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HomeMy Public PortalAboutResolution 23-26 Inventory of Community Greenhouse Gas EmissionsCity of McCall RESOLUTION 23-26 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY OF MCCALL, IDAHO, ADOPTING THE MCCALL INVENTORY OF COMMUNITY GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (2023), PROVIDING FOR RELATED MATTERS, AND PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE. WHEREAS, in 2019, the City received a Grant from Blue Cross of Idaho Foundation for Health in response to the Mayor having participated in their leadership program to partner with MOSS students to create an internship studying Climate Action in McCall. WHEREAS, in 2019, intern Anna Lindquist conducted surveys, collected data, performed interviews and produced McCall's Framework for Climate Action Planning and Draft 2018 Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories; and WHEREAS, the results of the Draft 2018 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories and McCall 's Framework for Climate Action Planning reports assist the City and the community in developing a baseline to measure follow-up Greenhouse Gas Emissions and set a framework for developing a Climate Action Plan; and WHEREAS, in 2023, staff conducted follow-up Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories at the Community -wide and Local Government Operations levels covering the 2021 Calendar Year, to assess changes and complete missing components of the Draft 2018 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories; and WHEREAS, throughout 2023, staff partnered with International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) — Local Governments for Sustainability, a non-profit assisting local governments to quantify environmental impacts, to develop the custom Greenhouse Gas Inventories Report and learn best -practices for analysis; and WHEREAS, the Adoption of the McCall Inventory of Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2023) will provide data to inform a future Climate Action Plan. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, by the Mayor and City Council of the City of McCall, Valley County, Idaho that: Section 1: the McCall Inventory of Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2023) is adopted, and a copy of the Plan is attached hereto as Exhibit 1, and by this reference incorporated herein. Section 2: This resolution shall be in full force and effect upon its passage and approval. Page 1 of 2 RESOLUTION 23-26 December 28, 2023 PASSED AND APPROVED BY THE MAYOR AND THE CITY COUNCIL of the City of McCall, Valley Coi n tllitbSliis 28 day of December 2023. .%0::34 Iu[cC44 ova * o1 47 n111„D p►%��0 Robert S. Giles, Mayor ATT S / BessieJo W. ner, City erk RESOLUTION 23-26 December 28, 2023 CITY OF MCCALL, a municipal corporation of the State of Idaho ho Page 2 of 2 i EXHIBIT 1 City of McCall IDAHO CITY OF MCCALL, IDAHO 2021 Inventory of Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Prepared For: City of McCall, Idaho Produced By: ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability USA December 2023 i Table of Contents 03 04 05 06 07 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 22 23 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 31 32 32 Tables and Figures Executive Summary Key Findings: Community -Wide Inventory Key Findings: Government Operations Inventory Introduction to Climate Change Greenhouse Gas Inventory as a Step Toward Carbon Neutrality ICLEI Climate Mitigation Milestones Inventory Methodology Understanding a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Community Emissions Protocol Local Government Operations Protocol Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emission Sources and Activities Base Year Quantification Methods Community Emissions Inventory Results Comparison Discussion 2018 and 2021 Tree Canopy Analysis Next Steps Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts Business -As -Usual (BAU) Forecast Government Operations Emissions Inventory Results Comparison Discussion 2018 and 2021 Next Steps Conclusion Appendix A: Methodology Details Energy Transportation Wastewater Potable Water (if reported separately, omit if not) Solid Waste Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) Inventory Calculations ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability USA This template was updated by ICLEI USA in 2023. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 02 i Tables and Figures 111 List of Tables 14 16 18 23 25 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 32 Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table List of Figures 05 06 10 11 12 12 17 18 22 24 25 1: Source vs. Activity for Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2: Community -Wide Emissions Inventory 3: 2018 and 2021 Primary Community -Wide Emissions Comparison 4: Local Government Operations Emissions Inventory 2021 5: 2018 and 2021 Primary Government Emissions Comparison 6: Energy Data Sources 7: Emissions Factors for Electricity Consumption 8: Transportation Data Sources 9: MPG and Emissions Factors by Vehicle Type 10: Wastewater Data Sources 11: Potable Water Data Sources 12: Solid Waste Data Sources 13: Forests and Urban Trees Sequestration and Emissions Data Sources Figure 1: Community -Wide Emissions by Sector Figure 2: Government Operations Emissions by Sector Figure 3: Accelerated Climate Action through McCall Comprehensive Plan Goals, Co - Benefits, and ICLEI Pathways Figure 4: ICLEI Climate Mitigation Milestones Figure 5: Relationship of Community and Government Operations Inventories Figure 6: Global Warming Potential Values (IPCC, 2014) Figure 7: Community -Wide Emissions by Sector Figure 8: Comparison of Community -Wide Emissions by Sector and Year (2018 & 2021) Figure 9: BAU Forecast for Community -Wide Emissions from 2021-2050 Figure 10: Local Government Operations Emissions by Sector 2021 Figure 11: Comparison of LGO Emissions by Sector and Year (2018 & 2021) oeo This work is licensed under a Creative CommL ns Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. It may not be used for any commercial purpose. Any non-commercial use of this material must provide attribution to ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability USA. