fire Protection.
• "'- X: ,$tool fra>tno construction. ,"�`�`i"`•
(a), 'In every building of steel frame construction, the colunttis In all stgrI A , .'
below and above grade, to it point at least thirty feet above grade,shall be fireproofed
as required by this ordinance before any part of the construction is erected or maintained
in',excess of sixty feet above grade.
(b). No part of the building shall be used for the storage of cumbust ihlc nuUeri+tl
iRcs until such fireproofing of that part has been installed.
2. Iteiiiforeed concrete construction.
In ever
',i�`�" ,jai;, °1,4�?'•(a). y building of reinforced-concrete construction, forms of combust ililt-
shall be removed as soon as conditions will permit.
c {
ip: *7,No part of such building shall be used for the storage of combustible materials
'- 'tlriEil'tiui h'forms have been removed in that part of the building. +
$:.Standpipes. In all buildings in which standpipes are required bjl',lpw or
ii
oi?t(iiiitdee;`such standpipes shall be installed as the construction progresses, in bch It
anner that they are always ready for fire department use to the topmost floor con•
str'uction that has been installed. Such standpipes shall be provided with tt lire dr.•
partment connection on the outside of the building at the street level, and with one
outlet at each floor. All outlets, connections and fittings shall be designed to fit tile
fire departmentequipment,
4. Fide extinguishers. t•',, ,
(a). In every building operation wherever a tool house,storeroom or other shanty
is placed,or a room or space is used for storage,dressing room or workshop,at least one
approved hand pump tank or portable chemical extinguisher of non-freezing type or
protected against freezing shall be provided and maintained in rtn accessible location.
.,,;,(b). When a water supply of not less than one hundred gallons mr minute at
tw%nty-five pounds nozzle pressure, ready for use at all times, is installe+�as the build-
ing'operation progresses, a small hose, fifty feet in length, tt'ith a one-half inch nozzle,
maybe substituted for each such fire extinguisher.
' 5.' Access to fire. exlingui hint; equi�nnenl. During building operations,
fiee,hi cess from the street to fire hydrants, and to outside connections for standpipes,
sprinklers or other fire extinguishing equipments, whether permanent. or temporary,
shalt be provided and maintained at all times. No material or construction equipment
shall be placed within five feet of such hydrant or connection, nor between it and tire
center line of the street.
Section,910—Heating.
1..,,..Permanent heat. The permanent heating equipment shall be installed and
put in operation as soon as practicable.
2.•:',Temporary heat.
(a): When salamanders or other temporary heating devices are used,if it temporary
heating plant is impracticable and until a permanent,heating plant is installed,they shal
not be set on combustible flooring or plhtfornis unless thoroughly insulated therefrom
by a bed of sand or cold ashes not less than four inches thick,or by other efficient pro-
tection,extending at least two feet horizontally beyond such devices on all sides. I'he
legs of such devices shall rest on the insulation and shall not extend through it.
(b). Such devices shall be so located that there is a clearance of not less than
six feet above nor less than two feet six inches on all sides, between such device and un-
protected woodwork or combustible material, equipment or construction. Nor shall
such devices be placed within ten feet in any direction of tar�mulins or canvas covers.
(c). Salamanders and similar heatinr devices shall be o a substantial type with
protective screen covers, and shall be under constant attendance of a competent man
on each floor,so long as they are in use.
Section 911—Welding and Cutting.
1. Protective shield. When gas welding or cutting is done- above or within
ten feet of combustible material,or above a place where workers are employed or where,:
persons are'likely to pass, incombustible shields shall be interposed to protect suchd`;*�?t};' ';,
materials and persons against sparks,and hot metal or oxide,
2. Gas and fuel tanks.
(a). Tanks of fuel gas shall not be moved or allowed to stand for any extend ed��,;:.?:
period when not in actual use,unless the caps of such tanks are in place,
,lt•
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tanks, to
(b). 'P. 44table tradles shall be used for lifting or lowering oxygen or fuel (an
reduce to-Wifififiiiin the possibility of dropping tnnks. Ordinary rcpe all'not
be used. "lit,
I slings$11
(c). 'ranks supplying gases for gas welding or cutting shall be located at no greater
distance from the work than is necessary for safety. Such tanks shall be securely
fastened in place,and,unless unavoidable,in an upright position.
place I anks sup dying gases for gas welding or cutting hall be so stored or set.
in place for use that t icy are not exposed to the rays of the sun or to high 1(mperatures.
Combustible material shall not be permitted near such tanks.
3. Cutting steel. Before steel beams or other structural shapes or elements of
construction are cut by means of a gas flame, they shall be secured by ropes or chains
to prevent dropping or swinging.
Section 912—Watchman.
1. When required. IMlien deemed necessary by the building-official, a cam-
petent watchman shall be kept on duty it all times when no work of construction,
q& 'I alteration or repair is actually going on.
2. Periodic inspection. A thorough inspection of the entire building shall
be made at the close of each day's work by someone designated and instructed for that
purpose who shall report conditions to the watchman on duty.
Section 913—Storage of Material.
Within building. Materials or equipment needed in a building operation
_1L any part ol
j!,&`,,,if sugAi'd within the building, shall be so placed that the), will not load
h
e,cOns n
truction in exce -of-the weights for which it was designed, ndr.interfere with
sA prosecution of the wDrk.•
ZP, Outside buiIdftzg.';. :
Materials hiidJ6q' shall not be stored in a street except by special
'Vipffient s a
rmission of the build i njL�"flicial And under such conditions as he may impose.
`',(b).- In whatever ma'tiiei building material may be stored or equipment set up
'6 street,a safe walkway not less than four feet wide, unobstructed for its full length
.
adequately lighted at all times shall be maintained for use of the public.
3.,- Covering material. Materials stored within the building or within ten
feet of the building which require covering shall be protected by incombustible material.
Section 914—Disposal of'Waste.
Waste material and rubbish shall not be stored nor allowed to accumulate within
the building or in the immediate vicinity, but shall be removed from the premises as
rapidly as practicable. Combustible waste and rubbish shall be removed at least daily.
No material shall be disposed of by burning
on the premises or in the immediate vicinity.
Dry material or rubbish shall be wetted d.
,,n.if necessary,to lay dust or prevent being
blown about.
Section 915—Warning Lights.
All Fits, excavations, fences, barriers, builder's equipment, building materials
II or rubbish in or upon a street shall have placed upon or by them,after dark;illuminated
lamps with red globes,or approved torches,in such manner that there shall be one light
at each end,and at intermediate points as may be necessary to afford proper warning.
Section 916—Cellar Drainage.
Before the foundation-walls of a building or structure are completed, provisions
shall be made to prevent water accumulating in the excavation or cellar.
Section 917—Lighting.
All parts of buildings or structures under construction and all sheds, scaffolds and
other equipment in connection therewith, where work is being performed or persons
must necessarily pass,shall be adequately lighted to insure safety.
Section 918—Sanitation.
1. Toilets. Until permanent provision is made,suitable and adequate temporary
toilet facilities shall be rnvided during the erection, alteration or repair of a building,':
meeting the approval orthe health officer.
81
2. Water. An adequate supply of pure, cool drinking t►•ater '4111111 be provld�d
for workers during; hours of employnunt, nu sting the approval of the healtli ofliCt~t.`
Section 919-11'erNOnal hijury.
I. First aid. Un every building operation,a supply of incline•or nu•rcur(nht•oote
and antiseptic gauze bandages shall be provided :11111 maintained in a clean, sanitary
cabinet at nll times available.
2. 31ledieal attention. Arrangenurots shall be math. for prompt medical ®tten-
tion in case of need.
Seetion 920---Demolition.,.
In
N�*. 1. 1'roccdure. In the (lernt+�ltiod`:O�P,:�uildings, other than buildings of frame-
construction, "
y, ers`;•^;` one story at a time shall be cZpletely removed. No wall chimney, or
€'."`i: other construct ion shall be allowed'to fall in ithass on a fluor unless floors at wall directly
below are pro wrly shored to reeclve additional load liulky material,such as beans
and columns,sliall be lowered and not thrown twher.v.r. practicable.
(a). Chutes for the removal of materials and debris shall be provided in all such
• . parts of demolition operations that are more than twenty feet above the point where the
removal of material is effected.
(W. Such chutes shall he completely enclosed. 'they shall not extend in an
unbroken line for more than twenty-five feet, but shall be equipped at intervals of
,; '. ...twenty-five feet or less with substantial stops to prevent descending material from
attaining dangerous speeds.
(c). The bottom of each chute shall be equipped with a gate or stop,wish suitable
means for closing or regulating the flow of material.
3. Sprinkling. Chutes, floors, stairways and other places affected shall be
sprinkled sufficiently to keep(]own the dust.
4. The provisions of this article in the sections entitled "Scaffolds",
"Sidewalk sheds", "Temporary fences", ielloisls", "Illeating", "Watchman",
"Storage of nn►lerial", ` IK41)osal of waste", "Warning lights", "Lighting",
"Sanitation" and "Personal injury" shall apply to demolition operations as
well as butilding operations.
ARTICLE X
FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRE PREVENTION.
Section 1000—Determination of Fire Resistance.
1. Building materials and assemblies.
(a). The fire-resistance of walls, partitions, columns, girders, beams, floor-fillings
and other structural members which constitute permanent integral parts of a finished
building or structure, when not specifically designated in this ordinance, shall be de-
termined by performance under the standard-fire-test.
(b). Within the limitations and restrictions specified in this ordinance for given
uses and conditions, the following materials are recognized as suitable for fire-proofing
purposes:
concrete,concrete brick,concrete block or tile;
clay or shale brick laid in cement-mortar;or cement-lime-mortar;
concrete consisting of one part Portland cement, and not more than two parts of
sand and four parts of gravel,stone or other approved aggregate;
porous or semi-porous hollow clay tile laid in cement-mortar, cement-lime-mortar
or gypsum-mortar;
gypsum blocks, containing not more than twelve and one-half per cent by weight
of cinders,asbestos fiber,wood chips or vegetable fiber,laid in gypsum-mortar.
Such materials shall be thoroughly bonded or secured in place by suitable metal
ties or fabric.
ei ii•;tii i-..
(c). The use of other materials or assemblies of materials for fire protection pur-
poses shall not be deemed to be prohibited when approved by the build ing-oflicial on
satisfactory evidence, after fire test,.of their efficiency.
;.'(d). The provisions.of`ibis'articlegare`"minimum requirements for fire protection
purposes and shall not be'debihed'to"modifygthe requirements of other articles of this
ordinance.
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2. .;Fleo protection appliances.
(A),"'Except as otherwise specifically provided in this article, fire prtil
ances such as fire doors, lire windows, automatic and open sprinklers and a` :,, �•: `;.
releasing devices, shall conform to the specifications in rules duly promulgate y.,he
building-official.
(b). In the absence of such specifications or when not inconsistent with the
provisions of this ordinance or of drily promulgated rules,appliances enumerated in the s
most recent list of Inspected Fire Protection Appliances of Underwriters Laboratories,
Inc."shall be deemed to meet the requirements of this ordinance,
i
Section 1001—Protection of Structural Members.
1. General.
- Structural members in buildings or structures of fireproof-construction
or semo-fireproof-construction shall be so constructed,assembled and protected that they
will afford the fire-resistance required to meet the hazards involved in the occupancy,
in addition to and irrespect ive of other requirements of this ordinance;but the ultimate
lire resistance shall be not less than that required for the type of construction used,unless
otherwise specifically provided.
(b). When a greater ultimate fire-resistance than the minimum fixed for fireproof-
construct ion is required to meet the hazard involved in a given occupancy the building-
official may approve the use of a proposed material, assembly or mode of protection,
n the submission of satisfactory evidence that such material, assembly or mode of
jection has developed in a standard-fire-test the ultimate fire-resistance necessary
,:,,.
`•sheet such hazard.
1002—Fireproof Construction.
jS;a.f;.r:•,)A[Af ;t�'�,reneral.
ny form of construction that develops in the standard-fire-test the required
itp�e� resistance shall be acceptable in fireproof-construction.
a forms of construction which meet the requirements of this section shall
d "p provide the minimum fire-resistance required for fireproof-construction;
tifhest u , when a greater fire-resistance is gecessary to meet the hazards involved
I in"the A." upancyI shall not be precluded if they have developed the necessary fire
! b" esisttliice:in the standard-lire-test.
asoitry.
jr + :• ,<(a). Solid walls of clay,shale,concrete or sand-lime brick laid up in cement-mortar
ts"'riit' is,_aidin
Winie-mortar and solid walls of concrete shall be of the thicknesses prescribed
.( ) ,', Hollow walls of brick and walls of hollow-blocks or solid-blocks, except
�aneliwails in buildings of skeleton frame construction, shall be not less than twelve
I inches. ;provided that walls entirely of hollow clay tile shall have not less than three
cells in'd hickness of the wall.
tone masonry shall not be used in the construction of interior piers,columns,
j arches ori.vaultings that support loads in addition to their own weight; but this shall
not pro hibit"the use of stone facing, provided such facing is not part of the required
construction.
3. Reinforced collerete. Reinforced-concrete construction shall conform with
the provisions of this ordinance relating to reinforced-concrete construction.
4. Structural iron and steel.
(a). Iron and steel columns placed within exterior walls or along the outer lines
of a building shall be protected by concrete not less than two inches thick or by others '
Y:
approved-masonry not less than four inches thick;provided that the interior faces may :} f
be protected as hereinafter specified for columns in the interior of the building.
(b). For the protection of iron and steel columns in the interior of a building,
brickwork shall be not less than three and three-quarter inches thick; concrete shall S°
be not less than two inches thick;hollow clay the shall be not less than four inches thick, s
and, when single shell tile is used, it shall be plastered on the exposed surfaces with
gypsuin-mortar or cement-mortar at least one-half inch in thickness, or when double
shell title is used it may be unplastered; poured gypsum or solid gypsum block shall
be not less than two inches thick,and cored gypsum blocks not less than three inches
thick. The fireproofing material shall be in contact with the member to be protected,
or the spaces between the fireproofing and the member to be protected shall be filled
with concrete or mortar. ^
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83
(e),,';A ,1 h eproofitiR nutterInI for the protection of Iroo or steel coluntns AnII be
6th tl�api�t.*61ti'ches thick in may ease;provided that the outer edges of lugs and brnckcte ; .
mAy �t`Ii"�td,not nearer than one at*d one-half inches to the mat,, surfaces of the pro-:is
tcctingg ttttttihrlial.
(tl). Where the fireltrooling of coluntns is oxposed to damage from trucking or
handling of merchandise, It shall be jacketed for a height of five feet from the floor with
m substantial cuverill .
(e), Beams and girders shall be individually protected by tht,following;ntiniuttttu
0 thicknesses of fireproofing; materials: Beams and girders supporting, walls or side walls
2-inche4 of concrete; 2-inches of poured or solid gypsum units plastered; 3-inches of
hollow gypsum clay tilt, or concrete units plastered. Other beams and girders, I!:l-
inches of concrete or poured gypsum; 2 inches of hollow gytsnnn clef• tilt' or concrete
units plastered. Required plastering shall'be of not less t hat* , -inch of fort land cement
or gypsum plaster.
(f), Lintels over openings in walls shall be protected as required for beams; pro.
vided that when the span does not exceed four feet or such opening; is spanned by an
adequate ntnsonry arch above the lintel the fireproofing may be otuitted. Stone lintels
shall not be used in fireproof-construction unless supplemented with iron or steel lintels,
capable of taking the full load,or with suitable nwsonry arches.
(g). Members of steel trusses shall be protected by fireproofing materials to
provide a fire-resistance rating of not less than four hours; provided that such protec-
tion cony beomittod from such trusses and from roof beams and purllnti when such trusses
support only roof loads and ceilings over floor areas having a clear height of not less
than twenty-five feet below the lower chords of the trusses, and there is a continuous
ceiling having it fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour directly belowand
supported by such trusses, through which there shall be no openings unless they open
into shafts or ducts to the roof,the enclosing walls of which have a fire-resistance ratif(g
of not less than one hour. ai~t
(h). No pipes, wires,cables or other sorvice equipment shall be embedded in d-
required fireproofing of columns or other structural ntenlbers,.00r shall they be between
the required fireproofing and the member protected.
(i) Beams or other steel members supporting or constituting part of floors or roofs,
shall be rigidly connected to one another or to girders or columns; and shall be tied
together by steel rocs or other shapes; provided that n•hcn the floor-filling or floor or
roof construction is in the form of reinforced slabs which extend at least two inches
below the upper flanges of the beams,and in-which the reinforcement is continuous over
the supports or securely attached to the same,tics may be omitted.
5. Floors and roofs.
(a). When the floor-filling or the floor construction between floor beams or roof
beams in steel frame construction consists of arches or slabs they shall be constructed as
follows:
(b). When brickwork is used it shall consist of segmental arches having thickness
of not less than eight inches for spans exceeding five feet nor less than four inches for
spans of five feet or less. The rise shall be not less than one inch for each foot of span.
W. When hollow clay tile is used the thickness of shells and webs of each block
shall be not less than five-eights of an inch;and interior vertical and horizontal webs
of arch blocks shall not be spaced more than four inches apart. Skewbacks shall be of
a form and section to fit accurately the beans and receive properly the thrust of the
arches. in segmental arches the blocks shall be not less than six inches in depth with
at least two cellular spaces in such depth;and the rise shall be not less than one inch for
cacti foot of span. In flab arches, the depth of the blocks, unless reinforced with steel,
shall be not less than one and one-half inches for each foot of span,exclusive of the por-
tion of the block projecting below the underside of the beams.
