HomeMy Public PortalAboutBicentennial: National ClippingsCatholics
Plan Event
For 1976
PHILADELPHIA (AP) —
The 1975 world gathering of
Roman Catholics during the
nation's bicentennial cele-
bration here is being hailed
as "a spiritual olympics"
that will wind up a week of
public prayer with Pope
Paul VI leading the closing
Mass.
Each day of the 41st Inter-
national Eucharist Congress,
from Aug. 1 through Aug. 8,
will focus on what the pon-
tiff calls man's basic hun-
gers — for God, food, free-
dom and justice, love, truth,
understanding, peace, and fi-
nally Jesus the Bread of
Live.
"The last time America
witnessed anything like this
was in 1926 in Chicago," said
the Rev. Walter J. Conway,
executive secretary of the
congress which is expecting
more than a million Chris-
tian participants.
The 28th congress in 1926
was the first time the assem-
bly of bishops, priests, reli-
gious and laity was ever held
in the United States. Next
year will be the second.
"It will be a great witness-
ing of Christianity in one
Place," Father Conway says,
now working to put together
the mammoth congress.
There will be hundreds of
exhibits, workshops, - lectur-
es, musical and dramatic
presentations between the
'series of eight hunger li-
turgies.
A downtown candlelight
parade, featuring all races
and nationalities in a rededi-
cation and personal com-
mitment to God, opens the
solemn religious celebration
on Aug. 1, 1976 — a Sunday.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Saturday, May
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Thursday, May 29, 1975
Bicentennial
Topics Set
For Talks
WASHINGTON (UPI) — A major bi-
centennial program to explore the
meaning of the American Revolution
through a series of monthly forums
was unveiled Wednesday.
A National Calendar of topics to be
discussed was distributed to 250,000 civ-
ic leaders and others by the National
Endowment for the Humanities and
the American Revolution Bicentennial
Administration.
To be known as the American Issues
Forum, the programs will be )aunched
in September and run through May,
1976. Each month will feature a differ-
ent main topic with each week devoted
to a different aspect of the theme.
Ronald S. Berman, head, of the na-
tional endowment agency, told a news
conference: "It is designed to engage
the participation of all Americans,
adults and children, through all of the
organizations and institutions of which
they are members.
John W. Warner, head of the bicen-
tennial administration, termed the
project the "centerpiece" of the ob-
servance of the 200th anniversary cele-
bration on a national scope.
The AFL -CIO, the NAACP, the Na-
tional Grange, the National PTA organ-
ization, the Urban League and business
firms and groups will encourage parti-
cipation in the project.
Newspapers, radio and television net-
works and other media will feature the
monthly topics as outlined on the cal-
endar.
The opening monthly theme from
Aug. 31 through Sept. 27 is "A Nation
of Nations" and will center on the orig-
inal settlers, the role immigrants have
played, the unity of the American
people and how 'to bridge the differ-
ences that still exist in society,
Successive months will focus on
problems of the cities, land abuse, free-
doms guaranteed under the Bill of
Rights, the governmental system,
American workers; the role of busi-
ness, the relationship of the United
States to the world, family life, educa-
tion and religion and what lies ahead.
rHE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Saturday, May 17, 1975
?astor Writes Bicentennial Hymn
NEW YORK — A Lutheran pastor
who also serves as a campus minister
has authored a hymn chosen by the
Hymn Society of America for use in
celebrating the U.S. Bicentennial in
1976.
The writer is the Rev. Roger B.
Kronmann, 37, pastor of University Lu-
theran Church in Gainesville, Fla., a
ministry to Lutheran students at the
University of Florida,
Dr. Kronmann's text, entitled,
"Lord, We Give Thanks for All Your
Grace," was one of 14 winning com-
positions. The 14 were selected from
more than 200 submitted.
Following are the words to the
hymn:
Lord, we give thanks for all your
grace,
Showered alike on every race,
Your greatest gift to fifty states:
To know the Lord who liberates.
Lord, we remember all your deeds;
The strength that met a country's
needs,
The thoughts behind a Bill of Rights,
To build a fairness that unites.
Lord, we will sing for what can be:
For dreams to build reality,
For hope to change what still is wrong,
That we may keep our country strong.
Lord, bless, we pray, our land today
That she may walk a righteous way,
That she may seek to do yodr will,
At home, abroad, with strength and
skill.
Lord, we sing praise to you alone
For plains and mountains you still
own,
For all the good that you have done
And all the good not yet begun.
he following list of Bicentennial
activities was compiled from
the Official Master Reference
for Bicentennial Activities, Vol.
2, published by the American
Revolution Bicentennial Administra-
tion (ARBA). Similar lists will appear
in forthcoming issues on an irregular
basis.
The Age of Franklin & Jefferson,
an exhibit designed for overseas pre-
sentation by the United States Infor-
mation Agency, opens in Paris,
France, Dec. 14 and runs through
Feb. 15, 1975. The exhibit moves to
Warsaw, Poland, May 1 -July 1, and
London, England, Sept. 15 -Nov. 15.