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 03 i Executive Summary The City of McCall recognizes that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activity are catalyzing profound climate change, the consequences of which pose substantial risks to the future health, wellbeing, and prosperity of our community. As a community with a deep relationship and reliance on the natural environment and recreation amenities, McCall plays a key role in addressing this challenge with the urgency and creativity required for current and future generations. Since 2018 when McCall first measured emissions from the community, McCall City Council has adopted McCall`s Framework for Climate Action Planning (2020) and 2018 Base year Inventory, converted all community streetlights to LED bulbs, decarbonized the municipal golf -course greens mowers, upgraded municipal building envelopes and HVAC systems to increase public energy -efficiency, trained staff on GHG accounting and analysis, completed this second, follow-up GHG Inventory, and has committed to pursuing the first McCall Community -wide Climate Action Plan, kicking off in 2024. This report provides estimates of GHG emissions resulting from activities in the McCall Community as a whole in 2021, and reflects on changes in community GHG emissions since the first inventory conducted in 2018. While these actions are small in comparison to the changes, adaptations, and new ways of being that will be crucial to reducing emissions and McCall`s impact on the changing climate, they were steps necessary to learn what must be done to act locally towards resilience at the global level. 04 McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions i Key Findings: Community -Wide Inventory Figure 1 shows community -wide emissions by sector. The largest contributor is Transportation with 52`A of emissions. The next largest contributors are Residential Energy (26%) and Commercial Energy (17%). Actions to reduce emissions in all of these sectors will be a key part of a climate action plan. Solid Waste, Water & Wastewater, and AFOLU were responsible for the remaining with 7% of emissions. The Inventory Results section of this report provides a detailed profile of emissions sources within the City of McCall; information that is key to guiding local reduction efforts. These data will also provide a baseline against which the city will be able to compare future performance and demonstrate progress in reducing emissions. COMMUNITY EMISSIONS ATAGLANCE Transportation 52% Residential 2rr Energy 26% 3 Commercial Energy 17% 111 Transportation & Mobile Sources (52%) Residential Energy (26%) Commercial Energy (17%) Solid Waste (4%) 111 Water & Wastewater (1%) Figure 1: Community -Wide Emissions by Sector McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 05 i Key Findings: Government Operations Inventory Figure 2 shows government operations emissions by sector. The largest contributor is the Municipal Fleet and Equipment Fuel (Snowplowing) with 32.4% of emissions. The next largest contributors are Water & Wastewater (27.9`%x) and Buildings & Facilities (27.1%). Actions to reduce emissions in all of these sectors will be a key part of a climate action plan. Emissions from municipal government operations contribute to 1.6% of McCall's community - wide emissions. GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS EMISSIONS AT A GLANCE Vehicle Fleet & Equipment 32.4% 2Water & /' Wastewater 27.9% 3 Buildings & Facilities 27.1% Vehicle Fleet & Equipment (32.4 %) II Water & Wastewater (27.9%) Buildings & Facilities (27.1 %) Employee Commute (11.5%) gi Streetlights & Traffic Signals (10/0) Solid Waste <1 % Figure 2: 2021 Government Operations Emissions by Sector McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 06 i Introduction to Climate Change Naturally occurring gases dispersed in the atmosphere determine the Earth's climate by trapping solar radiation. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect. Overwhelming evidence shows that human activities are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases and changing the global climate. The most significant contributor is burning fossil fuels for transportation, electricity generation, and other purposes, which introduces large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Collectively, these gases intensify the natural greenhouse effect, causing global average surface and lower atmospheric temperatures to rise, threatening the safety, quality of life, and economic prosperity of global communities. Although the natural greenhouse effect is needed to keep the Earth warm, a human -enhanced greenhouse effect with the rapid accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere leads to too much heat and radiation being trapped. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report confirms that human activities have unequivocally caused an increase in carbon emissions [1]. Many regions are already experiencing the consequences of global climate change, and McCall is no exception. The greenhouse effect Solar radiation passes through the clear atmosphere Most radiation is absorbed by the earth's surface and warms it Some of the infrared radiation Some solar passes through the atmosphere, radiation is and some is absorbed and reflected by the re -emitted in all molecules. The earth and the effect of this is to warm the earth's atmosphere surface and the lower atmosphere. Infrared radiation is emitted from the earth's surface [11 IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [MassonDelmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Pean. S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, 0. Yeleksi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 07 i Regional studies have shown that Idaho can expect increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns in the years to come. Specifically, we can anticipate an increasing growing -season length, increasing areas burned by wildfires, and more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow. Natural resource managers in the state are increasingly concerned about water resource availability, extreme drought, more wildland fires, and changes in plant productivity [2]. In McCall, however, our relationship to wildfire on the landscape is not a story that began with the changing climate. Wildland firefighters have been a part of our community since the early 1900's and the McCall Smokejumpers have been in operation since 1943. The US Forest Service, state fire managers, and local fire districts respond quickly and strategically to wildfires as they occur, as well as plan for and implement prescribed burning to maintain optimal forest and community health [3]. In 2022, the US Forest Service launched a robust strategy to address the wildfire crisis in places where it poses the most immediate threats to communities and Valley County was identified as one of the highest -risk landscapes. As part of that effort, the Southwest Idaho Wildfire Crisis Landscape Project was created, which is a broadscale effort to reduce the risk of catastrophic and undesirable wildfire while increasing the resiliency of the landscape to climate change and other stressors. The project encompasses 1.7 million acres, including about 424,000 and 505,000 acres of the Boise and Payette National Forests, respectively. There are another 800,000 acres of other ownership including private, state and other federal lands. Land managers will utilize treatments based on sound science, including prescribed fire, non-commercial thinning, commercial thinning, and reforestation [3]. 