M. When concrete is used as floor-filling it shall be not less than four inches
thick, except as hereinafter provided in this subdivision. In the case of slab construc-
tion it shall be.reinforced with steel rods or other suitable steel shapes, or steel fabric,
placed at least one inch above the•bottom of the slab. In segmental concrete arches the
rise shall be not less than one inch for each foot of span.
(e). When gypsum, poured in place,is used as floor-filling it shall be not less than
[our inches thick; and shall be reinforced with steel, no part of which shall be placed
nearer than three-fourths of an inch to the underside of the slab.
M. Each beam, joist, or girder constituting part of a floor construction shall be
individually protected by fireproofing materials as elsewhere specified in this section.
(g). For mansards and dormers, roofs of bulkheads and roofs having a pitch of
more than thirty degrees with the horizontal,blocks of burnt clay,concrete or gypsum,
not less than taro inches thick,resting on steel shapes spaced not more than one foot for
each inch of thickness in the block, may be used instead of the construction prescribed
in this section for floors and roofs.
t•:
Y.
18144
"I Reinforced concrete slabs its part of reinforced concrete floor construction
in whici, the concrete joists are spaced not more than twenty-four (24) inches apart
shall be not less than two and one-half (2,1,2) inches thick when protected by a ceiling
of metal or wire lath and Portland cement or gypsum plaster at least three-fourths
(3/4) inch thick and shall be not less than three and one-half (3%) inches thick if no
ceiling is used.
(i). Composite floors consisting of reinforced concrete joists with fillers of hollow
block not less than four inches thick shall have a top slab of concrete not less than
two(2) inches thick.
6. Partitions,
(a). Only incombustible materials shall be used in the construction of corridor
partitions,of partitions enclosing toilet compartments and other service compartments,
•&of Partitio6s separating the spaces occupied by separate tenants,and of other permanent
i ;,'this section shall prevent the erection of temporary partitions
wood and`; n room or spaces, not exceeding five thousand square feed
cupie 'tenancy.
In teii6r ttuii011r E •:•
11,1 Where k66diW`'6e! rs are used for laying wooden floors, the space belrigedt :t °,
and thO e Aflbl
b of the wooden flooring shall be filled with inconilitt 1 81':111'
t there will be no open spaces under the flooring *H16
ich a mA
one hundred feet in area,and such spaces shall be filled solidly ttndee
.'Oartitio
en or other co' ustible flooring shall be secured to a floor of fireproof=
'�'xcept'that flooring,of wood,linoleum, rubber,tile,or cork may be secured
'Boor of wood.
!Wooden trim may casings, c air-ra'I pict*e
1W-*4se&for door or window casi li" t s,
0 di b Add baseboards whei
6 bAcked,Bolidly with incombustible aldtifii}V
A 11� . 66den wainscoting and other surface coverings may b e u 66&bn i v
alls, parti-
tidit wheif Applied direct or to nailing strips and without concealed spaces;
ided that such mdtbrtal'used in a room or space exceeding five th6dsafid square feet
td-Afeih;.shall hakrei ljeeri treated to render it non-flammable.
.`,:.(e) • Combustible acoustical material and other interior finish shall not be applied
to'.66 walla,partitions or ceilings of build occupied as theatres,auditoriums,schools
or other places of assenibl� buildings, unless they have been treated to render theni non-flanimable.
Section 1003—Sexiiii-Fireproof Construction.
1. General.
(a). Any form of construction that develops the reqUi&d fire-resistance in the
standard-fire-test shall be acceptable in semi-fireproof construction;, .," `
(k). The forms of construction described in this section shall be deemed to provide
the minimum fire-resistance required for semi-fireproof-construction; but their use
shall not be precluded as affording greater fire-resistance, if they liaye:developed the
required fire-resistance in the standard-fire-test.
(c). Any form of construction acceptable for fireproof-con'struction shall be accept-
able for the same purpose in semi-fireproof-construction.
2. Structural Iron and Steel.
(a). Iron and steel colunins placed within exterior walls or along the outer lines
of a building shall be protected by concrete not less than two inches thick or by other.
approved-masonry not less than four inches thick; provided that the interior faces may
be protected as hereinafter specified for columns in the interior of the building.
(b). For the protection of iron or steel columns in the interior of a building,
i brickwork shall be not less than three and three-quarter inches thick; concrete shall
be not less than two inches thick; hollow clay tile shall be not less',than two inches
thick,.and, when single shelf tile is used, it shall be plastered on the exposed surfaces
with gypsum-mortar or cement-mortar at least one-half inch in thickness, or, when
double Xell tile is used,it may be unplastered;poured gypsum shall be not less than one
and one-half inches thick; solid gypsum blocks shall be not less than two inches thick;
and hollow gypsum blocks shall be not less than three inches thick. All spaces between
the required fireproofing and the member protected must be fire stopped at each floor
level
(c). In no case shall the protecting material of iron or steel columns be less than
one and one-half inches thick. The extreme outer edges of lugs, brackets or other sup-
porting parts of columns shall not extend nearer than one inch to the outer surface of the
protection
x
85
(d), For iron or steel girders or lintels supporting walls, the brickwork, concrete,
hollow clay tide or gypsum used as fire protection,shall be not less than two inches thick;
provided that when the span does not exceed six feet or such opening is spanned by an
adequate masonry arch above the lintel the fireproofing may be onutted,
(e). For iron or steed girders or beans, except when supporting walls, the brick-
work,concrete,hollow relay tide or gypamn used as fire protection,shall be not less than
one and one-half inches thick; or such girders or beams may be protected by KKypsunl-
mortar or.cemeat-mortar,one and one-half inches thick oil expanded tnetal lath weigh-
ing not less than three pounds per square yard.
(f). Trusses,unless protected as provided in this article for fireproof-construction,
rosy be protected on the sides and below the bottom chords with expanded metal lath
and gypsuni-mortar or cement-mortar not less than one inch thick.
(g). No pipes, wires, cables or other service equipment shall be embedded in the
required fireproofing of columns or other structural members, nor shall they be between
the required fireproofing and the member protected.
(h). \\`here the fireproofing of columns is exposed to the damage of trucking or
the handling of merchandise, it shall be jacketed for a height of five feet from the floor
with substantial covering,
:1. Floors and roofm.
(a). Rein u
forced-concrete slabs, s part of reinforced-concrete construction in
which the concrete joists are spaced not more than twenty-four inches apart, shall be
ootbless than two and one-half inches thick.
:;• (b). Reinforced-concrete slabs supported 1)),steel beams protected by fireproofing
taterials as required by this section shall be not less than two and one-half inches thick
":ivllt t the be:un s ricing does not exceed thirty inches on centers, nor less than three and
.one-half inches tuck for greater beam spacing.
J .;,I(c). Steel beams or approved steel joists which are not individually protected by
•proofing materials as specified in this section, shall be of uniform depth in each
flWr bay and shall be protected on the under side by a ceiling of expanded metal lath
and gypsuni-mortar or cement-mortar not less than one inch thick, and on the upper
side with a concrete or.gypsum slat)not less than two inches thick.
(d). Steel beams or joists shall be tied together by steel rods or by rigid'steel
bridging of proper size;:spacing and location.
4. Partitions.
(a). Partitions, unless otherwise specifically required, shall have a fire-resistance ,
rating of not less than one hour. Partitions constructed as follows shall be deemed
to have the required fire-resistance rating.
(b). Hollow clay tile laid in cement-mortar, cement-lime-mortar or gypsum-
mortar shall be not:less than six inches thick with two cells in the thickness of the par-
tition when left unplastered;and not less than four inches thick with one cell in the thick-
ness of.the'partition when,plastered on both sides with not less than one-half inch of
gypsum-mortar or cement-mortar.
(c). Gypsum blocks, either solid or hollow, laid in gypsum-mortar, shall be not
less than three inches thiok=When left unplastered nor less than two inches thick if plas-
tered on both sides."
(d). Expanded metal.lath supported by incombustible studs, plastered on both
sides to fully cover the metal lath and studs with not less than three-fourths of an
. inch of gypsum-mortar or cement-mortar shall have a total thickness of not less than
two inches.
(e), Wooden studs covered both sides with expanded metal lath and three-quarters
inch gypsum-mortar or cement-mortar shall have a total thickness of not less than five
and one-quarter inches.
(f). Nothing in this section shall prevent the erection of temporary artitions of
wood and glass or of metal and glass within the rooms or spaces occupied by a single
tenancy.
5. Interior finish.
Woden wainscoting and other surface coverings may be used on walls, partitions
and ceilings when applied direct or to nailing strips and without concealed spaces;
provided that such material used in a room or space exceeding five thousand square feet
in area, shall have been treated to render it non-fianimable.
Section 1004--Heavy Timber Construction.
i 1. Walls.
(a). Walls shall be of approved masonry laid in cement-mortar or cement-lime-
mortar,or of reinforced concrete. Walls over openings shall be supported by masonry
arches,or by lintels of dteel or reinforced concrete.
i
id;-,
. 86
(b). Steel lintels over openings more than four feel aide shall be prutected as pro-
vided in this article for semi-firepr(wf-construction,
2, Columns.
(a). Wooden columns shall be not less than eight inches, nominal, in any dimen-
sion. All corners shall be rounded or chamfered.
(b), Column and girder connections shall be of fire-resistive construction or pro.
tected by approved materials and methods having a fire-resistance rating of not less
than one hour. Wooden bolsters may be used only to support roofs,
I a"WaII /'e'we 17
I R""'441
iz'Well --/.?'Well
{
Fig. 7.
Arrangement of wooden floor joists in a wall to secure a separation of at least six
inches between the ends, §809-5a. In heavy-timber-construction a separation of eight
inches is required, §1004-3f.
(c). Steel and cast iron columns may be used if protected as provided in this
article for fireproof-construction or semi-fireproof-construction.
(d). Columns shall not rest on floor timbers;nor shall they rest on masonry founda-
tions unless stone,cast iron or steel bases are used to transmit their loads.
3. Beams and girders.
(a). Beams and girders of w ood shall be not less than six inches in least dimension
i nor less than ten inches in depth. If built up of two or more pieces they shall be properly
bolted together and precaution shall be taken to prevent decay of contact faces.
(b). Wall plates,bores of self-releasing type or approved hangers,shall be provided
where beams or girders rest on walls.
(c). Where girders meet columns they shall be fitted around them or butted up
close to them. The ends of girders shall be held in place by steel or iron straps,spiked,
bolted or lag screwed on their sides unless the post caps have sides projecting upward
which can be lag screwed to the girders.
(d). Where,integnediate beams are found necessary for the support of a floor,
they shall rest on'top,gf:the girders;or they may be supported by approved steel or iron
hangers into which the lends of beams shall be closely fitted. Interstices between,bums
framed togethei shall:be.filled in with a preservative compound. z`' '
i {j 1
87
(e). Steel beams, girders, lintels and trusses may be used if protected as provided
in this article for fireproof-construction or semi.fireproof-consstruction.
(f), Wooden beams and girders supported by xvalls shall have at least eight inches
of approved masonry between their ends and the outside face of the wall. Where beanns
enter walls from opposite sides,there shall be at least eight inches of approved masonry
between sides of adjacent beams,
4. Floors.
(a). Floors shall be constructed of splined or tongued and grooved plunk not less
than three inches in thickness,covered with one inch flooring laid crosswise or-diagonally;
but this shall not preclude the use of laminated floors, consisting of planks not less
than four inches wide, set on edge close together and spiked at intervals of eighteen
inches. In laminated floors the planks shall be laid with broken joints so that no con-
tinuous line will occur across the floor, Laminated floors shall not be spiked to the sup.
porting girders. Joints of the planking shall be over supports or at the quarter points
with no morerthan two-thirds of the joints at such quarter points. Joints between
planks shall be perfectly tight.
(b). Flooring shall not extend closer than one-half inch to walls, and 't lie space
n
thus left shall be covered by a moulding which will not obstruct a expansive movement
of the floor due to wetting;or the masonry may be corbeled under the floor planks to
ddh cover this space.
(c), Floors shall have the least possible number and annount of openings,and these
shall in all cases be protected by shafts or in some other approved manner.
5. 12oofs.
Roofs shall be constructed the same as floors except that the plank shall be not
'less than two and one-half inches thick,sad beam,;supporting the roof shall be not less
than six inches in either dimension.
6. Power Drives.
All belt or rope drives used to transmit power from one story to another, shall be
located in belt towers. Such towers shall be constructed as shafts. Shaft holes and
belt drive holes through walls shall be protected with self-closing doors.
7. Condition of Timber.
Wood used in heavy-timber-construction shall be thoroughly seasoned and dry fi
and shall be installed in such manner as to prevent dry rot or rapid decay. No paint or =ai
finish of any kind shall be applied until timbers are thoroughly seasoned.
Section 1005—Firewalls and Party Walls.
1. Construction. j
(a). Fire walls shall be constructed of approved masonry laid in cement or cement-
lime-mortar or of reinforced concrete and shall have a minimum fireresis"lance of four
hours.
M. When constructed of solid brick masonry, the thickness of firewalls shall be
not less than required for exterior bearing-walls;provided that in business buildings and
storage-buildings exceeding twenty feet in height, no part of the wall shall be less than
sixteen inches thick.
(c). When constructed of reinforced-concrete the thickness of firewalls of business-
buildings and storage-buildings shall be not less than eleven inches for the uppermost
twenty-five feet of their height,and shall increase two inches in thickness for each suc-
cessive twenty-five feet or fraction thereof measured downward from the top of the
wall; and for other buildings the thickness shall not be less than nine inches for the
uppermost thirty-five feet of their height and shall increase three inches in thickness for
each successive thirty-five feet or fraction thereof measurec dow•mvard•from the top of
the wall.
(d). Party-walls shall be constructed of solid brick masonry laid in cement-
mortar or cement-lime-mortar, or of reinforced-concrete, not less in thickness than re-
quired for firewalls; provided that walls supported by girders at each story shall be not
less than twelve inches thick when constructed of masonry, nor less than eight inches
thick when constructed of reinforced-concrete.
(e). Firewalls and party-walls shall extend at least three feet above the roof.
2. Openings.
(a). Except in sprinklered buildings, no opening in a firewall shall exceed eighty
square feet in area,and the aggregate width of all openings at any level shall not exceed
twenty-five per cent of the length of the wall.
(b). Every opening in a required firewall shall be protected on each side of the
wall with an approved automatic fire door; provided that when a firewall serves also as
a horizontal exit it shall have no openings other than door openings not exceeding forty
-
c square feet in area, and one of the automatic fire doors at each openinj salt¢ :.: ...
replaced by a self-closing fire door. w la•; +' aa`-r!
• Jj I ^;fit;,;ls'�
in
88
Seclioti 1006—lire Pttrtitiotts.
1. CunRt rise Ilon,
(a). Fire-partitions shall be constructed of approved-masonry or reinforced-
concrete,or of a form of construction of incombustible materials having a lire-resistance
rating of not less than two hours. Fire-partitions may be used as hearing-walls pro-
vided that in addition to meetin r the requirements of this section, they conform to the
requirements of this ordinance i�or bearing-walls,
(b). The following constructions shall be deemed to have the necessary fire-
resistance for fire-partitions; brick four inches thick laid in cement-mortar or cevnent-
limeanortar plastered on both sides; hollow clay the six inches thick laid in evim!nt-
mortar, cement-lime-mortar or gypsum-mortar, (Mastered on both sides with gypsum-
mortar or cement-mortar not less than one-half inch in thickness, and having at least
two cells in the thickness of the partition;cured gypsum blocks four inches thick laid in
j gypsum-mortar.
(c). Such partitions shall be supported in each story on construction having a
fire-resistance rating of not less than two hours; provided that when they also serve as
bearing-walls, the supporting construction shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less
than four hours in case the building is of lire-proof-construction or semi-fireproof-con-
struction, and not less than three hours in case the building is of heavy-timber-con-
struction or ordinary-construction.
2. In Buildings of Ilenvy=limber and Ordinary Construction.
(a). In buildings of heavy-tintbcr-construction or of ordinary-construction, fire-
partitions, if required in a story as a horizontal exit, shall be continuous through all
stories from the foundation to the roof.
(b). Stich fire-partitions shall be deemed continuous, even though the several
parts are not directly over one another in successive stories if the intervening parts of
NON FIREPROOF FIREPROOF
j12' 16' 16'
,t
li c' Ito 20'
r in
20 $ 24
in a
24 26 I tp
32' 32'
FOUNDATION WALL5�
I
Fig. 8.
' 89
the floors at the levels where offsets occur,are unpie•rre•d and of fireproof-construction or
semi-fireproof-construction and all party not supported directly on the foundations
are carried on fireproof-construction.
Thickness of firewalls and party-walls, ¢1005-1: A—solid brick masonry walls of
residence buildings,institutional buildings and public buildings;13—solid brick masonry
walls of business buildings and storage buildings, of other than fimproof construction;
C—solid brick masonry Malls of business buildings and storage buildings, of fireproof
construction.
3. Openings.
((t . Fire•partitions shall have no openings other than required door openings.
Ill. livery opening in n fire-partition serving as a horizontal exit shall be pro-
tected by an approved self-closing lire door.
(c). Other openings in lire-partitions shall be equipped with approved fire doors
set in approved door frames.
Section 1007—Firestopping.
1. General.
Firestopping shall be arran ed to cut off all concealed draft openings and form an
effectual horizontal fire barrier tetween stories, and between a top story and the roof
space.
2. Furred Walls.
(a). In buildings of ordinary-construction when the walls arc furred,the masonry
between the ends of the wooden joists shall project the thickness of the furring beyond
the inner face:of the wall for the full depth of the joists; or a course of masonry above and
,below the joists, shall project the full thickness of the furring beyond the face of the
Wall;or the space between the wooden joists above the furring,for the full depth of the
joists, shall be filled in with approved incombustible material extending from the wall
not less than the thickness of the furring.
FurrrV ✓�
t.• Stir �;..
Car3e
Conroe
Fig. 9. : t
Method of firestopping wood furred brick walls, 41007-2a. t
(b). When joists run parallel to the wall the space between the wall and nearest
joist shall be not less than two and one-half inches and shall be solidly filled with masonry
or approved incombustible material.
3. Studded-oil spaces.
In buildings of ordinary-construction or frame-construction where walls are studded-
off, the space between the inside face of the wall and the studding directly ovec such
space shall be firestopped,tt ith approved incombustible material,for a depth of",riot less
than four inches, securely supported. .;r,.
4. Partitions. '
(a). Interior stud partitions which are not provided with.at least one'two=inch
plate at top and bottom of same width as stud,shalt be otherwise properly'firestopped
at the top of the studs.
90
MIMIC�L�• .yy _.._ .rw.......... ...............i-zu-..��'a:i:r`L':3,r...w.:w.,........Tr•ili.yWy� .,
4
� � 9rickaradrDer'
' firotoppiny
✓outs ✓oi,rts .
Perntion cap
or
,SLppor/in� i I--._Girder
1'arltfion -
1
i
Fig. 10.
Firestopping of partitions, 1 1007-4.
i
(b). When sliding doors are pocketed in partitions, such pockets shall be corn-
pletely firestopped at the top, bottom and ends.
5. Exterior walls.
Exterior walls of frame-construction shall be property lire-stopped at each floor
level,at the roof level in the case of flat roofs,and at the foot of roof rafters in the case of
sloping roofs.
oy a
r .
h :Brick orother'
• Fi'restopain� �' ',
v .8rirk other b> �'
r ':� firestoppin�
n Fig. 11.
Firestopping in exterior walls of frame
a�zt construction at floor levels. 11007-5.
6. Stairs.
In buildings of ordinary-construction the space between stair strings or carriages,
when the stairs are of wood-construction,shall be firestopped at intervals not exceed-
1 z x ing eight feet;and the soffits of such stairs shall be constructed of gypsum-mortar or
{•'.;'; cement-mortar on expanded metal lath, or of gypsum lath three-eights of an inch in
thickness plastered with unsanded gypsum plaster not less than one-half inch thick.
7. Pisses, Shafting, Belts and Conveyors.
(a). Aii openings around exposed pipes or power shafting shall be filled with
j approve incombustible material,or shall be closed off by close fitting metal caps at the
ceding and floor line or on each side of the wall.
ti
9�
Slrem pips
FIOor pldt e
fEMMEE0 1114P 1 2 RE 010P
�.6irts
Cer7in platy
Fig. 12.
Protect ion of pipe openings through floors,11007-7a. When floors are waterproofed
or drainage by scuppers is provided, the sleeve should extend six inches above the
floor. 11210-1a.
(b). All openings for belts and conveyors shall be provided with approved slotted
doors,or be otherwise closed of. Belts shall not pass through tirewalls.
8. Inspection.
iNo firestopping shall be covered or concealed until inspected by the building—
official.
s6euon 10012—Protection of Opening~.
1. When Kerired.
:;•(a). Every building,except dwellings, churches and buildings of frame-construc-
tion,shall have approved fire windows or other approved protectives, in every opening
iirthe exterior walls when such opening faces on a street and is less than fifty feet from
the,opposite building line,or when such opening is less than fifty-feet distant in a direct
unobstructed line from an opening in another building, or when such opening is•above
and not more than fifty feet distant from any part of a neighboring roof;provided that
such protection shall not be required for show windows facing on a street which do
not extend above the first full story above grade;and provided further that such pro-
66tion shall not be required when the opening to be protected and the opening against
which it is to be protected are situated in walls in the same plane or in parallel planes and
are:facing in the same direction.
(b). For the purpose of this section, when a building is divided by firewalls into
two or more sections,each section shall be regarded as a separate building.
(c). Fire doors, fire windows, fire shutters, open sprinklers and other protectives,
enumerated in the "List of Inspected Fire Protection Appliances"of Underwriters'
Laboratories, Inc., as suitable for given locations and conditions, and installed in ac-
oordance with the regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, as amended
from time to time, for the "Protection of Openings in Walls and Partitions Against
Fire;"shall be deemed to be approved within the meaning of this section.
2. Vertical Separation. Except in buildings of ordinary-construction, exterior
openings that are located vertically above one another and which are not protected by
automatic fire windows or doors or fire windows with fixed sash shall have not less than
three feet of approved masonry between the top of one opening and the bottom of the
one next above. No such opening shall be within one foot of the ceiling of the story in
which it is located.
3. Fire Shutters.
(a). When equipped with fire shutters of the swinging type, at least one in every
three openings facing a street in each story shall have such shutters arranged to be readily
j - opened from the outside. Distinguishing marks shall be provided on.these shutters.
(b). Fire shutters of the rolling type shall be carefully counter-balanced and so
arranged that they can be readily opened from the outside.
4. Exit Openings. When fire doors or fire shutters are used on openings to exits
i or fire escapes they shall be so arranged as not to obstruct such exits or fire escapes.
5. Wired Class. For the glazing of fire doors, when permitted,or fire windows
only wired glass not less than one-quarter inch thick shall be used.
,z
�w.A.
9.2
..--. .....is......»......,..... _-. r..x•.......:J.:.u�.SSir:L...t. .. ... � -. t...«..--...-...--......�.�� -...y-...�..-...-
6. (:losing of Prolveli/es. I:ire doors, lire shutters and lire windows on exterior
openings,when not required to he open,shall he closed by the occupant or occupants of
the braiding having the use or control of them.
7. Protection of interior opeuhigm. Whenever the building—ollirial shall de-
clare in written order that;in existing hazardouscondit it)n requires it,upenings in interior
walls of masonry or reinforced concrete shall he equipped Leith approved automatic or
self-closing fire doors as may be designated.
i
Section 111119---Shuftw.
1. Wllen required.
(a). Every series of openings above one another in two or more successive floors,
or floors and roof, hereafter plared or constructed in it building or hereafter enlarged or
altered to change life line of the shaftteay shall be enclosed to constitute a shaft; pro.
vided that in buildings of heavy-tintberconstruc•timt there shall he no floor opening that
is not protected by al shaft as prescribed in this section or in some other approved
manner.
j (b). The provisions of this section shall apply to all shaft-ways used for ventila-
tion, light, elevator or other nu•pose, except stairways, ducts, incinerator chutes and
j flues,stairways in buildings t frame-construction and shaftways in residence-buildings
of ordinary-c•onstruedon extending from the ceiling of the top story to and above the
roof.
2. OlMll "huffs.
(a). the enclosing walls of shafts that. are open to the outer air at the top shall
t be constructed of approved-masonry or reinforced-concrete.
(h), \\'[tell the enclosing walls of shafts open to the outer air at the top do not
extend ten feet in length in a horizontal direction, they may be eight inches thick for
the uppermost thirty-five feet and four inches more for each lower section of thirty-five
t feet of their height.
3. Interior shafts. 'rhe w•allsof shafts,unless constructed of approved-masonry
or reinforced-concrete shall be fire-partitions;provided that shafts in residence-buildings
of ordinary-construction may be constructed of hollow clay tile,stone or cinder concrete,;
gypsum blocks,gypsum n►ortt+rorcement-ntortaron metal lath,orally ntaterialand form,
of construction that has it fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour;and provided,
further that such walls shall be not less than two inches thick and set in a angle iron
frame or otherwise substantially supported on incombustible construction properly
fire protected.
4 Operli6je.
l °.h
(a). Shafts; U have no openings other than such as are necessary for the pur-
,,posegif the shaftivuy�provided that in shaftways for elevators t here shall be at least one,
'aYoiir4; every thirty.Ject of the height of such shaftway.
1 `.` }facaz; ). Such openings shall be protected with approved fire doors, approved fire
or approved fire windows.
at top.
%'.''r•;n=!}g) Ever},shaft extending into the top story of a building of heavy-timber-con-
.or ordinary-construction shall be carried through and not less than three feet
A e roof.
Every shaft extending above the roof, except open shafts, shall'be covered
f at the •p with a skylight of at least three-fourths of the area of the shaftway in the top
sto provided that the skylight herein required may be replaced by a window of
equivalent area in the side of the shaft if the sill of such window is not less than two feet
above the roof and the window does not face a lot-line within ten feet.
(c). A shaft that does not extend into the top story shall have the top enclosed
i with fireproof-construction.
6. Enclosure at bottom. A shaft that does not extend to the bottom of the
building shall be enclosed at its lowest point with a floor construction of the same type
as that required for the lowest floor to or through which it passes;provided that,in any
rase,it shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than one hour.
7. Elevator machinery compartment. When a compartment which contains
rpachinery for operating an elevator is not separated from the elevator shaft by fire-
proof-construction or semi-fireproof-construction, it shall be enclosed with fire-parti-
tions,and openings in such fire-partitions shall be equipped with approved fire doors.
8. Number of elevators in shaftway. Not more than three elevators shall be
placed'heminafter in one shaft.
1
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93
9. M:zlrtinu shaftwnyA.
(a)• In an existing building in which there is a shaftway riot already enclosed as
in this article prescribed for shafts, the openings in each floor shall be protected by
substantial guards or gates and shall be provided with approved trapdoors as may be
directed by the building—oflicial.
(b). Such trapdoors shall be constructed so as to form a substantial floor surface
when closed;if there is an elevator,the,shall be so arranged as to open and close by the
action of the elevator in ascending or descending.
(c). Guards or gates, and trapdoors required by this section shall be kept closed
at all times, when the shaftway is riot in actual use.
Section 1010—Roofing.
1. Materials.
(a). Every roof hereafter placed on a building within tf)e fire-limits shall be covered
with an ap)roved roofing of brick, concrete, tile, slate, metal, asbestos, or built-up
roofing finrs�red with asphalt, slag or gravel,or with other approved material.
(b). Except where roofing is of a character permitting attachment direct to steel
fr. work, it shall be applied to a solid or closely fitted deck.
(c). Roofings which are classified as Class A or R under the test specifications of
Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.,shall be accepted as meeting the requirements of this
• section.
(d). For buildings which are occupied as dwellings: for buildings .which are of
frame-construction, or,outside the fire-limits, for other buildings which do not exceed
two stories or thirty feet in height nor twenty-five hundred square feet in area and are
a
not occupied as mercntile establishments, factories or warehouses, roofings which
are classified as Class C under the test specifications of Underwriters' Laboratories, inc.,
shall be accepted as meeting the requirements of this section.
2. Repairs.
(a). No roofing on an existing roof shall be reneca ed or repaired to a greater extent
than one-tenth of the roof surface, except in conformity with the requirements of this
section.
(b). The I " �f.netiw roofing conforming to this section over existing combus-
tible roofing shaj l erohibited; provided the existing roofing is removed for a dis-
tance of four in 4111 edges of the roof and replaced by strips of weatherproof
material over aq '4 dew•roofing shall extend.
..
(a). Corn1`" yuding those on show,windows, hereafter placed on the exterior
°.
of buildings witlil& 4ifire-limits or on buildings over fifty feet in height outside the
fire limits shall EiiJ<[�jncombustible materrials.
(b). Exce§��42 buildings of lrame construction,cornices on buildings outside the
fire-limits shall'be cdve"red with incombustible material when nearer than three feet to
a lot-line other than a street line,or when within five feet of another building;provided
that cornices attached to parapet walls may be of wood. 1•53ri} ,�.
4. Gutters and leaders. Gutters and leaders hereafter placed on buildings,
shall be metal.
5. Scuttles.
(a). Unless provided with some other means of access tot e' building
more than fifteen feet in height, except dwellings with peak.roofs,arid;iutiustnal build-
ings not over forty feet in height at the eaves,shall have in the coon aCUttle or trap-
door with a ladder leading thereto from the top story. ,M. Such scuttles or trapdoors shall be covered on the.iop andagdgea with sheet
metal or other approved fire-resistive material. The openings for saitiwehali be at least
two feet by three feet in size.
Section 1011—Roof Structures.
I. General. All construction,other than aerial suppocbe'tiot dV4`ien feet high,
flag poles,water tanks and cooling towers,hereafter placed above the'roof of a building
within the fire-limits or over the roof of a building more than fifty feeOn beight wherever
located, shall be of incombustible materials.
2. Bulkheads.
(a). The walls of bulkheads hereafter erected on buildings of fireproof-construc-
tion or semi-fireproof-construction shall be constructed as fire-partitions. The roofs of
such bulkheads shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than two hours.
• (b). The walls and roofs of other bulkheads, unless constructed of approved-
ttaasonry, shall be.covered on the outside with fire-resistive, weatherproof material.
:4
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94
3. Pent houses.
(a), A tcnt•hottse shall be considered a slur} of the buildill
Q)). When an exterior wtell of it penthouse sets bark fine feet or more from the
exterior walls of the next lower story it may be constructed as it fire•partitiun,covered
on the outside with tire-resistive, weatherproof material, and supported by steel or
reinforced-concrete girders; otherwise the walls shall conform to the requirements for
exterior walls of approved-masonry,
I `;kvliggIII
(n). Skylights which are inclined more than sixty degrees from the vertical,
I hereafter placed on n building shall have the sashes and frames thereof constructed of
racial; (Tpt that skylights in foundries or buildings where acid felines are present its
j an incident to the occupancy of the building, may be of vvuud by special permission
t of the building-olTirial,
(b)• Skylights placed over shaftways Shall be glazed with plain glass not nwre
than three-sixteenths of an inch its thickness.
(c). Every skylight in which plain lass is used shall be protected by a sabslantial
wire screen placed not less than four inc�tes nor more than ten inches above the glazed
Portion of the skylight at all (mints, Steel)screen shall extend beyond the glazing on all
i sides a not ot less than the height Of the screen above the glazing.
(d). When such skylight is located over a stairway, passageway, public hallway
or a w room of public resort;t similar screen shall also be placed belo the skylight, unless
there is an intermediate ceiling light,
S. Mansard roofs. Nlansard or other slanting roofs having;t pitch of more than
sixty degree,hereafter placed on a building over forty feet in height shall he of fireproof.
' construction or semi-fircproof•construction.
0. Dormer windowti. Dormer windows hereafter erected shall be of the same t
type of construction as the roof oil which they are placed or of the side walls of the
building. The top,end sides shall be covered with materials prescribed in this article
for roofing.
7. 'Tanks.
(a). Tanks of more than five hundred gallons capacity hereafter placed in or on a
building shall be supported on masonry, reinforced1-concrete or steel construction;
provided that when such steel construction is within the building it shall be protected
as required for fireproof-construction.
(b). Such tanks shiill have in the bottom or on the side near the bottom, a pipe
or outlet, not less than four inches in diameter,fitted with suitable quick-opening valve
1. for discharging the contents in an emergency through an adequate drain.
rb (c). Such tanks shall not be placed over nor near a line of stairs or an elevator
shaft, unless there is a solid roof or floor underneath the tank.
j �d). All unenclosed roof tanks shall have covers sloping toward the outer edges.' 'R;; ;;
e). When hoops are used in the construction of tanks they..`Wbe of metal,
in cross-section and provision shall be made to guard against coirobtgn
1 l ARTICLE XI
i CHIMNEYS AND FLUES: .ti. t ;,,1;..•.
i Section :1100—Chimneys. ' i
1. Consiraetion.
(a). Chimneys hereafter erected shall be of approved-masono—h r;of reinforced-
ti•
concrete. �::,� '
(b). Such chimneys shall extend at least three feet above' iii"Vest point at
which they come in contact with a roof of the building acid">Yt°'1 ;". Peet higher
than any ridge within ten feet of such chimney. c) .:'
(e). Every such chimney shall be properly capped,'with tovtta;stone, cast
iron or other approved incombustible, weather-proof material. i:t' `
(d). Such chimneys shall be wholly supported on appro masonry or self-
Supporting fireproof-construction. w t-
(e). No such chimney shall be corbeled from a wall moiti fan six inches;nor shall
such chimney be corbeled from a wall less than twelve incites`its thickness unless it
projects equally on each side of the wall;provided that in the'J.'66tind story of two-story
dwellings corbeling of chimneys on the exterior of the enclosing walls may equal the wall
thickness. 10
(f). No change in the size or shape of a chimney where the chimney passes through
the roof, shall be made within a distance of six inches above or below the roof joists
or rafters.
OF
951
(g). All chimneys which are or have become unsafe or dangerous shall he repaired
and made safe, or taken down.
2. Fluem required.
(a), l acept electric heating appliances, and as otherwise provided in this article
for gas ap)liances, every heating apparatus or heat producing appliance referred to in
this and the next following article shall be connected with a line, conforming to the
• provisions of this article.
(b). No flue shall have smoke pipe connections in more than one story of a build-
ing, unless provision is made for effectively closing smoke pipe openings with devices
made of incombustible materials whenever their use is discontinued temporarily, and
completely closing them with masonry when discontinued permanently.
(c), Notlih + in this ordinance shall prohibit trite joining of two or more smoke
pipes for n single(�ue connection;nor the venting of an automatic gas appliance to it flue
serving appliances using other fuel;provided the gas appliance connection into such flue
is made at a point not less than twelve inches shove the connection from such other
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Standard Chimney Construction. Sec. 1100.