2] Lindquist, A. (2019, January). Draft 2018 greenhouse gas emissions inventories - mccall.id.us. (ps://www.mccall.id.us/media/CED/Plans/Draft%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20EmissionsG,20lnventories 2018.pdf [3] Southwest Idaho Landscape Project. (2023, September 26). ArcGIS StoryMaps. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/326b883b9d 1 b46498435a2a904a937d 1 McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 08 As a place where people value a high quality of life, and as a destination for outdoor recreation, McCall is in danger of being deeply affected because of climate change. McCall depends on snowpack not only for its water, but also for winter recreation, which brings an economic boost to the region. Yet, overall snowpack in Idaho has been decreasing in the past few decades. Thus, in the future the region may experience a shorter skiing and winter tourism season. This decrease in snowpack is also detrimental to another key feature of McCall, Payette Lake, which is a natural lake fed by spring flow from the mountains. With rising temperatures, however, spring runoff will peak sooner, leading to reduced flow in the summer, potentially affecting agriculture downstream, as well as the flora and fauna that depend on the lake. This change in water variability, coupled with rising temperatures, has the potential to exacerbate the already visible effects of drought heat in area forests. This is because a decrease in snowpack reduces the water supply to forest ecosystems. An increase in unhealthy forests means more fuel for wildfires, which are also correlated with decreased soil moisture and rising temperatures. Finally, the health effects of climate change may also shift in the McCall area. Increasing temperatures and more particulate matter in the air due to wildfires, may result in the most vulnerable citizens, such as seniors, wildland firefighters, and young children, being disproportionately affected. Many communities in the United States have started to take responsibility for addressing climate change at the local level. Reducing fossil fuel use in the community can have many benefits in addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. More efficient use of energy decreases utility and transportation costs for residents and businesses. Retrofitting homes and businesses to be more efficient creates local jobs. In addition, when residents save on energy costs, they are more likely to spend at local businesses and add to the local economy. Reducing fossil fuel use improves air quality, and increasing opportunities for walking and bicycling improves residents' health. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 09 i Greenhouse Gas Inventor as a Step Toward Carbon Neutrality Y Facing the climate crisis requires the concerted efforts of local governments and their partners, those that are close to the communities directly dealing with the impacts of climate change. Cities, towns and counties are well placed to create detailed plans that address integrated climate action — climate change adaptation, resilience, and mitigation. Existing targets and plans need to be reviewed to bring in the necessary level of ambition and outline how to achieve net -zero emissions by 2050 at the latest. Creating a roadmap for climate neutrality requires McCall to identify priority sectors for action, while considering climate justice, inclusiveness, local job creation, and other benefits of sustainable development. To complete this inventory, McCall utilized tools and guidelines from ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), which provides authoritative direction for greenhouse gas emissions accounting and defines climate neutrality as follows: The targeted reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and GHG avoidance in government operations and across the community in all sectors to an absolute net -zero emission level at the latest by 2050. In parallel to this, it is critical to adapt to climate change and enhance climate resilience across all sectors, in all systems and processes. To achieve ambitious emissions reduction and move toward climate neutrality, McCall will need to set clear goals and act rapidly, following a holistic and integrated approach. Climate action is an opportunity for our community to experience a wide range of co -benefits, such as creating socio-economic opportunities, reducing poverty and inequality, and improving the health of people and nature (Figure 3). ACCELERATED CLIMATE ACTION WHO? MCCALL IS: • A Small Mountain Town • Reliant on Natural Resources & Amenities • A Family -Friendly Place • A Community for Healthy Living • An Intellectual Community WHY? HOW? CO -BENEFITS ACROSS SECTORS FIVE ICLEI PATHWAYS • Improving Air quality • Protecting Biodiversity • Local Job Creation • Clean Energy Transition • Behavior Change 0 Low Emissions Nature Based Equitable and People Centered A Resilient la Circular Figure 3: Accelerated Climate Action through McCall Comprehensive Plan Goals, Co -Benefits, and ICLEI Pathways l McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 10 11 i ICLEI Climate Mitigation Milestones In response to the climate emergency, many communities in the United States are taking responsibility for addressing emissions at the local level. Since many of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions are directly or indirectly controlled through local policies, local governments have a strong role to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions within their boundaries, as well as influencing regional emissions through partnerships and advocacy. Through proactive measures around land use patterns, transportation demand management, energy efficiency, green building, waste diversion, and more, local governments can dramatically reduce emissions in their communities. In addition, local governments are primarily responsible for the provision of emergency services and the mitigation of natural disaster impacts. ICLEI provides a framework and methodology for local governments to identify and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, organized along with Five Milestones, also shown in Figure 4: 1. Conduct an inventory and forecast of local greenhouse gas emissions; 2. Establish a greenhouse gas emissions Science -Based Target [4]; 3. Develop a climate action plan for achieving the emissions reduction target; 4. Implement the climate action plan; and, 5. Monitor and report on progress. This report represents the completion of ICLEI's Climate Mitigation Milestone One, and provides a foundation for future work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in McCall. Milestone 5 Monitor/ Evaluate Progress Milestone 1 Inventory Emissions Leadership Commitment Milestone 4 Implement Climate Action Plan Milestone 2 Establish Target Milestone 3 Develop Climate Action Plan Figure 4: ICLEI Climate Mitigation Milestones [4] Science -Based Tamil are calculated climate goals, in line with the latest climate science, that represent your community's fair share of the ambition necessary to meet the Paris Agreement commitment of keeping warming below 1.5°C. To achieve this goal, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that we must reduce global emissions by 50% by 2030 and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Equitably reducing global emissions by 50% requires that high -emitting, wealthy nations reduce their emissions by more than 50%. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 11 II Inventory Methodology Understanding a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory The first step toward achieving tangible greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions requires identifying baseline emissions levels and sources and activities generating emissions in the community. This report presents emissions from the community as a whole. The government operations inventory is mostly a subset of the community inventory, as shown in Figure 5. For example, data on commercial energy use by the community include energy consumed by municipal buildings and community vehicle -miles -traveled estimates include miles driven by municipal fleet vehicles. As local governments continue to join the climate protection movement, the need for a standardized approach to quantify GHG emissions has proven essential. This inventory uses the approach and methods provided by the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community Protocol) and the Local Government Operations Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions (LGO Protocol), both of which are described below. COMMUNITY EMISSIONS GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS EMISSIONS Figure 5: Relationship of Community and Government Operations Inventories Three greenhouse gases are included in this inventory: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20). Many of the charts in this report represent emissions in "carbon dioxide equivalent" (CO2e) values, calculated using the Global Warming Potentials (GWP) for methane and nitrous oxide from the IPCC 6th Assessment Report (Figure 6). Global Warming Potential Values 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 N20 has the largest impact on the greenhouse gas effect. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous Oxide (N20) Greenhouse Gas Figure 6: Global Warming Potential Values (IPCC, 2023) McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 12 i Community Emissions Protocol Version 1.2 of the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting GHG Emissions [5] was released by ICLEI in 2019, and represents a national standard in guidance to help U.S. local governments develop effective community GHG emissions inventories. It establishes reporting requirements for all community GHG emissions inventories, provides detailed accounting guidance for quantifying GHG emissions associated with a range of emission sources and community activities, and provides a number of optional reporting frameworks to help local governments customize their community GHG emissions inventory reports based on their local goals and capacities. The community inventory in this report includes emissions from the various activities: Use of electricity by the community Use of fuel in residential and commercial stationary combustion equipment On -road passenger and freight motor vehicle travel Use of energy in potable water and wastewater treatment and distribution Wastewater treatment processes In7 Off -road transportation Industrial processes Carbon sequestration emissions and removals l pstream activities \poll! Generation of solid waste by the community 4 Municipal operations fleet Local Government Operations (LGO) Protocol In 2010, ICLEI and its research partners released Version 1.1 of the LGO Protocol [6]. The LGO Protocol serves as the national standard for quantifying and reporting greenhouse emissions from local government operations. The purpose of the LGO Protocol is to provide the principles, approach, methodology, and procedures needed to develop a local government operations greenhouse gas emissions inventory. The following activities are included in the LGO inventory: • Energy and natural gas consumption from buildings & facilities • Water treatment processes • On -road transportation from employee commute and vehicle fleet [5] ICLEI. 2012. US Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Retrieved from hllp://www.icleiusa.o fg/tools/ghg-protocoVcommunity-protocol [6] ICLEI. 2008. Local Government Operations Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Retrieved from hLlp://www. iclei usa.org/pLograms/climate/ghg-protocol/glbg-protocol McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 13 i 1111 Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions Sources and Activities Communities contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in many ways. Two central categorizations of emissions are used in the community inventory: 1) GHG emissions that are produced by "sources" located within the community boundary, and 2) GHG emissions produced as a consequence of community "activities." Table 1: Source vs. Activity for Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) Source Any physical process inside the jurisdictional boundary that releases GHG emissions into the atmosphere. Activity The use of energy, materials (solid waste), and/or services by members of the community that result in the creation of GHG emissions. Activities within a community include, but are not limited to: heating of homes, driving cars, and throwing away trash. Sources are where the emissions from those activities occur, which may or may not be the same place the activity occurs. When you drive your car, the source is the car's tailpipe. Similarly, when a gas furnace in your home runs, the source is the exhaust vent of the furnace. On the other hand, when you throw away trash, the source is the landfill the trash is sent to. When you flip a switch and use electricity, the source is the power plant where the electricity is generated. Because landfills and power plants are usually located outside the community, careful inclusion of both sources and activities provides a fuller picture of community emissions. Base Year The inventory process requires the selection of a base year with which to compare current emissions. McCall's LGO greenhouse gas emissions inventory utilizes 2018 as its baseline year because it is the most recent year for which the necessary data are available. 