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96
appliance; providal further that in overy case the snarkc pilie4 and dues are of 4ulli-
dent size to serve al the appliances thus coil necletl;and provided that,except for outlet
pipes for gas appliances, the several smoke pipes shall he constructed to comply with
the severest re(lurren)ents for any one of those cooncoted. An aulonurtic gas a )plianre,
within the meaning of this paragraph,is one that is equipped with a safety pi�ot light,
the extinguishment of which will autuniatic•ally shut oil' the supply of gas.
Flues serving non-fuel fired incinerators in rrsidencc•builrlinga, inslitttion:d-
builchngs,churches,schools and restaurants,shall riot hove smokepipe cawnc•ctions with
any other appliance,
I Flue IitrinkK.
(a). itequired flue linings shall be made of fire cla 1 or other refractory clay to
withstand,without softening, the temperatures to which t�iev trill he subjected but not
less than two thousand degrees Fahrenheit,or of cast iron of approved quiility,lornl and
construction.
(b). llegtiired clay flue linings shall be not less than five-eights of stn inch thick.
c). Flue linings shall be built in its the chimney construction is carried tip, care-
fully bedded one on the other in mortar with close-fitting joints left smooth oil tile inside.
W. Flue linings shall start from a point not less than eight inches below the
intake,or, in the case of fireplaces, m fro the throat of the fireplace. They shall extend,
as nearly vertically as possible, for the entire height of the chiniiley.
(e). When c(eanouts for hues or fireplaces are provided, they shall he constructed
the saute as such flues or the flues serving the fireplace and shall be equipped with cast
iron doors arranged to remain tightly closed when not necessarily open for cleaning.
(f). Only ceni cut-mortar or cenient-lime-mortar shall be used in setting flue
linings.
(g). When two or more flues are contained in the saine ctiininey, withes of brick ,
or concrete not less than three and three-quarter inches thick shall be provided at,#,
iptervals not exceeding thirty inches horizontally. \\'here line linings are not separated.;:;
by withes,the joints shall be staggered, t,'
4. Flues for lute' heat appliances.
(a). Smoke flues of stoves, cooking ranges, hot air, hot water and low pressure
steam heating furnaces, ant! other low heat appliances other than gas appliances and
incinerators elsewhere provided f6e,'hereafter constructed shall be encased in ap)rovedr
masonry or reinforced-concrete not less than eight ,inclleq:itliick; provided Mat fpr
stone masonry other than sawed or dressed stone in;CQ{ltse,p,properly bonded and-tied
with metal anchors, the thickness shall be not less tbatlttMe!ve inches; and provided
that in dwellings for smoke flues in brick or solid compete chimneys, used exclusively
for ordinary stoles, ranges, furnaces or open firephicGe,;tbe.thickness of the masonry
may be reduced to not less than three and three-qualrters ladles.
(b). Ever}• such flue shall be lined with a flue,l!ining conforming to the require-
meats of this section. ;i.;;:; ,L.•,.;4•.
5. Flocs fin nrcdium heat appliances. SmOfi dues f high pressure steam
boilers, smoke houses grid other medium heat appllanceb�iitfter than incinerators, here-
; after constructed, shall be encased in approved masonry-, reinforced-concrete not less
than eight inches thick;provided that stone nlasoniy shall be.not Icss than heeh c inches
thick; and in addition,shall be lined with not less than fouc'inches of fire brief:laid in
fire clay mortar, starting not less than two feet below the flue entrance and extending
i for a distance of at least twenty-five feet above the flue,entrance.
6. Flues for high heat appliances. Smoke flues of cupolas, brass furnaces,
porcelain baking kilns and other high heat appliances shall be built with double walls,
I each not less than eight inches in thickness,with an air space of not less than two inches
between them. The inside of the interior walls shall be of fire brick not less than four
! inches in thickness.
i 7. Flues for incinerators.
(a). Flues hereafter constructed for non-fuel fired incinerators in which the grate
I of the combustion chamber does riot exceed nine stluare feet,shall be encased in clay or
shale brickwork not less than three anti three-quarter inches thick and a flue lining.
f (b). Flues hereafter constructed for non-fucf fired incinerators in which the grate
i of the combustion chamber exceeds nine square feet, shall be encased in clay or shale
brickwork not less than three and three-quarter inches thick and a lining of fire brick
not less than four and one-half inches thick for a distance of riot less than thirty feet
above the roof of the combustion chamber,and in clan or shale brickwork not less than
eight inches thick beyond thirty feet above the roof of the combustion chamber..
(c). Flues hereafter constructed for•fuel fired incinerators in residence buildings,. '
institutional-buildings, churches, schools and restaurants, shallbe encased as required
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• 97
for tton-fucled fire) incinerators with grates e.xceeding nine square feet, but the fire
brick lining shall extend fur nut Icss than forty feet above the toot of the combustion
chamber.
(d). Flues hereafter constructed for rubbish and trtste material incinerators shall
be encased in clay or shale brickwork not less than eight inches thick and in lining of
fire brick nor less than four and one-half inches thick, laid in fire clay,for the full height
of the flue,
(e). Nothing in this section shall prohibit it fuel fired incinerator or a rubbish and
waste material incinerator to connect.to a boiler stack or flue for it high heat appliance by
means of an approved breeching provided the cross-sectionaal area of such stack or flue
is at least four times that of the incinerator breeching.
(f). All flues for non-fired incinerators shall terminate in substantial constructed
spark arresters.
11. Size of flue.v. The cross-sectional areas of smoke flues shall be designed and
proportioned to meet the conditions of temperatures, within and without the flue,
thickness of masonry,exposure,shape and material of flue and other influences;but they
shall be nut less than seventy square inches for warn" air, hot n•atet'and low pressure
steam heating appliances; not less than forty square inches for ordinary stoves, ranges
and roost heaters; not less than twent)•eight square inches for small special stoves and
healers; mot less than fifty square inches for fireplaces, but at least one-twelfth of the
fireplace opening.
9. Use of flues. It shall he unlawful to use as a smoke flue it flue hereafter con-
strucled or placed in a building,or a title now existing that is not already used as it smoke
flue, unless it conforms to the rafuirenaetts of this section.
"F ]0. Flues Io be clean.
(a)• Upon the completion of a building or the alteration of existing flues the
flues shall be cleaned and left smooth on the inside.
(b). The building-official may require it test to be oracle to assure this condition
before permitting the use of it flue.
11. Fireplaces.
(a). The back and sides of fireplaces hereafter erected shall lie of approved- a'
masonry or reinforced-concrete, not less than eight inches in thickness. A lining of r;
fire brick or other approved material at least two;inches thick shall be provided unless ;;,?•
the thickness is twelve inches. ;.ta
(b). Fireplaces, except when designed and used'for approved gas appliances only,
shall have hearths of brick, stone, the or other approved incombustible material sup-
ported on masonry arches. Such hearths shall extebd!at least twenty inches outside of
the chimney breast and not less than twelve inehesibeyond each side of the fireplace
opening along the chimney breast. The combined.-thickness of hearth and supporting
arch shall be not less than six inches at any pointil.scf',"
(c). Wooden centers used in the construction of that part of the supporting arch
which as below the hearth of the fireplace inside,pf he,chimney breast,shall be removed
when the construction of the arch is completed��iRd6re plastering on the underside.
(d). No heater other than an electric he3tpt;'ot`an approved gas appliance shall
be placed in a fireplace which does not conform", ' "-_iequirements of this section and
is not provided with a flue, "'.`
Section 1101—Metal Sniokestacks.-"""
1. Construction.
(a). Metal smokestacks, unless structurally self-supporting, shall be guyed
secure) t or firmly anchored to or otherwise supported by the building served thereby.
R). All metal work shall be painted.
. Clean-out openings shall be provided at the base of every such stack.
. All such stacks hereafter erected, outside or independent of a building, shall
be supported on substantial masonry foundations,so designed that the pressure on the
soil shall not exceed two-thirds of the maximum allowable pressure on the soil.
2. Height. All such stacks shall extend to a height of not less than ten feet
above the highest point of any roof within twenty-five feet.
3. Exterior stacks.
(a). Every such stack, or part thereof, hereafter erected on the exterior of a
building shall have a clearance from the wall of not less than twenty-four inches if the
wall is of frame-construction,and not less than four inches if it is of any other type of
construction. ;
(b). No such stack shall be nearer than twenty-four inches in any dieecti`ftrom
a wall opening, exit or fire escape.
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98
(c), When such stark is insulated on the exterior in some approved uuurncr (lie
clearances herein prescribed may be reduced to two-thirds of those specified,
•t. ithterfor macks.
(a). Every such stack, or part thereof, hereafter erected within a building other
than a one-story building, shall be enclosed above the story on N%hich the almliance
served thereby is located, in walls of approved masonry,or lirc•partitions, with n space
on all sides between the stack and the enclosing walls suflicient to render the entire stack
accessible for examination and repair.
(b). The enclosing walls shall be without openings,except doorways equipped with
approved self-closing fire doors at various Dorn• levels for inspection purposes,
(c). Where such a stack passes through a roof constructed of ronhbustible materials,
it shall be guarded I.hy a galvanized iron ventilating thimble extending not less than nine
inches below and nine inches above such roof constmetiou. Such thimbles shall be
of a size to provide it clearance on all sides of the stack of not less than eighteen inches;
provided that for stacks of low heat appliances the clearance may be reduced to not loss
than twelve inches.
5. Prohibition. Smokestacks shall not be carried up inside of vent stacks or
vent flues unless such Starks or flues are constructed as required by this article for smoke-
stacks or smnke flues and such stacks or Dues are used solely for venting the room or
space in which the appliance served by the smokestack is located.
Section 1102—Cupola Chimneys.
Chimneys of cupola furnaces, blast furnatxs and similar devices, hereafter erected,
hall extend at least twenty feet above the highest point of any roof within a radius
f fifty feet thereof and be covered on the top with heavy wire netting or other approved
spark arrester. No woodwork or other combustible material or construction shall be
. erected or placed within three feet of any part of such device or its chinuhcy,
Secttot>t 1103..."Ruising Adjoining; Chimneys.
1. :.when required. Whenever a building is hereafter erected,enlarged or raised 4
so'that a ivall,along,dJot-line or within three feet thereof, extends above the top of a
chimney or smoke Due,of a neighboring existing building the owner of the building so i j
erected, enlq%id or-raised shall at his own expense, carry tip, either independently or
+ in his own (lilt ing M chimneys and smoke flues of such adjoining building within ten
feet of any portion of the wall extending above such chimney or flue,
2. Gi> faetfon::,The construction,of such chimneys and Dues shall conform to
the requires eii s'of"thiit article,but in no case shall the internal area of an extended Due
{ be less than t1tat of,the existing Due.
3. N(4 0 6't o''"n e r. It shall be the duty o f t he owner of the building to be erected
enlarged or rained to.notify, in writing, at least ten days before such work is to begin,
the owner of'the chimneys and flues affected,of his intention to carry up such chimneys
and Dues as]herein provided. Such chimneys and flues shall be carried up simultaneously
with the walls'
Section 1104---Yent Flues.
Flues hereafter erected or used for venting appliances that give off grease or grease-
laden fumes shall be constructed and used entirely independent of other Flues and shall
conform to the requirements of this article for smoke flues.
Section 1105--Gas Appliances.
1. Vented appliances.
(a). Every gas appliance for domestic purposes using in excess of twenty thousand
British thermal units per hour except in the case of domestic gas ranges and radiant
Igas heaters shall be connected to a flue constructed as required by this article..-. ..
f (b), The following gas appliances shall be connected to such a Due or to aih outlet
pipe:automatically controlled appliances using more than five thousand British thermal
I units per hour; automatically controlled appliances using less than five thousand
British thermal units per hour, which are not equipped with an effective device, which,
in the event that the constantly burning flame or pilot Dame is extinguished, will auto-
! matically shut off the gas supply to the main burner or burners; appliances installed
in the same room which to the aggregate use, at normal rating, thirty,British thermal
units or more per hour for each cubic foot of room space;water heaters installed in bath-
rooms,bedrooms or in any place not adequately ventilated.
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99
2. hhies and(littler pipes.
(a). Flues and outlet pipes to which gas appliances are connected shall have cross
sectional areas of not less than the aggregate areas o f t.IIC rent ontlets of the appliances
connected to them, but in tit) case ,hall the least internal dimension or diameter be
less than three inches.
(b . Flues and outlet pipes for the venting of gas appliances shall he carried to and
throug+ the roof or through an exterior wall to the outer air. In all rases outlet pipes
shall be surmounted by a suitable cup.
(c). Outlet pipes shall be standard water, steatu or soil pipe, clay pipe or other
approved incombustible, nun-corrodible nntterial so connected as to prevent leakage at
the joints,
(d). Outlet pipes 811-111 be so installed that there is n clearance on all sides of not
less than one-inch between such pipe and woodwork and combustible material.
3. Installation. Except as otherwise specifically provided in this ordinance or
in rules duly promulgated by the building-official, gas appliances shall be installed in
conformity with the "Requirements for House Piping and Appliance Installation" of
the Aniencan Gas Association, or in accordance with the requirements of the National
Board of Fire Underwriters as published in Pamphlet No. 54 and amended from time
to lime.
ARTICLE \iI
HEAT APPLIANCES AND FORCED DRAFT SYSTEIVIS
Section 1200--IIeat-Producing Equipment.
1. General For the purposes of this ordinance, heat producing appliances
shall'be classed as low, medium and high, as follows:
tei,:2.'. Gas-fired equipment. Installation will be in accordance with the require-
mints of Bulletin No. 2-P of the Western Acturial Bureau,as published in August, 1940,
'.and amended from time to time.
S. 011-burning equipment. To be installed in accordance with regulations
Otlined in Pamphlet No. 31 of the National Boa d of Fire Underwriters, published in
1934, and amended from time to time.
;t'h(a). Low heat appliances are those in which the temperatures developed at the
f . ee do not exceed sax hundred degress Fahrenheit, such as bake ovens, candy fur- >-:�#,•,
riaces,coffee roasting ovens, cooking ranges,core ovens,cruller furnaces, hot air engine i�t
fughaces, hot air, japanning ovens, rendering furnaces, stereotype furnaces, wood
drying furnaces.
7}CCt101tij l",�,.Mountirig and Cicurunces.
1. HeaitWO.Furnaces.
(a). .Hot';atr;-hot Hater and steam heating furnaces hereafter installed on wood- s
uoisted Iloare:'oi' her combustible construction in dwellings, shall have protective
ses of 80241 1t r asbestos covered with hollow masonry not less than four inches
in`thickneig"lta-I& .treserve a free circulation of air through such masonry course.
Such basesshalVextend at least one foot beyond the furnace on all sides; provided
that the exiensiisit at•the front is at least two feet when solid fuel is used, ti ,
(b). No such,-appliance shall be located hereafter nearer than eighteen inches .,:' `ti:: 07
u; in any direction tv woodwork or other combustible material or construction, including;
plaster on combustible base. Such clearances may be reduced one-half when said
combustible material or construction is protected by sheet-metal or equivalent covering
placed at least one inch front the surface to be protected and extending not less than
twelve inches in each direction from heat appliance.
2. Garr heating Appliances.
Nothing in this ordinance shall prohibit the use of approved portable gas or electric_
appliances when properly installed.
3. Non-Conforming Installations. In case the installation of an existing:
heat appliance does not conform to the requirements of this section for appliances;
hereafter installed, the building-official may direct such changes in the location of the
appliance or in the construction surrounding it as may be necessary to remove existing
fire hazards,
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100
Section 1202---Smoke 11ilies.
1. Conneellon with Flue. Except as otherwise provided in this ordinance,
every smoke pipe shall connect with n smoke flue conforming to the provisions of this
ordinance.
2. Restriction. No smoke pipe shall pass through n floor, nor through a roof
i unless such roof is of fire-proof construction or semi-fire-proof construction.
3. Proleetiou to Partitions. Smoke piIes shall not pass through combustible
partitions; provided that smoke pipes from ordinary ranges and stoves may do so if
they are guarded by double metal ventilated thimbles six inches larger in diameter
than the pipe, or by steel tubes built in brickwork or other approved fireprooling ma-
terials extending not less than eight inches beyond all sides of the tube:
4. Clearances. The clear distance between a smoke pipe or metal breaching*
aril combustible material or construction, including plaster on combustible base,shah
be not less than eighteen inches in the case of 101\'heat.appliances,not less than twenly-
four inches in the case of fuel oil equipment, and 'lot less than thirty-six inches for
medium or high heat appliances; provided that such clearances play be reduced one-
half when such smoke pipes or breechings are protected with not less than one inel' of
asbestos or in some other approved manner or such combustible material or construc-
tion is 1rotected by sheet metal or equivalent covering placed at least one inch front
j the surface to be protected and extending the full length of the smoke pipe and nut
less than twelve inches beyond it on both sides;and provided further that, in the case
j of smoke pipes used on ordinary heating or cooking stoves, such clearances may be
I nine inches but not less.
5. Where tins ranges,sloven or water heaters tire to be vented front rooms
'. having no available brick flues, then a pipe-6111 capacity cgtial to that of the
collar on said appliance may he used.
This pipe to be constructed from not: less
than kjo. 26-gauge galvanized sheets, covered with not less than three thicknesses of
asbestos ppaper, and extending through the roof into a ventilator of Globe or equal
type.l All,smoke;pipes to be bolted,riveted or welded together.
,<g;9ectlij,' 1203.-41oods.
i A• �i...'I'�4't�i ::i' ,..,, :1..,1.*... ,+fl.�(4 t'.•..
6fj1>en're'quired. Ranges, candy• kettles crtt r',furnaces aiul a 1 lliatite
# ry g ery or confectionery prod ucts,'exceplr•�r"ges.in dwellings or ap4.
Sr he f� m o�
:r Afs of muitt�` ily-houses, shall be provided wito"y6tltilatirig hoods atld pipea�c>`
Sate off the sit(nk uses and vapors; unless sucli;;,g iariC4:a're enclosed.and venletl
''ttl an approved iha�tlner. <t''
LoeaQxaY.tli. Such hoods shall not be ra� ot,4 than six and'one-half feel:
�s�;above the Boer •;Z'he lridth and breadth shall bNinq �s;1 than that of.the appliance
iilrved thereby
"R'Lrz 3. Construction.i.,Such hoods and their pl shall be constructed of incoul-
stible materials. The pipes shall be connecter lh'`independent'masonry flocs,
constructed as required for smoke flues for low heat,appliances; provided that, in
buildings heretofore erected when such masonry Aues'are not available, they may be.
connected with independent metal stacks outside the building;;prgvided that, in either ';...
case,such flues or stacks shall be used for no other purposes:;
4. Clearances. Such hoods shall be installed to havi., e clearances required
`Yor smoke pipes. NVIiere the pipe passes through a partitiorf.if shall be protected as
required for smoke pipes.
+� Section 1207—Ash Pits.
Ash pits or receptacles for ashes,'shall be of1ioh,'brick or other incombustible
material. The walls of ash pits shtlll'be of approved=masonry not less than eight inches
thick. The floor and, in case such"ash pit is coveted, the roof shall be of�fireproof-
construction;provided that when such pit is not covered the ceiling of the room ill which
? it is located shall be of fireproof-construction.
Section 1203—Warm Air Pipes.
To be installed in accordance with regulations as outlined in Bulletin No. 90 of
the National Board of Fire Underwriters, published in October,.1940, and amended;
from time to time.
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Section 1209—I1egislers.
1, Construet foil. Register boxes shall be made of sheet metal, They shall
be double with not less than five-sixteenth-inch air space between the two, or they
may be single and covered with asbestos not Iess than ono-eighth inch thick, provided
that five-sixteenths-inch clearance is allowed between the exterior surface and any
combustible material, unless approver) register frame is us-1.
2. Register Over Fi niece. When a register box is placed in the floor over a
furnace,the space on all sides between the casing and the register box shall be not less
than four inches unless such wuod•wnrk is covered with asbestos paper and the paper
covered with tin or iron,
3. Fixed Itegister Required. Every gravity hot-air furnace shall have at least
one register without valve or louvres.
Section 1210—Steam, 1111(1 Ilot Witter Pipes.
1. Protection.
(a). Where steam or hot water heating pipes pass through combustible floors,
or partons,or other combustible construction there shall be an open space of not less
than one inch on all sides of the pipe, n•hich shall be capped at the ends with inconabust-
ible material,
(b). Such Tripes passing through stock shelving shall be covered with not less
than one inch o approved insulation.
(c). Wooden boxes or casings enclosing steam or hot water heating pipes, or
wooden covers to recesses in %walls in which such pipes are placed, shall be lined with
metal.
2. Pipe Covering. Coverings or insulation used on steam or hot water pipes
shall be of incombustible material.
3. Passage Through Floors. "'here such pipes or plumbing pipes pass through
floors or partitions of fireproof-construction or semi-fireproof-construction,the openings
around them shall be scaled tight with incombustible material to prevent the passage
of'fire.
Z Section 1211—Boiler Rooms.
..Every steam boiler;Farryutg more than fifteen pounds per square inch pressure,
s� 'hereafter installed in'a.�iUJ ding other than an industrial building, shall be located in
a:iet)arate room or coral a iiient and separated front the rest of the building by a fire-
„ wall or fire-partition, and by a floor and a ceiling of fireproof-construction.
2. Clearances. The-clear distance between the furnace and woodwork or other
:'combustible material or construction, including plaster on combustible base, shall be
%.trot less than four feet on the sides and rear of such furnace nor less than eight feet in
"front of such furnace.
3. Alounting. The furnace shall be mounted as required in this article for
heat appliances.
'ARTICLE 1111
TI'IEATRES AND OTHER SPECIAL OCCUPANCIES
Section 1300—Seutings.
1. General.
(a). In places of;assembly in which seating is provided, gxcept in churches and
other places for religious•assembly, stadiums and reviewing stands, individual scats
shall be provided:.for the persons congregating therein.
(b), The width.of seat allotted for each person shall be not less than twenty
inches.
(c). Seats, whether fixed or movable,shall,except in boxes or loges not exceeding
sixty square feet in area, be arranged in rows set not less than thirty-two inches apart
from back to back measured in a horizontal direction.
(d). "'hen individual fixed seats are provided or required no seat shall have
more than six seats intervening between it and an aisle; provided that if the seatings
are fixed chairs with self-raising seats so spaced that when the seats are raised there
is an unobstructed space of not less than twenty-two inches, minimum horizontal
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4
102
projection beU�een the rows of seats, and doorways leading directly to exit corridors
are provided not more than five feet apart along the sides of the auditurium,the number
of seats in a row shall not be limited.
(e). In places of assembly used regularly for theatrical, operatic or similar per- `.
forrnances, or for the display of motion pictures, the seats, except in boxes or logep
not exceeding sixty feet in area,shall be fixed and shall be separated by arms.
(f). In boxes or loges not exceeding sixty square feet in area,and in other locations
where loose chairs are permitted, not more than one chair shall be provided for each
six square feet of floor space.
2. Aisles.
(a). Every aisle shall lead to an exit door, or to a cross aisle, that is, an aisle
running arallel with the seat rows and leading to a exit door.
(b) n. The width of an aisle running at right angles to the seat rows, in places of
assembly in which seating is provided,shall be not less than thirty-six inches plus one-
quarter inch for every foot of length of such aisles, from its beginning to an exit door
or to a cross aisle, or between cross aisles. Cross aisles shall be not less in width than
the widest aisle with which they connect.
(c). Steps shall not be placed in aisles unless the gradient would exceed one foot
rise in ten feet run. Steps, when necessary,shall be grouped, and so far as practicable
isolated steps shall be avoided. Such steps shall extend across the full width of the
aisles and shall be illuminated; treads and risers shall conform to the requirements of
this ordinance for exit stairs.
(d), Aisles shall be used only for passage to and from seats and shall be kept
unobstructed at all tinres,
3. Galleries. In galleries or other locations where seatings are arranged on
platforms or successive tiers, and the height of rise from one platform to another below
and in front of it exceeds twenty-one inches, a substantial railing not less than thirty
inches high shall be-placed at the edge of the platform along the entire row of seats.
`
.4. Grand Stands. For unenclosed places of assembly such as grand stands,
urns and reviewing stands, fixed seatings between aisles shall not be limited but
red widths of the aisles shall be increased one-eighth of an inch for each addi-
z t in any one row, above the minimum number fixed in this section for other n
f assembly.
t on 1301—Stage.
General.No stage for theatrical or similar performances, including drh�AW,, bpera,Mlle and the like, which requires or uses a curtain, portable orlfixt+dkmechanical appliances, or any of them, shall be erected, placid!orxtiYdW'Mned er in a building except in conformity with the provisions of thie:seettft. a'
Every such stage now existing, if reconstructed or altered;lsfi*OliB" .
t6tonfornu with the provisions of this section.
2. Enclosure Walls. :;,yyl pe
' (a). Such stage shall be enclosed on all sides, except for the proscentti�r}oning
and the necessary doors and windows, with walls of approved masonry.havnig,d f9p
hour standard fire rating extending from the foundation to and at least four feef a .0'.'
the roof of the building. That part of such enclosure wails that separates the.stage.and'
auditorium, known as the proscenium wall, shall have a fire-resistance rafi 'i f.not
less than four hours,
I (b). There shall be no windows opening in such enclosure wall within five feet
of a lot-line other than a street-line.
3. Yroseenium Wall. In that portion of the enclosure halls which separates
the stage from the auditorium, there shall be no other openings than the proscenium
opening and one doorway at the stage floor level and one doorway from the space
below the stage floor to the musicians' pit, if there is one.
4. Appurtenant Rooms.
(a). Dressing rooms, scene docks, property rooms and other rooms or compart-
Ments appurtenant to the stage shall be separated from the stage and other parts of
the building by walls of approved masonry.
(b). Such rooms may be placed within the stage enclosure walls, provided theyy
are separated from the rest of the stage by walls or partitions,floors or roofs of fireproof-
construction.
(c), in no case shall openings other than the necessary doorways at the stage
level, connect such rooms with the rest of. the stage.
(d). No such room shall be placed over or under the stage.
i
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103
5. Drems1iig Illooms.
(a), Dressing rooms shall have all independent exit leading directly into a court
or street.
(b). Unless they are ventilated by windows to it court in conformity with the
requirements of this ordinance for workrooms, they shall be ventilated by a mechanical
air conditioning and ventilating system providing not less than tell changes of air per
hour,
6. Curtain.
(a), The proscenium opening shall be provided %%-ith a fireproof metal curtain, or,
when the opening does not exceed twenty-eight feet in width nor twenty-two feet in
height in places of assembly accommodating less than one thousand persons, with
a reinforce([asbestos curtain,sliding at its sides in iron grooves securely fastened to the
proscenium wall, and extending not less than eighteen inches beyond each side of the
Opening into such grooves.
(b)• The proscenium curtain shall be so arranged and maintained that, in case of
fire,it w ill be released automatically and instantly by all approved heat-actuated device,
and will descend safely and close completely the proscenium opening. It shall also be
equipped with effective devices to permit prompt and immediate closing of the pros.
cenium opening by manual means.
(c). No part of such curtain shall be supported or fastened to combustible material,
(d). Such curtain shall I)e.,so designed and constructed that it will prevent all
passage of flanic for at least thirty minutes and will withstand without.failure a tem.
perature of not less than seventeen hundred degrees Fahrenheit and all air pressure of
not less than ten pounds per square foot normal to its surface, during such period.
The building-official may require a fire test or other satisfactory evidence of its effi-
ciency in this respect.
7. Constrtietion.
(a). All that portion of the stage not comprised in the working of scenery, traps
and other mechanical apparatus for the presentation of a scene, approximately equal
to the width of the proscenium opening, and all appurtenant rooms and compartments
shall be of fireproof-construction.
(b). The fly galleries entire, including pin-rails, shall be constructed of iron
or steel,and the floors of said galleries shall be of fireproof-construction.
(c). The rigging loft shall be of incombustible material.
(d). The roof over the stage shall be of fireproof-construction.
8. Doors and Windows.
(a). Door openings leading from the stage directly to the outer air shhll.be equipped
with approved self-closing fire doors. Door openings in the prosceniurii wall shall
be equipped with approved automatic fire doors on one side of the wall and with ap-
proved self-closing fire doors on the other. All other door openings connecting with
the stage shall be equipped with approved automatic fire doors.
(b). Windows shall be approved fire windows.
9. Ventilators.
(a). Over the stage there shall be provided one or more ventilators of metal or
other incombustible material, equipped with movable shutters or sash, having an
aggregate clear area of not less than one-eighth the area of the stage, constructed to
open automatically and instantly by approved heat-actuated.devices. Suitable means
for manual operation shall be provided in addition.
(b). If glass is used in the construction, only wired glass shall be used in such
parts where the breaking of glass would cause it to fall on the stage.
10. Shelving. All shelving and closets in dressing rooms, property rooms or
storage rooms, shall be constructed of metal, slate or other incombustible material.
11. Lights.
(a). The troughs or frames for footlights and border lights shall be of incombustible
materials.
(b). The suspension lines of border lights shall be of wire for at least ten feet from
the frames.
12. Electrical Equipment.
(a). The switchboard for the electrical equipment of such stage shall be so located
that it will be accessible at all times, and will be protected from falling objects and
from the storage or placing of stage equipment against it.
(b). All electric equipment of the stage shall conform 6�.-,the':provisions of this
ordinance and the authorized rules relating to electrical control
104
Section 1302—Use of Roofs.
1. For Assembly. It shall be unlawful to use or permit the use of the roof of a
building or structure as a place of assembly unless it has been designed for that purpose.
and provided with adequate exists,
2. For Household Purposes. No roof of a building shall be used for hanging
out clothing or for drying wash, or fcr other household purposes unless there shall be
provided substantial guard rails, fences, parapets or other safeguards along the edge
of such roof or that part of it which is restricted to the uses herein specified.
3 Section 1303—Places of Entertaininent Combined With Other
I Occupancies.
No theatre or other place of public entertainment shall be hereafter located Nvithin
or attached to a building of other than fireproof-construction or semi-fireproof-con-
struction, unless it is completely separated by walls and floors of fireproof-construction.
No theatre or other place of public entertainment shall be hereafter located within or
attached to a building occupied as a dwelling, multi-family-house, factory or storage-
building, unless it is completely separated by walls and floors of fireproof-construction
' having a fire resistance rating of not less than four hours.
Section 1304—Garages Combined with Other Oecupanies.
t L Public Garage.
1 No public-garage shall be hereafter located within or attached to a building
','t;tiecupied for any other purpose, unless it is separated from such other occupancy, and
0'walls, floors and ceilings enclosing it are of fireproof-constructio`q or senu-fi reproof-
,•t, Wails, floors and ceilings which effect such separation,`'ahhll"be continuous
and unpierced by openings of any kind;provided that door openings'Equipped with self-
"sin fire doors-leading to salesrooms or offices that are operated in'connection with
"d_"s�l�ll"garages shall not be prohibited; and provided also thatAhe use of elevators and'
4 s(a irways to other"stories accessibly only by vestibules or-balconies constructed and,
ctAnged as required for fire towers,shall not be prohibited;and provided further that
en such garage is connected with a residence-building, no business or,industry eons
r.,;:,elected directly or indirectly with motor vehicles shall be conducted therein'
2 Privatc Garage.
;i No private garage housing more than two cars shall be hereaftei,located within or
°µattached to a building occupied for any other purpose, unless if.isseparated from such
:-.other occupancy,and the walls, partitions and floors enclosing it;huve afire-resistance.
'rating of not less than one hour.
Section 1.305—Stables and Barns.
Every building occupied as a stable or barn for the housing.or keeping of two or
ntore horses or other animals shall be provided with impervious floors properly drained
t to the public sewers. f.: r•,..;
ARTICLE YIV
ELEVATORS
Section 1400—General.
1. Installation.
i (a). Elevators and amusentent-devices, hereafter erected or installed, or here-
after altered shall be constructed, installed and maintained in accordance with the
provisions of this article and with rules duly promulgated by the building-official, or,
in the absence of such rules, with generally accepted good practice.
(b). Except as otherwise specifically provided in this ordinance or in rules duly
promulgated by the building-official, "The American Standard Safety Code for Eleva-
tors, Dumbwaiters and Escalators", approved by the American Standards Association,
shall be deemed to be the generally accepted good practice for the construction, in-
stallation, maintenance and operation of elevators.
2. Dumbwaiters Excepted. The provisions of this article shall not apply to
ordinary dumbwaiters and similar apparatus operated by hand power, which are of
105
such size,arrangement or construction that they cannot be used for the accommodation
of persons Such apparatus shall, however, conform to rules that ng promulgated
proulgated
by the building-official to provide for their safe construction and installation,
Section 1401—Repairs.
Repairs or changes to elevators and amusement devices which involve the type of
elevator or its motive oti%c power, or the safety devices or operating mechanism shall not
be made until notice has been given to the,1 building-official.
--Design an(I Equipment.
Section 102
1. Carrying C"Ime14'.
after installed or altered shall be designed to sustain
(a), Elevators here, safely in
carried. platform -111
pil 1 arts the load to be c. Such loads per square foot of car area shall
in no case be less than seventy-five pounds for power driven passenger-elevators; fifty
pounds for hand power passenger-elevators; and fifty pounds for power driven freight
ng one hundred -et.
elevators having platform areas not exceed' red square feet.
(b). The safe carrying capacity of every elevator shall be conspicuously posted
in or on the car or platforni.
2. Car Safely Devices. Every elevator, except sidewalk eleviitors having a
rise of not more than fifteen feet, shall'be equipped with safety devices for bringing the
car or platform to rest without serious injury to persons riding thereon whenever its
-
speed becomes excessive.
3. Car and Door Interlocks. U,very elevator hereafter installed or altered shall
be equipped with a device that will automatically prevent the car or platform from being
moved while the shaft door at which the car or platform is standing is unlocked.
4. Limit Devices. Every elevator hereafter installed or altered shall be equipped
with efficient linlit devices that will prevent the car or platform moving beyond its line
of travel at either end.
5. Fniergeiiey Exit.
(a). Every passenger-elevator car shall be provided with trap door ii the to
of adequate size to provide easy egress for passengers in case of accident.
(b). Mien tyre is more-than one car in a shaft, additional emergency exits
consisting of doors in the sides of the cars so located that access may be had to all
adjacent car, shall be provided,
6. Lighting. All elevator
cars or platforms shall be properly•likked when in
service.
7. Freight Compartment. No elektclrcar shall have attached aboVe, below
or on any side a freight compartment or-siniihv device.
Section 1403—Riding on Freight ElevAtors Restricted.