14 McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions i Quantification Methods GHG emissions can be quantified in two ways: • Measurement -based methodologies refer to the direct measurement of GHG emissions (from a monitoring system) emitted from a flue of a power plant, wastewater treatment plant, landfill, or industrial facility. • Calculation -based methodologies calculate emissions using activity data and emission factors. To calculate emissions accordingly, the basic equation below is used: Activity Data x Emission Factor = Emissions Most emissions sources in this inventory are quantified using calculation -based methodologies. Activity data refer to the relevant measurement of energy use or other GHG-generating processes such as fuel consumption by fuel type, metered annual electricity consumption, and annual vehicle miles traveled. Please see the appendices for a detailed listing of the activity data used in composing this inventory. Known emission factors are used to convert energy usage or other activity data into associated quantities of emissions. Emissions factors are usually expressed in terms of emissions per unit of activity data (e.g. lbs CO2/kWh of electricity). For this inventory, calculations were made using ICLEI's ClearPath Climate Planner tool. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 15 i Community Emission, Inventory Results The total community -wide emissions for the 2021 inventory are shown in Table 2 and Figure 7. Table 2: Community -Wide Emissions Inventory Sector Residential Energy Fuel or Source Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil No. 2 Propane Wood Residential Energy Total Commercial Energy Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil No. 2 Propane Wood Coal Commercial Energy Total Transportation & Mobile Sources Gasoline Diesel Public Transit - Gasoline Public Transit - Diesel Aviation - Jet Kerosene Aviation - AvGas Off -Road - Gasoline Off -Road - Diesel Offroad - CNG Offroad - LPG 2021 Usage 55,576,862 2,158 31,503 63,479 38,152,110 13,115 1,926 18,343 2,843 68,290,357 8,159,189 128,073 82,500 173,439 92,834 219015.268 60918.674 248.106 1277.100 Usage Unit kWh MMBtu MMBtu MMBtu kWh MMBtu MMBtu MMBtu MMBtu VMT VMT VMT VMT Gallons Gallons MMBtu MMBtu MMBtu MMBtu 2021 Emissions (Mt CO2e) 21,195 161 1,955 618 23,930 14,550 976 120 179 273 16,097 27,536 11,752 138 84 1,108 774 5,467 1,561 6 27 Transportation & Mobile Sources Total 48,452 *Blank cells are a result of variability in the format of available data by sector and fuel or source type. McCaII, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 16 i Table 2: Community -Wide Emissions Inventory (continued) Sector Solid Waste Solid Waste Total Water & Wastewater Fuel or Source Landfilled Waste - Lakeshore Disposal Supply of Potable Water - Electricity Watewater Treatment Energy Use Wastewater Treatment Process N20 Process N20 from Effluent Discharge Water & Wastewater Total 2021 Usage 4,256 1,240,361 1,316,299 4,188 351 Usage Unit 2021 Emissions (Mt CO2e) Tons kWh kWh Population Served Population Served Total Gross - `" ° { ons Forests and Trees Forest Disturbances Forest to Grassland Forests and Trees Total 20 3 Hectares Hectares 3,774 3,774 473 502 8 21 1,004 1,987 110 2,097 Emissions with Forest Disturbances *Blank cells are a result of variability in the format of available data by sector and fuel or source type. Figure 7 shows the distribution of community -wide emissions by sector. Transportation is the largest contributor, followed by Residential & Commercial Energy. Transportation & Mobile Sources (52%) Residential Energy (26%) Commercial Energy (17%) Solid Waste (4%) MI Water & Wastewater (1%) Figure 7: Community -Wide Emissions by Sector McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 17 111 Table 3: 2018 and 2021 Primary Community -Wide Emissions Comparison Sector Residential Commercial On -Road Transportation Waste Water & Wastewater Total Fuel or Source Electricity Fuel Oil Propane Wood Electricity On Road - Gasoline On Road - Diesel Treasure Valley Public Transit - Gasoline Treasure Valley Public Transit Diesel Aviation - AvGas Aviation - Jet Kerosene Landfilled Waste - Lakeshore Disposal Supply of Potable Water - Electricity Payette Lakes Wastewater Treatment - Electricity 2018 Usage 34,945,246 2,031 29,641 59,727 53,229,990 64,254,396 7,676,356 310 19,804 92,834 173,439 3955.82 1,410,098 983,280 2021 Usage 55,373,908 2,158 151 31,503 63,479 37,877,990 16,061 68,290,357 26,832 8,159,189 11,046 2018 Emissions (MT CO2e) 10,544 1,840 582 128,073 82,500 3 202 92,834 774 173,439 4,256 1,240,361 1,316,299 1,108 3,939 425 297 2021 Emissions (MT CO2e) Percent Change in Emissions 21,195 161 1,955 618 14,550 27,536 11,752 138 84 774 1,108 3,774 473 502 73,657 84,620 *Blank cells are a result of variability in the format of available data by sector and fuel or source type. 2018 2021 20.000 • Transportation & Mobile Sources Solid Waste • Water & Wastewater Commercial Energy • Residential Energy i 40,000 60.000 Total Emissions in MT CO2e 101.02% 6.30% 6.28% 6.28% -9.41% 2.5% 6% 49.78% -0.59% 0% 0% -4.19% 11.30% 69.20% + 12.7% 80,000 100,000 Figure 8: Comparison of Community -Wide Emissions by Sector and Year (2018 & 2021) McCaII, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 18 '1 1 Comparison Discussion Community -Wide (2018 & 2021) I" The above table compares 2018 and 2021 activity data and emissions (MT CO2e). When comparing inventories 3 years apart, it must be recognized that the data collection and the inventory process could have been conducted differently. Most notably, data collection methodologies since 2018 have become more accurate. The various patterns and outliers displayed in the above table might be partly based on the aforementioned inventory changes. In conducting this 2021 Inventory follow-up, the goal was to measure what the changes to McCall's emissions would look like from before and after the Covid-19 pandemic and related boom in local tourism, local land use development, and local energy consumption that came with an influx of visitors and constant stream of temporary residents seeking to enjoy McCall's natural amenities. Since 2018 the community has seen the new construction of more than 200 household units, predominantly large, single-family homes. The influx of development of this style has also driven and exacerbated challenges to workforce housing, potentially displacing many long-term residents and workforce members into housing further outside of the community with longer commuting required which leads to increases in on -road transportation emissions. We can see the nuanced impacts of this growth in key indicators within the 2021 Inventory such as: Residential Energy Use, Transportation, and demand for Water and Wastewater Infrastructure. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 19 i Tree Canopy Analysis A Message from Our City Arborist The manner in which GHG inventories are estimated for different types of land use is more complicated than for other sectors. In addition to both emitting and removing GHGs, there are multiple carbon pools that respond differently to management activities and natural disturbances, inter -annual variability is high, and measurements may not be as precise as it is in other sectors (see the USCP, Appendix J). Beginning in 2019, a number of updates to protocols and guidance on estimating carbon from the Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOL U) sector required that communities include the "net flux" of carbon emissions and removals - carbon emitted to the atmosphere from the land and carbon removed from the atmosphere to the land. In coordination with ICLEI USA, McCall was able to use the US Community Protocol's Land Emissions And Removals Navigator (LEARN) tool to calculate the net flux of AFOLU emissions from 2013-2019 [7]. This analysis reported six "land use" categories which were defined by data on land cover —forest land, grassland, cropland, wetland, settlement and other land (barren). In 2019, McCall's total land base was approximately 6,333 acres (9.9 square miles), with nearly 37.0% Settlement (i.e. developed areas of varying intensity), around 31.5% forest, 22.1% Grassland (which includes hay/pasture, shrub/scrub and other herbaceous cover), 7.7% cropland, 3.4% wetland and 0.5% other land. 2019 is the most recent year available of the National Land Cover Dataset. These measurements are only for trees, so carbon sequestration from other vegetation, such as grassland, likely mean that what is measured by the LEARN tool is actually an underestimate of total sequestration for the community sectors. Over the period 2016 to 2019, the Net GHG balance of forests and trees was -3,349 Mt CO2e per year, however this sequestration should be considered informational in nature, only. Total GHG emissions for McCall across all sectors could be reduced if additional forests/trees were added to its land base, and/or if losses of trees were reduced further by: • Replacement of all lost or removed trees through city code • Ongoing protection and maintenance of shoreline, public and street trees • Outreach and management of arborist services through adequate business licensing [7] US Community Protocol's Land Emissions And Removals Navigator (LEARN) tool. Available at https://icleiusa.org/LEARN/ McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 20 i Next Steps - Community -Wide The inventory should be used to focus and prioritize actions to reduce emissions and inform the future Community -wide Climate Action Plan for McCall. Based on the inventory results, the following areas have the greatest potential for emissions reduction at the community level: • Residential Energy • Commercial Energy • On -Road Transportation High level VMT reduction - Reduce parking minimums, improve bike infrastructure, increase public transit and active transportation access, and implement other measures to reduce dependency on on -road vehicle transportation Completing another GHG inventory every two to five years is recommended to assess progress resulting from any actions implemented. The detailed methodology section of this report, as well as notes and attached data files in the ClearPath Climate Planner tool and a master data Excel file provided to McCall, will be helpful in completing a future inventory consistent with this one. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 21 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts McCall's most recent community -wide greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory includes emissions from activities and sources that took place within the city during the 2021 calendar year. Using the 2021 GHG inventory as a baseline, ICLEI prepared a basic "business -as -usual" forecast for 2030. Business -As -Usual (BAU) Forecast The BAU forecast (Figure 9) is a projection of emissions through the year 2050. The projected emissions estimated population growth, changes in automotive fuel efficiency standards [8], and changes to the carbon intensity of grid electricity [9]. McCall's 2021 emissions were 93,715 Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e). Based on expected population growth, increasing on -road vehicle fuel efficiency, and utility decarbonization plans, McCall's 2030 emissions will be 94,383 CO2e. This is a 1% increase in emissions. ■ Residential Energy • Commercial Energy in Transportation & Mobile Sources Solid Waste • Water & Wastewater 100,000 80.000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 '19 '19 '19 '19 '19 ti�� 19 '19 '19 '19�o ,L9'�\'19 '19 �D�a ��� 1§') '19?) ti5?� �,��'e '19 'I? ti$)t� ��P '1.4),X00 �_ 'If ��ho Figure 9: Business -As -Usual Forecast for Community -Wide Emissions from 2021-2050 `j ICLECs Carbon Intensity Reference Sheet [9] "Our Path Away from Coal". Idaho Power, 2023. https://www.idahopower.com/energy-environment/energy/energy-sources/our-path-awav- from-coal/#:—next=Our"/.20Clean",4,20Todav%2C %X30( leaner%20Tomorrow.by'%,20the%20cnd''A.20of%202028. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community -Wide GHG Emissions 22 i Government Operations, Emissions Inventory 2021 Results The total government operations emissions for the 2021 inventory are shown in Table 4 and Figure 10. Table 4: Government Operations Emissions Inventory 2021 Sector Buildings & Facilities Fuel or Source Electricity (NWPP) Propane (LPG) Buildings & Facilities Total Street Lights & Traffic Signals Electricity (NWPP) Street Lights & Traffic Signals Total Vehicle Fleet & Equipment Fuel Consumption Vehicle Fleet Total Transit Fleet Gasoline (on -road) Diesel (on -road) Diesel Gasoline 2021 Usage 706,609 2,209.28 12,177 29,856 18,635 82,500 128,073 Usage Unit kWh MMBtu kWh Gallons Gallons VMT VMT 2021 Emissions (Mt CO2e) 266 131 397 11 11 283 193 476 84** 138** Transit Fleet Total INFO ONLY** Employee Commute Gasoline Biodiesel/Ethanol Electric Hybrid Gasoline PHEVs 343,722.11 NCNP NCNP 7,800 NCNP VMT VMT VMT VMT VMT 167 2.42 Employee Commute Travel Total 478.42 *Blank cells are a result of variability in the format of available data by sector and fuel or source type. ** The Transit Fleet is Owned and Operated by Mountain Community/Treasurc Valley Transit not the McCall Municipal Government. City of McCall does partially fund transit operations. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 23 i Table 4: Government Operations Emissions Inventory 2021 (continued) Sector Solid Waste Solid Waste Total Water Treatment & Distribution Fuel or Source Waste Generation Compost Treatment Energy Water & Wastewater Total Process & Fugitive Emissions Fugitive Emissions from Natural Gas Distribution Process & Fugitive Emissions Total 2021 Usage 5.8 N/A 1,078,475 Usage Unit Tons (wet) N/A kWh Total Government Operations Emissions 2021 Emissions (Mt CO2e) 6 6 409 409 0 1,469 Mt CO2e Figure 10 shows the distribution of Government Operations emissions by sector. Vehicle Fleet & Equipment Fueling is the largest contributor, followed by Water Treatment/Distribution and Buildings and facilities. • • ■ • Vehicle Fleet (32.4%) Water Treatment & Distribution (27.9%) Buildings & Facilities (27.1%) Employee Commute (11.5%) Streetlights & Traffic Signals (1%) Solid Waste (>1%) Figure 10: Local Government Operations Emissions by Sector 2021 McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 24 i Table 5: 2018 and 2021 Primary Government Operations Emissions Comparison Sector Buildings & Facilities Streetlight & Traffic Vehicle Fleet Employee Commute Solid Waste Water (Treatment) ** Total Fuel or Source 2021 Usage Electricity Propane Electricity Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Solid Waste Generation Electricty 700,669 kWh 2,078.94 MMBtu 29,445 kWh 2018 Usage 2021 Emissions (MT CO2e) 2018 Emissions (MT CO2e) Percent Change in Emissions 884,080 kWh 266 811.46 MMBtu 132 119,935 kWh 11.2 256 66 34.8 29,856 Gal 20,864 Gal 283 182.3 18,635 Gal 13,029 Gal 193 133 343,722 VMT 194,125 VMT 169.7 100.2 NCNP NCNP NCNP NCNP 5.8 Tons 5.07 Tons 6.58 5.21 1,078,475 kWh 813,158 kWh 409.4 299.9 1469.68 1,077.4 + 3.9% + 100% (67.8%) + 55.2% + 45.1% + 69.5% + 26.3% + 36.5% + 35.8 % *Blank cells are a result of variability in the format of available data by sector and fuel or source type. ** Water & Wastewater Distribution & Intake is included in Buildings & Facilities; Water & Wastewater Treatment in Water & Wastewater 2018 2021 ■ Buildings & Facilities • Streetlights & Trafficlights • Vehicle Fleet & Equipment • Employee Commute Solid Waste • Water Treatment 1 0 500 1,000 1,500 Total Emissions in MT CO2e Figure 11: Comparison of City of McCall Government Operational Emissions by Sector and Year (2018 & 2021) 2.000 McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 25 i Comparison Discussion Local Government Operations (2018 & 2021) The above table compares 2018 and 2021 activity data and emissions (MT CO2e). When comparing inventories three years apart, it must be recognized that the data collection and the inventory process could have been conducted differently. Most notably, data collection methodologies since 2018 have become more accurate. The various patterns and outliers displayed in the above table might be partly based on the aforementioned inventory changes. In conducting this 2021 Inventory follow-up, the goal was to measure what the changes to McCall's Local Government Operations emissions would look like from before and after the Covid-19 pandemic and related boom in local tourism, return to in -office work, and increased demand for City staffing, services and infrastructure that came with an influx of visitors and constant stream of temporary residents seeking to enjoy McCall's natural amenities. Since 2018 the community has seen the new construction of more than 200 household units and demand for water resources, the demolition and relocation of the City Parks Facility, the improvement of HVAC and energy -efficiency in municipal facilities, and a greater snow removal year than 2018. The increased demand for consistent and dependable services and facilities through the municipal government has also exacerbated challenges to workforce retention and recruitment, with the average commuting radius of City employees increasing over time which leads to increases in on -road transportation emissions. We can see the nuanced impacts of this growth in key indicators within the 2021 LGO Inventory such as: Vehicle Fleet, Employee Commute, and demand for Water Treatment. 26 McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions i Next Steps - Local Government Operations The inventory should be used to focus and prioritize actions to reduce emissions and inform the McCall Climate Action Plan strategies for emissions reduction. Based on the inventory results, the following areas have the greatest potential for emissions reduction: • Buildings and Facilities o Convert existing buildings from natural gas to electricity, analyze on -site energy potential for public facilities and options for RECs. • Vehicle Fleet o Pursue a feasibility analysis for purchasing and converting internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles. • Employee Commute G Review telework/hybrid policy through the lens of greenhouse gas emissions reduction, consider active transportation commuter incentives. Completing another GHG inventory in two to five years is recommended to assess progress resulting from any actions implemented. The detailed methodology section of this report, as well as notes and attached data files in the ClearPath Climate Planner tool and a master data Excel file provided to the City of McCall, will be helpful in completing a future inventory consistent with this one. Below are recommended improvements to monitoring/data that may benefit the City in additional ways for Transportation and Land Use Planning: • Create a Regional Gravity Model or similar study to measure the VMT of Tourist and Supply Chain vehicles using State Highway 55 entering and recreating in McCall • Complete Local Government Inventory Annually as part of the City Annual Report to promote improvement and commitment to positive change as well as better comprehension of these analyses over time. • Consider a more in-depth land -use change analysis in future planning efforts to better understand the impact of development on soil carbon storage or loss over time and encourage or require clustered development and encourage open space preservation. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 27 i Conclusion This inventory marks the completion of Milestone One of the Five ICLEI Climate Mitigation Milestones. The next steps are to forecast emissions, set an emissions -reduction target, and build upon the existing climate action framework with a more robust climate action plan that identifies specific quantified strategies that can cumulatively meet that target. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that to meet the Paris Agreement commitment of keeping warming below 1.5°C we must: Reduce global emissions by 50% by 2030 NET Reach global climate neutrality 2050 Equitably reducing global emissions by 50% requires that high -emitting, wealthy nations reduce their emissions by more than 50%. More than ever, it is imperative that countries, regions, and local governments set targets that are ambitious enough to slash carbon emissions between now and mid-century. Science -Based Targets are calculated climate goals, in line with the latest climate science, that represent a community's fair share of the global ambition necessary to meet the Paris Agreement commitment. Community education, involvement, and partnerships will be instrumental to achieve a science -based target. ICLEI has calculated the city's Science -Based Targets [ 10]: Absolute SBT: 51.4°/ Science -Based Targets are climate goa/s in line with the latest climate science. They represent the city's fair share of the ambition necessary to meet the Paris Agreement commitment to keep warming below 1.5°C. In addition, McCall will continue to track key energy use and emissions indicators on an on -going basis. It is recommended that communities update their inventories on a regular basis, especially as plans are implemented to ensure measurement and verification of impacts. Regular inventories also allow for "rolling averages" to provide insight into sustained changes and can help reduce the change of an anomalous year being incorrectly interpreted. This inventory shows that residential and commercial energy, as well as transportation patterns, will be particularly important to focus on. Through these efforts and others, McCall can achieve environmental, economic, and social benefits beyond reducing emissions. (10] "Science Based Climate Targets: A Guide for Cities." Science Based Targets Network, November 4, 2021. https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 28 i Appendix A: Methodology Details Energy Table 6: Energy Data Sources Activity Community -wide Residential Electricity Commercial Electricity Industrial Electricity Residential Non -Utility Commercial Non -Utility Industrial Non -Utility Data Source Idaho Power Idaho Power Idaho Power EIA State Profiles and Energy Estimates, US Census Bureau EIA State Profiles and Energy Estimates, Google EIE, Meredith Todd - City Government Records EIA State Profiles and Energy Estimates, Google EIE, Meredith Todd - City Government Records Data Gaps/Assumptions N/A This record subtracts kWh from City of McCall Supply of Potable Water energy usage and Wastewater Treatment Energy Use - Payette Lakes subtracted to avoid double counting N/A US Census Bureau used to estimate households using each fuel type in Idaho and McCall, then state residential consumption data downscaled by ratio of McCall/Idaho households State EIA consumption data downscaled by ratio of McCall nonresidential sq footage to Idaho nonresidential sq footage (EIE) N/A Table 7: Idaho Power and eGrid NWPP Emissions Factors for Electricity Consumption Year CO2 (Ibs./MWh) CH4 (Ibs./GWh) N2O (Ibs./GWh) 2021 837 58 8 Idaho Power did not separately report CH4 and N20 emissions factors for 2021 - eGrid emissions factors were used McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 29 1 Transportation Table 8: Transportation Data Sources Activity Community -wide Transportation on -road Transportation off -road Public Transportation Aviation Data Source mu Data Gaps/Assumptions US DOT, EPA State Inventory and Projection N/A Tool, US National Defaults EPA NEI Treasure Valley Transit/Mountain Community Transit 2018 CW Inventory Downscaled by pop from EPA's National Emissions Inventory, Emissions factors multiplied by emissions to estimate fuel use N/A Assumed insignificant change from 2018 inventory For vehicle transportation, it is necessary to apply average miles per gallon and emissions factors for CH4 and N20 to each vehicle type. The factors used are shown in Table 8. Table 9: MPG and Emissions Factors by Vehicle Type Fuel Gasoline Gasoline Gasoline Gasoline Diesel Vehicle Type Passenger car Light truck Heavy truck Motorcycle Passenger car Diesel Light truck Diesel Heavy truck MPG 25.3 18.2 5.383557 44 25.3 18.2 6.561615 CH4 (g/mile) 0.0084 0.0117 0.0719 0.0084 N20 (g/mile) 0.0069 0.0087 0.0611 0.0069 0.0005 0.001 0.001 0.0015 0.0051 0.0048 McCaII, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 30 i Wastewater Table 10: Wastewater Data Sources Activity Data Source Data Gaps/Assumptions Community -wide Process N20 Payette Lakes -Jeff Bateman, Manager (jbateman@plrwsd.org) Population is based on the difference between In - boundary Population and service population (4188) provided by PLRWSD - calculators split between in -boundary (3844) and imported (344) population. Payette Lakes Recreational Water and Sewer District uses Nitrification/Denitrification. Subtracted from Commercial Grid Electricity to avoid double counting Potable Water Table 11: Potable Water Data Sources Activity Community -wide Potable Water Solid Waste Table 12: Solid Waste Data Sources Activity Community -wide Solid Waste Data Source City of McCall Data Source Lakeshore Disposal - Terry Stewart, Operations Manager (Terry.Stewart@WasteCo nnections.com) Data Gaps/Assumptions Subtracted from Commercial Grid Electricity to avoid double counting Data Gaps/Assumptions Does not include C & D waste McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 31 i Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) Table 13: Forests and Urban Trees Sequestration and Emissions Data Sources Activity Community -wide Tree Canopy Data Source LEARN Inventory Calculations Data Gaps/Assumptions Removals and emissions are marked as "Info Only" The 2021 inventory was calculated following the US Community Protocol and ICLEI's ClearPath Climate Planner software. As discussed in Inventory Methodology, the IPCC 6th Assessment was used for global warming potential (GWP) values to convert methane and nitrous oxide to CO2 equivalent units. ClearPath Climate Planner Climate Planner's inventory calculators allow for input of the sector activity (i.e. kWh or VMT) and emission factor to calculate the final carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions. ©'©eo E:'r' 1:o= I. ID This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. It may not be used for any commercial purpose. Any non-commercial use of this material must provide attribution to ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability USA. McCall, Idaho 2021 Inventory of Community GHG Emissions 32