It shall be unlawful for any person, other than the operator or those necessary to
handle freight to ride oil a fr6ght-elevator, , Every freight-elevator shall have a notice
posted conspicuously thereon as follows. This is Not a Passenger Elevator. Any
Person,Other than the Operator, Riding on this Elevator does so at IiWown risk.
Section 1404—Ainusciiient Devices.
Amusement devices shall be equippedl lvith safety rlutclles. The cars or receptacles
which persons are permitted to occupy shall have handrails of sufficient number and
height or other approved appliances or safeguards,to prevent person,;from being thrown
therefrom or conling in contact with structural members.
Section 1405—Certificate.
1. Required in All Cases. It shall be unlawful for the owner to operate or
permit the operation or use of a passenger-elevator, freight elevator or amusement
device hereafter installed or constructed, until a certificate shall have been obtained
from the building-officiiii.
2. Issuance. The building-official shall, within a reasonable time after being
requested to do so, inspect and test or cause to be inspected and tested ever), elevator
or amusement device hereafter installed or constructed, or hereafter altered, and if
the same is found to be safe and in conforinity with the provisions of this article and
the rules,shall issue a certificate to that effect.
1.
ti
h�
106
............
3. Temporary Permission to Use. Nothing herein contained shall prevent
the temporary use by special permission of the building-official of an elevator durin
construction; provided a notice is conspicuously osted on or in connection with SUZ
elevator to the effect that such elevator has not Un officially approved.
Section 1406—Inspection.
1. When Required.
(a), The building-official shall make or cause to be made all inspection of every
passenger-elevator at least once in every three months, and of every freight-elevator
and every zilliusenicrit device at least once in every six months.
(1* At least once.%year the inspection shall include a safety test.
(c). Seasonal amusement devices which have been ol.it of use for a period exceed-
ing flurty days shall not be operated again until reinspected by the building-official.
2. Notice of Repairs.
(a). Upon notice from the building-official repairs found necessary to such an
elevator or amusement device shall be made without delay by the owner or person in
control of such elevator or amusement device.
(b). In case defects exist which make continued use of such elevator or amuse-
device dangerous to life or limb, the use of such elevator or aniuseiliclit device
alt se; and it shall not be used again until a rehispection has been made after
ry repairs and a new certificate has peen issued.
show an elevator or amusement
-cry inspection which Certification. After e,.
o be safe and in conformity with the requirenients of this ordinance,the building
shall issue a certificate to that effect.
- action 1407 eel
1. To Be Reported The owner or person in control of an elevator or amusement
device shall immediately n6tif'th6.builditig-officialeacliaccid6nttoapersotioralil)aratus.11.
on about or in connectio t i)s
_.qcfi.e1cvator or amusement device,and shall afford
eve h accident and the damage resulting every facility for ilivesti I 'a c therefrom
Investigation.. ji�
2. Inves ji ing-official shall make or cause to be niadc.,atl
investigation and shall pliceonfile in his office a full report of such investigation. Su
report shall give in detail'A 'R'aerial facts and information available and the cause'or.'
causes so far as they cd&W ined, and shall be open to public inspection atiall,
reasonable hours,
S. Operation DiseoLicd. When an accident involves the failure or.Ae-
struction of a part of thi' tion or of the operating mechanism, the elevat6iW
amusement device shall riot, e again until it has been made safe. The buildihj=
official may,if deemed necessary,order the discontinuance of the elevator or amusement'
device until a new certificate if en issued.
4. Removal of PartwjR"tricted. No part of the damaged construction:�or~.
operating mechanism shall bi :'*noved from the premises until permission has been.
granted by the building-official",R''
Section 1408—Operation.",.'.
Every passenger elevator, except automatic elevators and escalators, and every.,.
amusement device shall be in charge of a competent, reliable operator, with prievidulli..
experience or training under the instruction of a competent person.
Section 1409—Fire Department Use.
In buildings equipped with one or more elevators,at least one elevator shall be kept
in readiness at all times for fire department use,
Section 1702—Sprinkler Equipments.
1. When required. Approved automatic sprinkler equipments shall be installed
as follows:
j). Buildings used for the manufacture, sale or storage of'combustible goods or
merc andise and exceeding in area ten thousand square feet when of fireproof-construc-
tion or seven thousand five hundred square feet when of other types of construction,
shall be equipped with an automatic sprinkler system.
(b). Garages of fireproof-construction exceeding ten thousand square feet in
area,garages of other types of construction exceeding six thousand square feet in area,
107
and garages located in buildings in which one or more stories or parts thereof above
such garages are occupied for other purposes %%,lien such garages have a capacity of
twenty or more passenger automobiles, or are used as bus terminals for more than two
busses,or are used for the storage and loading of two or more trucks,shall be equipped
with an automatic sprinkler system.
(c). Basements and other stories below grade having floor-areas exceeding two
thousand square feet, when used for the manufacture, sale or storage of combustible
goods or merchandise,shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system,
except that in public-buildings, institutional-buildings and residence-buildings the
automatic sprinkler system will be required only in such portions as are used for storage
purposes or as%eork-shops. When adequate heat is not provided and in the opinion of
the chief of the fire department the hazard is not severe, such sprinkler system may be
replaced by a system having approved automatic sprinklers, but with supply only from
a fire department connection on the building front,or with an approved protective device
with fire department connection on the building front, by ohtch water can be applied
to or directed at the fire by suitable control equipment from outside the building;
there being in each case an approved automatically heat-actuated alarm system con-
nected to an outside gong or to the central station of a supervising company.
(d). Buildings occupied as places of assembly and having stage arranged or
intended for theatrical,operatic or similar performances,shall be equipped in all parts,
except in the auditorium, foyers and lobbies, with a sprinkler system; provided that
sprinklers shall not be placed over dynamos or switchboards,or immediately under stage
ventilators.
(e). Institutional-buildings of other than fireproof-construction or semi-fireproof-
''` ; construction, in which the occupants are bedridden, crippled, insane or otherwise in-
`' voluntarily confined,shall be equipped with automatic sprinkler systems.
(f). Except as otherwise specifically prescribed, complete sprinkler systems shall
be installed wherever specified elsewhere to this ordinance or in the fire prevention
ordinance.
2. Sprinklers.
(a). Only approved sprinklers shall be`used in automatic sprinkler system,
(b). Sprinklers shall be placed to thoroughly protect all parts of the area in which
they are required.
3. Construction. GcT.ci°rr.;•.: ,y
(a). Drawings of the complete layout af:the sprinkler system shall be submitted
to and approved by the chief of the fire department before installation is made,.
(b). Piping shall be wrought iron or steel,and shall be designed to withstand,when
ready for service, a water pressure of not less than one hundred and fifty pounds per
square inch for two hours without leakage at joints, valves, fittings or any part of the
piping.
(c). Only approved fittings,connections and valves shall be used in the installation
of sprinkler systems.
(d). Mien ready for service,the entire system shall be inspected and tested in the
presence of a representative of the chief of the fire department. Defects developed by
such inspection and test shall be corrected before final approval,
4. Gate Valve.
(a). Every sprinkler system shall be provided with an approved outside screw and
yoke valve or indicator gate valve,located to be readily accessible,to control all sources
of water supply except that from the fire department connection.
(b). Every sprinkler system shall be equipped with drain pipes and valves to per-
mit the drainage of all parts, provided that no physical connection shall be made be-
tween the drain pipe and the sewer.
5. Fire Department Connection.
(a). Every sprinkler system shall be equipped with approved outside Siamese
connection shall be equal in size to that of the largest riser of such sprinkler system.
(b). There shall be such a Siamese connection on each street frontage, or, when j
the building sets back of the street-lines,on each accessible exterior wall;provided that
when a frontage or exterior%va11 is less than fifty feet in length no such connection will
be required on that frontage if the required Siamese connections are provided on the other
frontages.
(c). Siamese connections shall be placed not less than eighteen inches nor more
than thirty-six inches above the level of the adjoining ground or sidewalk.
(d). The thread of such connection shall be uniform with that used by the fin4
department of the municipality. Substantial caps to protect the threads shall.be pro-:
vided on each connection.
108
ach such connection shall be suitably marked with raised letters reading,
"To Automatic l"Inklers,"or, when only stories below grade are equipped, "To Base-
ment Sprinklers"or"To Cellar v p r''nklers".
(f). Just inside of the building, in a horizontal section of the connection, an
approved straightway check valve shall be placed, with a (trip pipe and valve between
the check valve and the exterior Siamese connection to prevent freezing.
6. Water Sit )Ply.
(a). Required sprinkler systems shall be connected to two independent sources
of water supply, at least one of which shall be automatic in action; provided that a
connection to the street main of a reliable water systeni shall be deemed sufficient when
tests indicate all adequate supply is available to the top title of automatic sprinklers;
provided also that a Class B system,when permitted,shall not be required to have more
than one source of water supply.
(b). Pressure tanks, as a source of water supply, shall contaill.sufficient water to
supply twelve and one-half per cent of the greatest number of sprinklers within a floor-
area Of any one stor y for twenty minutes with all average discharge of twenty gallons
er
p niititite per sprinkler;but in no case shall the total capacity be less than forty-five
11 gallons(three thousand gallons of water).
Gravity tanks,as a source of water supply,shall contain an available quatitit,
I ter sufficient t o supply twenty-five per cent of the greatest number of sprinklers
a floor-area of any one story for twenty minutes with an average discharge of
minute gallons per minute per sprinkler; but in no case shall the available supply be
a tank slit than fin five thousand gallons. The bottom of such, -111 be not less tl a i twenty
ve the highest sprinklers to be supplied thereby.
Fire pumps,as part of a required sprinkler system, shall be designed to meet
�!Allditions and requirements in
�t , case; but in no case shall the capacity be less
1%it five hundred gallons per minute;provided that when a Class 13 sprinkler system is
a-capacity of two hundred'and fifty gallons per minute shall be deemed
tune.
llfffi). wilere-,the municipal waterAlipply is supplemented by another source of
ly.,no physical connection shall be permitted between the two systems.
't ion 1703_SjiecWI-NotcctioA'of High Buildings.
xrxpt buildings Which-06-'sprinklefed or equipped with some other approved
autoiiihtic extinguisiling'syste.m I or device, every building exceeding seventy-five feet
in height,'other than multi-ftft ffify-houses,shall be provided with automatic fire alarm
system covering all portions oftHe building,or be protected by watchman service during
non-working hours with suitable approved supervisory and manual fire alarm
service; and in every undivid6d;floor space exceeding five thousand square feet in area
located more than seve nty-five�feet above grade within such buildings, there shall be
provided and approved protective system by which water or other extinguishing agent
can be applied to or directed at the fire by operating suitable control devices from out-
side the area affected,
Section 1704—Amusement Park Protection.
Within the ground of every amusement park, fire hydrants, uniformly distributed,
connected by a system of pipes to an adequate water supply,.with sufficient hose,propo;
erly housed, to reach into each building,shall be installed: All equipment shall be
signed to fit fire department equipment.
APPENDIX A
r A.
IT,LOOR LOADS FOR VARIOUS OCCUPANCIES.
improvement of vacant property by the erection of a new business building,
k"'i not always practicable to fortell definitely what the occupant'will be. A minimum
.14-Mbir which the floors must be designed is therefore prescribed(703-2),subject to the
provision that, aside from such minimum, floors intended for occupancies involving
greater leads must be designed of sufficient strength to safely sustain such loads,and sub-
jects also to the-restriction against.placing greater loads on the floors than those for,,;
which they ara;deiigned. For the majority of cases the prescribed miniftidiff.loads arei":
ample. Ad 4-4dide-to'.those who are planning for probable higher loads-and as:an aid
to the buildih&bffibijl in.judging the loadings resulting from diffuent�,qpq'ppancies,''a
list of occu1pan6d'iifi&the,lbads that have been observed,either by act"l-weightnI19
careful analysiii is!giv�n belcnAr.1:-This list1s taken from a report (1925) g t
�i0 9
Code Committee of the U. S. Department of Commerce on ";1linintum Live Loads
Allowable for Use in Design of Buildings,"further consultation of which is recommended
in connection with this subject.
Observed Loads
Occupancy Per Square Foot
of Floor Space
Automobile plants:
\lachine shop floors.. .............................. ...... . 60 to 200 pounds
Ov ens...•.... ......................•.................... 150 pounds
Furnances........... ..................................... 300 pounds
Storage of parts...... .................................•... 60 to 3.15 pounds
Automobile tire plants:
Vulcanizers..• ,. .. ........................ .•..... 175 pounds
Furniture factories (domestic):
Woodworking and assembly.. .............•.••••••••••••••100 to 300 pounds
Furniture factories(steel furniture):
Fabricating departments.......... .........••• ............. 200 pounds
Machineshops................•.. ................... ..•..• 250 pounds
ti'arehouses,f actory.....•........ ...............•......... 250 pounds
Warehouses,distributors.... ...... ...... .................. . 300 pounds
"- Machine shops:
r
Via: 1lcavy work............... ............ ...... ...... ...... .150 to 175 pounds
Perfumery works..............•.. ...... ...............•... 40 to 150 pool
Printing-,in(
binding:
Heavy pressrooms.................................. .......250 to 400
Light presses I.. 175 pounds c
Type cases,closely packet(. . ...... ...... .........••....... 250 pounds
Sterotype rooms..... ............ .................. .......200 to 250 pounds
Spaces where observed loads were all less than the prescribed minimum have:been
omitted.
Filing rooms and library stack rooms are likely to produce heavy floor loadinga.ac "
"cording to a study wade bythe National Association of Steel Furniture Man ufactucgrp,j
The loads per square foot of floor space that may be reached by fully loaded filing cab_.,j;
inets very from 60 pounds to 340 pounds,by safes vary from 200 pounds to 300 poundso-t'."';
and by library stacks filled.with books vary from 80 pounds to 940 pounds.
For ordinary garages.•in which light, pneumatic tired„vehicles are stored unloaded,
a live-load capacity of 125,pounds is adequate. For trt}ck storage the floors should be
designed for loads of not less than 175 pounds per sgqgaie foot. When loaded trucks
may be expected to be stored provision should be made:fdriconcentrations at any point
of not less than 12,000 pounds,
APPENDIX 11
BRICKWORK.
Due to differences in the strength of brick in various sections of the country and
the fact that the strength of brickwork is dependent in large part on the strength of
the brick,the working stresses specified in 706-3a,are based on the quality of brick most
conuionly used in building construction. When brick having a different compressive
strength than that assumed are in general use in a municipality, suitable values that
may be substituted for those given are shown in the table below. These values are the
result of recent studies and tests of brick and brickwork.
Allowable Working
Grade of Brick Stresses pounds per
square inch
Average compressive Portland Natural Cement
strength in pounds Cement Cement Lime Lime
per square inch Mortar Mortar Mortar, .Mortar
t 8,000 plus.............................. 400 300 300 ';r.:::,100
4,500 to 8,00. ......................•... 250 200 200,; i,,:100.
2,500 to 4,500.......................... 175 140 140.
1,500 to 2,500.......................... 125 100 100`: ;;fu 54c ` •`,
i The values in the table are based on ordinary workmanship. When the mppry;;';
is laid with smooth level horizontal joints, and the work is thoroughly inspected'and'
the effects of eccentric and concentrated loads and lateral forces are fully analyzed and
allowance made for them, the working stresses in this table may be increased by fifty
,
I;
w.
Ito
per cent. In the rase of masonry composed of brick of different grades the allowable
working stresses to be used are t.hc values given in the table for the lowest grade of
brick of which the masonry is composed.
To determine the values to be used in a given locality the building-official should
select representative samples, at least five in each case, from the stock of each of the
lrlants supplying brick for use in his municipality, and send them to a reliable testing
aboratory to determine their compressive strength, From the information thus ob-
tained,the oper working stresses may be taken from the table.
1\'bile thpre strength of brick is an important factor in the strength of brickwork,the
strength of the mortar is also important. Generall, speaking, within the working
stresses ordinarily used for brickwork,the strength of t ie masonry is in fairly direct pro-
portion to the strength of the brick. When, however, the strength of the mortar joint
has been reached an increase in the strength of the brief:does not materially add to the
strength of the brickwork, '
A third factor of importance is workmanship. This factor, because of its great
variability is difficult to evaluate. In the investigation at the U.S. Bureau of Standards,
j it was found that workmanship"under a definite specification,followed by careful super-
1 vision, such as would obtain for a high-class public or private structure, where con-
siderations of cost were more or less subordinate" was likely to produce an increase
from 20 to 90 per cent over the strength of brickwork as "generally obtained in conr-
I mercial construction,where close supervision is not to be expected and the most cogent
consideration is economy."
Considering these factors and that the strength of the brick is influenced by the
straightness and regularity of shape,and the type of surface of the brick, the thickness
I of the mortar joints and the rate and degree of absorption of the individual bricks,the
working stresses fixed for brickwork should not be taken at more than one-fourth of the
average ultimate compressive strength developed for a given set of conditions.
APPENDIX C
REINFORCED CONCRETE
For the reason that contractors, by and large, are not equipped to control the
mixture and strength of concrete, conservative working stresses are prescribed and
recommended in 706-4 of this code. When, however, reinforced concrete construction
s?frkti'iindertal:en by competent contractors,thoroughly conversant with the results of the
`iRsearches of recent years on the nature, possibilities and limitations of concrete, and
te'fully equipped to produce a material of predetermined strength, permission should
'granted them, under the conditions imposed by 706-1b, to use higher stresses com-
,'rnensurate with the developed ultimate strength at t%%enty-eight days.
.-t:. .'• Inve=stigations and experience of recent years have shown that the strength of .
j g,l1`concrete is dependent on the amount of water, in U.S. gallons, used in the mixture for; .
each sack (94.1bs.) of cement, referred to as the water-cement ratio. The results;will''
Tkary somewhat with the materials used and it is well to have tests made for the part iculak', .
it aterrals to be used in the absence bUinich tests the following table will serve as tl ap.-
'Ipi'ozimate guide; but the water-ceme'nt'ratios must not exceed the values there giy*i.,:
`��Water'Cement Volume of Portland Cement to Sum
1 I;atua„U:,S.r�•.. of Separate Volumes of Fine and Coarse Assumed Compressive
Giliop ;per;944b.. Aggregate as Measured Dry Strength at 28 days m':
Sack af.Ceiirent PLASTIC CONCRETE pounds per square inch'•..
>g , . . 1:7 1,500
7% 1:6 2,000
6 Y 1:5% 2,500 '.;;. ;
6, 1:4% 3,000
MODERATELY \VET CONCRETE
1:6V2 1,500
2,000
6i f:4%
2,500
6..." 1:4 3,000
In interpreting this table, surface water contained in the aggregate must be in-
cluded as part of the mixing water in computing the water-cement ratio.
When the conditions under which concrete, nixed om the basis of water-cement
ratio,are carefully observed, the workirr stresses in the concrete may be taken at not
more than the following percentages of the pr
the assumed strength at twenty-eight days;
in compression in extreme fiber,forty per cent;in compression in extreme fiber adjacent
to supports; forty-five per cent; indirect compression when the loaded member has
i
i
an area at least twice the area in bearing, twenty-five per cent; in shear in beams with
no web reinforcement and without special anchorage of longitudinal steel,two per rent;
in shear in beams with no web reinforcement,but with special anchorage of longitudinal
steel, three per cent; in shear in beams with web reinforcement but .without special
anchorage of longitudinal steel, six per cent; in shear in bcauts with web reinforcement
and with special anchorage of longitudinal steel,nine per cent; in shear in flat slabs at a
distance front edge of column cap or drop panel equal to the distance of the longitudinal
steel front the extreme fiber in compression, three per cent; in shear in footings when
longitudinal steel has no special anchorage,two per cent;in shear in footings when longi-
tudinal steel has special anchorage, three per cent; in build between concrete and steel
in beams, slabs and one-way footings, four per cent for plain bars and five per cent for
deformed bars; and in bond between concrete and steel in two-way footings, three per
cent for plain bars and three and three-quarters per cent for deformed bars.
For vertically reinforced concrete columns the working stresses in the concrete,
in pounds per square inch, shall be taken at not less than twenty-two and one-half per
cent of the assumed strength of the concrete at twenty-eight days; and the working
stresses in the steel, in pounds per square inch, shall be taken at not less than such
working stresses in the concrete multiplied by the ratio obtained by dividing the assumed
strength of the concrete at twenty-eight clays into thirty thousand.
For laterally reinforced columns, the working stresses in pounds, per square inch
on the cross sectional area of the colunm within the lateral reinforcement shall be taken
at not store than three hundred plus a percentage of the assumed strength of the con-
crete at twenty-eight clays varying uniformly from fourteen per cent when the vertical
reinforcement amounts to one per cent of the concrete,to thirty-four per cent when the
vertical reinforcement amounts to six per cent.
A type of column that has been used rather extensively for the support of floors
over stories that extend below grade,consists of a steel pipe filled with concrete. Unless
•,.certain precautions in its manufacture are observed, this column should not be used for
+8hy but very light loads,as its strength is no greater than that of the unfilled pipe used
ae;a.colunut. The concrete merely adds somewhat to the stiffness of the columns.
.:''TG secure the benefit in strength that may be provided by the concrete, it is necessary
to tio;:place and manipulate the concrete that it attains its maximum density and com-
e t I Its the pippe. Only columns filled and fabricated in the shop should be permitted.
_SPK liauppbrtet#fl��tlt of such columns should not exceed forty tiutes their diameters._
uither;'tnfoir, titiriu,regarding the design and construction of concrete and re=;
fXforced cbntretebtxttctui'ea'can be obtained from the Portland Cement Association at'
;� icago, Illinois ?:•},:
A11PENDIX D
TIMBER
"
' at a cotnprehensive'trtatment of wood-construction a'project of the National Com-
ttee1on Wood Utilizatiori'in the publication of "Wood`.Construction: Principles-
:`: rac66 Details";Aliy 'Dudley F. Hultman, is recommended. Useful information
'tielating to lumber and ifa'uses is issued by the National Lumber Manufacturers Asso-
iatio13 Washington, D. C., as.follows: "House Frariiing Details", "Maximum Spans
f6. Pists and 12afters', "Heavy Timber Construction'Details", and "Strength and
Rigidity of Frame Walls", "Manufacturers Association Grading Rules" can also be
obtained through this organization. In addition, the Southern Pine Association, New
Orleans, La., has issued "Southern Pine Manual"; and the West Coast Lumbermen's .
Association, Seattle, %Vash., has published "Douglas Fir Use Book".
For the convenience of the building official, tables showing the safe loads per
square foot of floor surface on wooden joists of various sizes,spacings and spans,and the
safe loads uniformly distributed on beams one inch in width for varying spans,are given
at the end of this appendix. The calculations are made for common grade on exact
sizes for the working stresses given in 7116-7a.
There is also given a table of unit working stresses for columns of the several grades
of-certain woods fo:-varying ratios of length to least dimension.
The loads given in the tables for joists and beams are the safe gross loads,that is,
they include the weight of the construction dependent on them,which Hurst be deducted
in order to get the allowable superimposed of live load.
Figures printed in bold face type are the loads as limited by the allowable shear
with the grain of the wood. They are the maximum safe loads and must not be exceeded.
Figures printed in italics are safe loads, but are such as would cause deflections in
the joinsts or beams in excess of one three hundred and sixtieth of the span. Such de-
flections will cause plastered ceilings to crack. When, therefore, it is important or de-
sirable to avoid this excessive deflection,these loads must be reduced from ten per cent;
for the shorter spans to as much as thirty-five per cent and more for longer spans.
41�
x1 n,'
For the safe load on it beans or girder of a given width the load found in the table
for a width of one inch must be multiplied by the width in inches,for the corresl)onding
depth and span, care being taken to use the actual width and not the nonitna width,
The loads given in the tables are, furthermore, based on the assumption that the
joists or beams are laterally supported, by flooring or otherwise,for their entire lengths,
If a beam is unsupported laterally for a distance exceeding twenty times its width,theti.
the allowable load must be reduced from twenty-five to fifty per cent according to the
increase in ratio of unsupported length to width from twenty to sixty.
For conditions other than those covered by the tables the safe gross loads may be
determined by the following formulas:
For floor loads,using whichever of the two formulas gives the lesser result,
4 b(12 f
W=
3 L2
16 b d v
W=—
Ls
For loads on beams or girders,using whichever of the two formulas gives the lesser
results, b d2 f
W
9L
%
W
4 b d v
W 3
n1a),4
t kV exceeded if the deflection is limited to one three hutit
i loads which must no ex d
lazed and sixtieth of the spani
E b d' nv
675 V s
E b,d3
�ti ,Jg
8100 V
4
_4z
When i machinery shaftin 91;k's supported by the wooden joists or beams, the figures
d as follows:
(
in the denominators of the 6 'Ms of the formulas should be change
675 to 1310,an
18 100 to 1577?2 . ......
e d
The unit working stressd
umns given in 607-7b for common grade, are
suitable and applicable for or hi hditi 0 ns. The allowa'bie loads on columns when
lumber of better grades is used+. in, in large building operations, a more exact
method of determining such loa,dst, 'Dr•common grade is deemed desirable, may be
calculated by the following form61dii
For"intermediate columns,that is columns in which the ratio of length to diameter
or least side t does not exceed the constant K,(approximately a ratio of 25 to 30),
d
W ac I
3 K
For"long"columns,that is columns exceeding"intermediate" columns in lengths,
a fi2 E 0.274 a E
W 2
3 6 (—j'Y
d
If the load per square inch is desired divide both sides of the equations by a.',
In the formulas here given the symbols have the following significance:
..w is the safe gross load,in pounds per square foot of floor surface,uniformly distributed
W is the safe gross load,in pounds,on the beam or girder, uniformly distributed-
its length,or on the column applied contrally;
a is the cross-sectional area, in square inches,of the column;
b is the width(actual dimension),in inches,of the joist,beam or girder;
IBM-
113
d is the depth(actual dimension),in inches of the joist,beam or girder;or the diameter
or least side(actual dimension), in Inches,of the column;
L is the span,in feet,of the joints, beam or girder;
1 is the unsupported length of the column,in inches;
a is the spacingg in inches,center to center of joists;
f is the allowable extreme fibre stress,in pounds per square inch;
v is the allowable shear with the grain, in pounds per square inch;
c is the allowable stress in compression para1101 to the grain, in pounds per square
inch,for short columns;
K is a constant dependent on the modulus of elasticity and the maximum crushing
strength parallel to the grain,and is equal to
fi
2 — ;and
fi c
E is the modulus of elasticity as follows:
1 600 000 For southern pine and coast region or inland empire Douglas
fir,
1 400 000 for west coast hemlock,
1 300 000 for larch,
1 200 000 for cypress, redwood, Rocky Mountian region Douglas fir, and
red, white and Sitka spruce,
1 100 000 for eastern hemlock,
1 000 000 for balsam fir,and
800 000 for Englemann spruce.
"the following table will be found the necessary data for use in the formulas when
t�rabtr:of a different grade than common is used. The modulus of elasticity for a given
a.. . the same for all grades.
WORKING STRESSES FOR STRUCTURAL LUMBER AND TIMBER
(Recommended by the National Lumber Manufacturers Association)
All Sizes, Dry Locations
ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH.
Extreme Fibre
in'Bending.
r Joist and Beam and
Species and Grade Plank Sizes; Stringer Maximum Parallel Perpen-
of Timber 4'and Sizes; Horizontal to grain dicular
(other thaw com- less in 5'or Shear (short to grain
mon grade) thickness thicker columns)
DOUGLAS FIR,
REGION
EGION
Dense Super-Struct-
ural...'::`.... 2000 2000 120 1466 380
Super-Structural
and Dense
Structural.... 1800 1800 105 1300 345
Structural........ 1600 1600 90 1200 345
Common Struct-
ural......... 1200 1400 84 1100 325
DOUGLAS FIR,
INLAND EM.
PI RE:
Dense Super-Struct-
ural.......•. 2000 2000 120 1466 380
Dense Structural.. -1800 1800 105 1300 345 ;
No.I'Common Di-
mension and
Timbers..... 1135 1135 70 1010 315
LARCH
WESTERN: .."e
No.1 Common Di-
mension and
Timbers..... 1135 1135 70 1010 325
1.
1,
r(.
I SSry
114
I'I N EY,SOII'rI I :RN
EL1.014:
Extra Dense Select
Structural.... 2300 2300 200 1600 475
Select Structural,. 2000 2000 175 1450 375
Extra Dense Heart 2000 2000 175 1450 475
Dense Heart...... 1800 1800 150 1300 375
Structural Square
Edge and
Sound....... 1600 1600 125 1200 375
No. 1 Common... 1200 1200 100 1000 325
REDWOOD:
Super-Structural.. 2133 1707 93 1422 267
Prime Structural,. 1707 1494 82 1245 267
Select Structural., 1280 1322 70 1100 267
Heart Structural.. 1024 1150 56 1000 267
Soutlaertt Yellow Pine
Extreme Fiber Stress, (f)-1200 lbs. per square inch
Horizontal Shear, (v)-88 lbs. per square inch
Safe Loads Per Square Foot Uniformly Distributed
Span in Feet
J:.Size of Joist Spacing
r ff _.xR�(nominal) C. to C.
`.inches inches 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
V. 2 x' 8........ 12 . , 179 123 85 63 .... .... .... .....
L: ,'.134 92 64 .... .. .....
20 107 74 51
2 x 10.:...... 12 Ile 227 181 136 100 76 60 49 .....
16 170 136 102 75 57 :.
20 I35. 109 82 60 .....
2 x.12......... 12 274 220 183 146 112'
16 206 165 137 110 84` 66' 34
20 =164. 132 110 87 67.: 53, Uti`
x 13.:...... 12 .n�'),`x$80: 197 137 100 97� ,r€�Yz�#k`49`
16 ..216: 148 103 75 .58'
y� 20 173 118 82 60 .::.:
3 x 10:........ 12 366 293 219 161 1"24, 79,
s 16 275 220 164_.:,,121: 93.. ,Lr?3 59
& 20 220 176 131. 97 74'
3 x 12......... 12 445 355 296 23'6 181 .1�3 115
16 334 266 -, � 11.77.. 136 107' 86 7�
r„
° T 142 109. 86, 69 58 5 `
r, 20 267 21." ,
12 521 416 �' r ¢? 249 1 '-197. 160 132 .
16
} 5i , V-148 120 99?
20 313 250 318 149
138 96 79
t
;sr• �',,y,, _'- ,-.-Safe Distributed Load in Poundei,Coa'13eams One Inch Thick
�}ept}i Span in Feet
. $eam:
;,.
ins' 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 . 18 19 20"�.
6 405 365 335 310 290 270 250 235 220 210 .200
�•• •8 750 680 625 575 535 500 470 440 415 395 375
"' . . 10 1115 1095 1005 925 860 800 750 710 670 635 600
12 1350 1350 1350 1350 1260 1180 1105 1040 930 930 885
14 1585 1585 1585 1585 1585 1585 1515 1425 1350 1275 1210.
��5
115
Douglas Fir, Coast Region
Extreme Fiber Stress, (f)-1200 Ibs, per square inch
Horizontal Shcar, (v)-72 Ibs.per square.itch
Safe Loads Per Square hoot Uniformly Dktributed
Span in Peet
Size of Joist Spacing
(nominal) C. to C.
inches inches 8 ]0 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 x 8........ 12 147 117 85 63 .... .... .... .....
16 110 88 64 .... .... .....
20 88 70 51 .....
2 x 10........ 12 185 148 124 100 76 60 49 .....
16 139 111 93 75 57 ... . .... .....
20 111 89 74 60
2 x 12......:. 12 224 180 150 128 112 88 72 59
'-16 1611 135 113 96 84 66 54 ......
?r 20 134 108 90 77 67 53 .....
:3 x 8........ 12 236 189 137 100 77 61 49 .....
16 177 142 103 75 58 ...... ...... .....
20, 142 113' 82 60 .
`3;x 10.. 12" " , 1X1299 239 Z00 161 124 97 79 65
164 179• 150 121 93 73 59 49
20 �, ""!1791 14a• 120 97 74 58 ..
3 x:12..,....... 12 '364 291 '242 208 181 143 115 96
16 '278 218 182 156 136•' 107 86 72
20 2I8 175 145 125 109 86 69 S8
12 t+ 926 340 284 2.13 212 189 160 .132
16 ',320 255 213 183 159 142, 120 99�tt
20 255 204 170 14G 127 113 96: �h175
rf '.Yutt�4Jill n.r•�
pia
i
gafe Distributed Load in Pounds for Beams One!rich Thick
th
� Span in Feet
irts: 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
6, 405 365 335 3.10 290 270 250 235 220 210 200
8` 720 680 625 575 535 500 470 440 415 395 375
f0 910 910 910 910 860 800 750 710 670 635 600
"..12 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1040 980 930 885
14. 1290 1290 1290 1290 1290 1290 1290 1290 1290 1275.-.1210•
;i
.ti�
1,16
West Coust 11citilock
Extreme Fiber Stress, (f)-1040 Ibs, per square inch
Horizontal Site,
ar, (v)-00 Ibs. per square inch
Safe Loads Per Square Foot Uniformly Distributed
Size of joist
Span in Feet
Spacing
(nominal) C. to C.
inches inches 8 to 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 x: 8........ 12 122 97 74 54 ...... ...... ...... ......
16 92 73 56 ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
20 73 40 ...... .... ...... ...... ...... ......
2 x 10........ 12 154 123 103 87 66 so ...... ..
16 116 92 76 66 so ...... ......
20 92 74 62 52 ...... . ..... ...... ......
2 x 12......... 12 187 150 125 107 97 77 62 51
16 141 113 94 80 73 58 ...... ......
ayy 20 112 90 75 64 58 ...... ...... ....I.
'8........ 12 197 157 118 87 67 53 ...... ......
16 148 118 88 66 50 ..... . ...... ......
20 118 94 71 52 ...... ..... . ...... ......
s3*]e 10........ 12 249 199 166 140 107 85 69 57
16 1.87 149 125 105 , 80 64 52 ......
20 149 119 100 84 64`;
4 12.1 12 303 243 205 178 1W., ii24 100 83"
16 227 182 154 130- im- 75 62
20 182 146 123 103 12 354 284 236 202 60 50
'n ""Is -138 114
16 266 213 177 Is
2 104,
20 212 170 142 121 83 69,
Safe Distributed Load lik Pounds for Beat-no Oiie Inch Thick`!
Depth Span in Feet
to 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
'U;350 320 290 270 250 235 220 205 195 185 175
600 590 540 '500 465 430 405 380 360 340 325
760 760 760 760 745 695 650 615 580 550 SZO
920 920 920 920 920 920 9211 900 850 805 765
1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1050
IF
G-r
A
11 e
Lurch
Extreme fiber Stress, (f)-960 Ibs, per square inch
Iforizontal Shear, (v)-80 lbs, per square inch
Safi, Per Square Foot Uniformly Distributed
Span in Feet
Size of Joist Spacing
(nominal) C. to C.
inches inches 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 x 8.....,.. 12 153 97 68 50 . ... .... .... .....
16 115 73 51 .... .... .... .....
20 92 58 .... ...,
2 x 10...,.... 12 206 157 109 80 61 .... .... .....
16 155 118 82 60 . ... .... .... .....
20 M 94 65 48
2 x 12......... 12 249 200 159 117 90 71 57 ......
16 187 150 119 88 68 53 ..., .....
'= 20 149 120 95 70 54
... ..... 12 246 158 109 80 62
16 185 119 82 60 .... .....
20 148 94 65 48 >
12 332 253 176 129 99 7 63
16 250 190 132 97 74
20 199 152 106 77 59
3 2 12 404 323 r 256 189 145 '114 X93` 76
` 16 304 243 192 142 109 84. 70' � 9
20 242 194 154 113 88 68 56
3114 ...... 12 473 378 315 261 200 157. _ 128 105`'.
16 356 284 237 196 150 118 96 79
e.: : . 20 284 227 109 157 120 94 77 63
Safe Distributed Load in Pounds for Beams One Inch Thick j
Depth Span in Feet
of
Beam.
ins. 10 11 12• 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
6 320 290 270 .250 230 215 200 190 180 170 160 1
8 600 545 500 460. 430 400 375 350• 335 315 300
10 965 875 805 740 690 645 605 570 535 505 480
12 1230 1230 1175 .1085 1010 940 880 830 785 745 705
r 14 1440 1410 1440 1440 1390 1295 1215 1145 1080 1020 .970
pp
if
r
Ott; :r z
• 'xF'St i
��• tt"ty`�'`I
piD i
i n'T..
t •
..r...rw...•.w...—........____.._. ...«....�rw:.%vRKtM44"ni.wlaTii W�.wwraµ.,.+r..w.r«...--..................... .�...
Z1
F
.'t
1t/
118
Cypress
`i
Lxtreme Filler Stress, (f)-10.40 lhs. per square inch
Horizontal Shear, (v)-80 Ills. per square inch
Safe Loads Per Square Foot Uniformly Distributed
Span in Feet
Size of foist Spacing _ ____
(nominal) C. to C.
inches inches 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 x 8........ 12 163 106 74 54 .... .... .... .....
16 122 79 56 .... .... .....
I 20 911 fit .... .....
2 x 10.,...... 12 206 165 118 87 66 52 .... .....
fi 16 155 124 88 65 50 ...... ...... .....
20 124 99 71 52 .
2 x 12........ 12 249 200 166 127 97 77 62 51
16 187 150 125 95 73 58 ...... ......
20 150 60 100 76 58 .... .....
3 x 8.....,.. 12 202 171 118 87 67 53 .... .....
16 198 128 88 66 50 .... .... .....
20 157 103 71 52
3 x 10......... 12 3.32 2616 190 140 107 85 69 57
. > 16 249 200 143 105 80 64 52 ......
20 199 160 114 84 64
7t 12......... 12 404 323 2619 204 157 124 100 83
K 16 303 X42 202 153 118 93 7,5 62
20 242 194 161 122 94 74 60 50
<, 3-x 14......... 12 473 3711 315 270 216 170 138, '1l4
16 355 284 2.36 203 162 127 104 ` 85
20 284 227 189 162 130 102
Safe Distributed Load in Pounds for Beama'lD tiInC�}Thiek f}
Depth Spann Feet
of •e
Beam.
ins. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20`
6 350 320 290 270 250 235 220 205 .495 185 175
f.., 8 650 590 540 500 465 430 405 380 :.360 :'.340: 325
10 1010 950 870 800 7,15 695 650 615 580 ;:`550' 520
12 1230 1230 1230 1180 1090 1020 960 900 .°850 805 765
14 1440 1440 1440 1410 1.140 1400 1315 1240 '1170 21110 .•1050
I y,'
,
..;jF�•4 N�S''w 5J.rY ter ��f7i��'F �+i�y .r' �A+ t _ ,
_...... .........Redwood
Extreme Fiber Stress (f)-960 lbs. per square inch
Horizontal Shear, w)-56 lbs,per square inch
Safe Loads Yer Square Foot Unifornily Distributed
',: a.'• Span in Feet
Sizecf Joist Spacing
(nominal) c. to C.
inches inches 8 lU 12 14 1G 18 20 22
f�p '
2 x 8........ 12 114 91 68 50 .... .....
16 85 68 50 .... ....
1i41i<< 20 68 55 .... .....
2 x 10........ 12 14.1 115 96 80 61
16 1013 86 72 60
:1} a 86 69 58 48
1' n.:.. 2 x 12;:::.... 12 175 140 116 100 87• 71 57
16 131 105 87 75 65 53 ,•,,
20 105 84 70 60 52 .
3 x 8:. 12 184 147 109 80 62 49
16 -138 110 82 60
20. 110 88 65 48 1
3 x 10...... 12 232 186 155 X 29 99 7t: w'!` 63 52
16 174 140 116 97 74 59
»; •20 139 112 93 77 59
3 x 12........ 12 284 227 189 162 145 114 93 76
41 16,'. 213 170 142 121 109 86 70 57
20 171 136 113 97 88 68 56 .
3 x 14......... 12 ,. 331 265 220 189 166 147 128 105
16 248 199 165 142 124 110 96 79
20 199 141 132 113 100 88 77 63
Safe Distributed Load in Pounds for Beans One Inch Thick
Depth Span in Feet
,. of
,�±r M
10 11 12 13 . 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
z t4� b 320 290 270. 250 230 215 200 190 180 170 160
y
145. �` p� 460 ;,-430 400 375 350 335 315 300
Y X10: 710. ; ?1Q' 710 710 690 645 605 570 535 505 480
x� � 1.1.2' 860 8o ` 860 "860 860 860 830 785 745 705
1010 "1' , 1010 1016 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 970
' ..... .......-._�.�,..._...�.............,rw...n. .a...�wn.w.......«+.......uw..n.row.ran+aw,.ww•.rwauivawn,r.rrew.wwn.,.....+rte..urwrvf+.u+n.w..r...tranNN.wv.vnw.m...
Ell '
Douglas lair, Rocky Mou»taill Region Iced, White and
Sitka Spruce
Extreme Fiber Stress, (f)-880 lbs.per square inch
Horizontal Shear, (v)-68 Ibs. per square inch
Safe Londs Yer Square Foot Unifornily Distributed
Span in Feet
Size of Joist Spacing
(nominal) c.to C.
inches inches 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 x 8,.....,, 12 139 90 62 .... .... ...... ...... .....
16 104 68 .... .... .... ...... ...... ......
20 83 54 ..., .....
2 x 10,,....,, 12 175 140 100 73 56 .... .... .....
16 131 105 75 55 .... .... .... .....
20 105 84 60 .....
2 x 12.,,..... 12 212 170 141 107 82 65 53 .....
16 159 128 106 80 62 49 ...... ......
20 127 102 85 64 49 ...... ...... ......
12 223 144 100 73 56 ...... ...... .....
16 107 108 75 55 .... ...... ...... .....
134, 86 60 ...... ...... ...... ......
+r12 282 226 161 118 91 72 S8 .....
16 212 170 120 88 68 54 ...... ....,. "
20 169 136 97 71 55
>�2 ..
... 12 275 229 173 132 104 85 70
t`,"•`r'^:Fy,'u 344 16 258 206 172 130 99 78 64 s'
�' ,• ;;: 20 206 165 137 104 79 62 51 . "ti A
12 402 322 26II 230 183 144 117 97
�" ��.;+:�,•.•�;�, 16 302 242 201 173 137 108 88 73'
20 241 193 161 138 110 86 70 58
ad in Pounds for Bennis One Inch Thick
n-•Snfe.•D �•
;,Span in Feet
,: r t •10 ' ;j iZ f. 13 i` 15 16 17 181 fi19 r o44
t '� 245 225� 'q nl10 195 I85 I75 `j6s( `z�S r 150
550 ` 0 ` '`.460 .,425- 390 370 345 325 275
80 ,•735. 606 630 590 550 5Z0. ;..490,. r.? ' 440
^1040 '1bgD. x1040` 1000' 925 865 810 760 720e ''650
t�220:, 1220;, :1220 1220 1220 1185 1110 1050 99Q ,:890
:xt
� t
f
,,,
i
121
Eastern hemlock
Istreme Fiber Stress, (f)-880 lbs, per square inch
I lorizontal Shear, (v)-56 Ibs, per square inch
Safe LoadN Per Square Foot Uniforully Distributed
Span in Feet
Size of Joist Spacing;
(nominal) C.to a
inches inches 8 10 12 14 iG 18 20 22
2 x 8........ 12 114 90 62 .... ....
16 85 68 .... .... .... .....
20 68 54 .... .....
r d:'s;t2 x 10........ 12 1,14 115 96 73 56
16 108 06 72 55
20 86 69 58 .
x 12::... �f 12 175 140 116 100 82 65 53 .....
16 131 105 87 75 62 49 .... ......
20 105 84 70 60 49 .... ......
+J t, 3 x 84 FI'.''' 12 184 144 100 73 56 .... .....
j 16 138 108 75 55 .... .....
20 110 86 60 .....
3 x 10 ....... 12 232 186 155 118 91 72 58 .....
16 174 140 116 88 68 54 .
20 139 112 93 71 55 .
3 x 12 ....... 12 284 227 189 162 132 104 85 70
16 213 170 142 121 99 78 64 53
20 171 136 113 97 79 62 51
3 x 14......... 12 331 265 220 189 166 144 117 97
16 248 199 165 142 124 108 86 73
20 199 141 132 113 100 86 70 58
• i; i_a
Safe Distributed Load in Pounds for Beams One Inch Thick
Depth Span in Feet
of
Beam.
ins. 10 11 12 13 14 15
6 295 270 245 225 210 195 185 175 .T'16 "`1`55' ' 150
8 550 500 460 4Z5 390 3,70 345 325 305 290 275
10 710 710 710 680 630 590 550 520 490 46.5 440
12 II60 860 860 860 860 860 810 760 720 680 650
_ tr„
14 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 990 935 890
d •, '
M
tyy�6��r5 k.=
122
littienm 1'it
Extreme Fiber Stress, (f)-720 Ibs,per square inch
Horizontal Shear, (v)-56 lbs. per square inch
Safe Londe Per Square Font Uniformly Distributed
Span in Feet
Size of Joist Spacing _
(nominal) C.to C.
inches inches . 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 x 8. 12 115 74 f 51
16 86 55 .
20 69 .... .... ..... .. t}ti
2 x 10...,.,.. 12 144 115 81 GO
16 108 86 61 A.,
20 86 69 49
2 x 12...•,... 12 175 110 116 8t3 67+
i G 131 lOS 87 66 5�
20 105 131 70 53 '`'
3 x 8:..,.... .,12 185 118 82 60 .... ....
16 139 88 61 ...... ...... .... ...... ..... +tnryn ;
20 111 71 49 ...... .....
3 x10........ 12 232 186 132 97 74r 58 .
16 174 140 99 73 55 .... ,. . .
4 20 139 112 79 58 ::;t;' :•
3 x 12........ 12 284 227 189 142 108 86 69 57 s:}
16 213 170 142 107 81 65 52
20 171 136 113 85 65 52
i
3 x 14......... 12 331 265 220 1II9 149 118 96 79 ;;°:,?,�;�ti°�„••"t;
16 X18 199 165 142 112 88 72 59
20 199 141 132 113 89 71 58
Safe Distributed Load in Pounds for Bennis s One Inch Thic k
Depth Span in Feet
of
Beam. ,lr ”. •.. std
ins. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
y y,;
6" 240 220 200 185 170 160 150 140 135 125 IZO'' ,l,;••f.
�$ 450 410 375. 345 320 300 280 265 250 235 225
a z
. 10 •;71Q ,655 600, 555 515 480 450 425 400 380 360
10t,Sq j!.12:j 860 860 860 815 755 710 665 625 590 560 530 1'
1010 1010 1010 :1010 1010 970 910 860 810 765 730
.; +.
1}�� �.'ELF .�•R�t! .
y„J Y
a .
rl� tom•
123
...... . . ..
Eiti gleniann Spruce
Extreme Fiber Stress, (f)-600 lbs.per square inch
Horizontal Shear, (v)-56 lbs. per square inch
Safe Loads Per Square Foot Uniformly Distributed
Span in Fect.
Size of Joist Spacing _
(norninal) c. to C.
.y.
inches inches 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 x 8........ 12 96 61 ....
16 72 45 .... .... ...... ...... ....•
20 58 .... .... .... .....
2 x 10........ 12 144 98 68 50 ...• .... ..., ..•.•
16 108 73 51 .... ....
`; . 20 86 59 ... ....
FMK 2 x 12......... 12 175 .140 99. ..73 5G• ...... ...... ......
16 131 105 74 55 .... ...... ...... ••...
20 105 at 59 .... .... .... .....
s: 3 x 8........ 12 154 98 68 50 .... .... ....
16 115 73 51 ...... ...... ....
20 92 59 .... ..
` 3 x 10.....•,. 12 232 158 110 81 62 1:
16 174 118 83 61 .... .... ,'
20 139 95 66
3 x 12........ 12 284 227 161 118 91 71 58
16 213 170 122 89 68 53
20 170 102 97 71 55 .
3 x 14........ 12 331 265 220 163 125 93 80 65 ` :r
16 249 198 165 124 94 70 60 49 za'
20 199 159 132 98 75 55 48 .....• t'
. c
A T Safe Distributed Load in Pounds for Beams One Inch Thick
Span in Feet
?"i� (ifiis 10 11 Y12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
6 200 185 170 155 145 135
8., 375 340 310 290 270 250 235 220.? i?210
:,"?ga 600 550 500 465 430 400 375 355 "'335 315 300
860 805 735 680 630 590 550 520 490 465 440
%14 `1010 1010 1010 935 865 810 760 715 675 640 605.
pc �
,.y
q4 Rl
(
f z ( 1
.M�����y t t ,i•
. ••. r•- •._•.--.•-........._..�w�.M+...wmr,�u.x..vnaw+......+µ.�.�u.rr....vn.+d.•t�.J•rh{r?f:::i�Il if:.3:':Jrti4r<d'.rti'l Yt 1Yl'.iFk'a'lfifla:i�<'.':4Y4;.WJ4'+d'.Lt.Yw`Il i1::t`�!(Y1J�a:lv4t�7.ti/ii.l".tC�.`wi
rrr ,
t_
��Lk,
124
Safe Load 111 110111141"Per s(plare NO% on TImIm•r Cislamus—Dry Locations
Ratio of Length to Least Dimension (1/d)
Specie and Grade of Timber 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 50
DOUGLAS Flit, COAST RrmioN
% Dense Sider-Structural.,,,,. 1416 1307 1079 702 487 358 274 175
Super-Structural and Dense
Structural,.,,,,, 1264 1189 1027 702 487 358 274 175
Structural,, , ,,,,,,,,, ,,,,, 1176 1112 986 702 487 358 274 175
Common Structural.....,,., 1079 1032 937 702 487 358 174 175
DOUGLAS FIR, INLAND EA11111M
Dense Super-Structural..,... 1416 1307 1079 702 487 358 274 175
Dense Structural. . ..,..,... 1264 1189 1027 702 487 358 274 175
No.I Common Dimension and
Timbers. ....., ..... 982 943 860 625 457 336 257 164
LARCH,NN7rSTBRN
N6.I Common Dimension and
Timbers. ............... 984 933 566 :396 291 223 142
PINIC;�SOUTIICRN YrLLOW
E tra Dense Heart.......... 1400 1300
1065 1� `M, 74 175
Mae Heart .......... 1265 1190 1 027 7 OU 7 4581 74, 175"'
W ;J�%.Siiuctural Square* rdge and
.��! Sound.................. 1174 1110 984 701 '487 358 274' 175
'NIO..,1'Common............. 984 950 880 701 487 358 274 175
Rrmwoos
Super-Structural.,,,........ 1339 1165 822 526 365 268 206 132
Prime Structural....,....... 1189 1073 822 526 365 268 206 132
Select Structural...,........ 1063 979 807 526 365 268 206 132
Hew Structural............ 972 910 782 526 365 268 206 132
ml
1%2000
—All ordinances or parts thereof in force at the time this ordinance
�1,Nshall,d .�ect and inconsistent herewith, are hereby repealed.
*46W.'1001—Th, invalidity of an one section or provision of this ordinance
validate other sections or provisions thereof.
S6ctid%'��002—Nothing in this ordinance contained shall be construed to affect
i;,y�suit proceeding now pending in any court, or any rights acquired, or liability
-.�urred,"Tk A
ran cause or causes of action accrued or existing under any act or ordi-
-lk 'lid hey ,reby,nor shall any right or remedy of any character be lost,impaired
.'dffe;Litd'by this ordinance.
X%�,,'Sectidn:2003—This Ordinance shall be in force and effect from and after its passage,
M emerX.Vc e1aws governing cities of the second
,.,,y existing within the meaning of,44
—fthii"Minance being necessary for the iniiiiQlate preservation of the public safety.
at
Section 1706. Chapter 9 of the Revised Ordinances of the City of Jefferson,and
all amendments thereto, is hereby repeated, and all ordinances or parts of ordinances
which are in conflict with this ordinance are hereby repealed,
Section 1706. This ordinance shall become effective immediately upon its passage
and approval.
�iN+ ` Approved March 6, 1941
CSS e
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