In 1976 it will be in the U.S.
In the District of Columbia, the
American Experience Exhibit Port-
folios will run from Jan. 1, 1975 -
Dec. 31, 1975. The proram is a series
of 24 exhibit portfolios surveying the
growth and development of the
United States from discovery and ex-
ploration to the present.
The Annual Bicycle Marathon of
Miami, Florida (Dec. 1), has been
declared a Bicentennial event.
In Honolulu, Hawaii, the first pub-
lic operation of a restored railroad
train (sugar plantation vintage) will
BICENTENNIAL TIMES is a monthly news-
Chicago's
paper published by the American Revolu-
tion Bicentennial Administration which
ustry traces
carries news and feature items on na-
in science,
tional, international, regional and
during its
local Bicentennial festivities and
n. 1, 1975 -
observances. Available free to any
interested citizen, the tabloid -size
paper will be published at least through
- inonite life
December 1976. Applications for sub-
served cul-
scriptions may be obtained by writing
�mmunit 's
Y
to Bicentennial Times, American Revo-
lution Bicentennial Administration, 736
Jackson Place, N.W., Washington, DC
20276. Application forms can also be
used to order special interest mater-
ials the ARBA will be publishing from
time to time.
Bicentennial Presentation now
through Dec. 31, 1976.
Photography in America —a survey
of American photography from ear-
liest examples to the present —is at
the Whitney Museum of American
Art in New York City. This runs Nov.
21, 1974 -Jan. 12, 1975.
A dramatization of Washington's
crossing of the Delaware River takes
place Dec. 25 at Washington Cross-
ing, Pennsylvania. If you miss it this
year, they'll do it again next Christ-
mas.
The Art of South Dakota is a tour-
ing exhibit that will make the rounds
of towns in the state, a few weeks in
each: Nov. 5, Rapid City; Dec. 6,
Hot Springs; Jan. 6, 1975, Aberdeen;
Feb. 4, Mobridge; Mar. 6, Madison,
followed by at least eight other
South Dakota towns.
In Oakridge, Tennessee, there will
be a display and demonstrations of
the use of nuclear energy, Jan. 1 -31,
1975.
The Northwest American Folklife
Exposition at Expo '74 in Spokane,
Washington, ends Nov. 3.
At the University of Wisconsin -
Superior, an inquiry into the mean-
ing of American democracy con-
tinues through Jun. 1, 1975. Scholars,
students and the general public are
invited to the forum.
ARBA notes that dates and events
are subject to change and, therefore,
we advise you check ahead before
making plans around a particular
program listed here.— R.H.R.
TRAVEL, NOVEMBER, 1974
0
Nationwide Ceremonies Planned THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Saturday, June 14,1975
Army Celebrates 200th,
Birthday
The Associated Press
The Army is celebrating
Its 200th birthday today with
activities around the
country, including parties,
pageants and a presidential
visit.
President Ford scheduled
a trip. to Ft. Benning, Ga.,
for a review of troops, a 20-
minute speech and a tour of
the sprawling post which the
Army calls the home of the
infantry.
Ceremogies at Ft. Ben-
jamin Harrison in In-
dianapolis got under way
Friday morning with a
marching concert by the
post band. Other activities
on the weekend program in-
cluded an open house,a spe-
cial retreat ceremony with a
50 -gun salute and a perform-
ance by the base theater
group of a Revolutionary
War play, "Recruiting Offi-
cers," a satire about British
army officers of the 1770s.
A three -day celebration
starting Friday also was or-.
ganized at Ft. Devens in
Ayer, Mass. Parachute
jumps, concerts, a beauty
contest and a speech by Maj.
Gen. George Patton, son of
the World War II hero, were
on the program.
A parade was scheduled
for late this morning at the
U.S. Military Academy at
West Point.
Officials at Ft. Douglas,
Salt Lake City, organized an
old- fashioned meal for today
with a menu that includes
buffalo meat. Other activi-
ties include a 21 -gun salute
and a concert by a brass
band.
Today also is Flag Day
and Army officials at Ft.
Hood in Central Texas
planned a dual celebration,
complete with an open house
and a display of tanks, weap-
ons and Jeeps — past and
present. Dallas Mayor Wes
Wise said he would proclaim
June 14 to 20 as Army Bicen-
tennial Week.
The public has been in-
vited to a pageant of flags at
Ft. Lewis, near Tacoma,
Wash. Also planned was an
equipment display, a para- planned a ceremony present -
chute landing, a moon rock ing . the post museum with
exhibit and carnival games. the first Union flag to fly
over Ft Sumter Char] e t
A bicentennial pageant
called "Soldiers" on the his-
tory of the Army. was
planned at Ft. Bragg, N.C.,
along with parachute dem-
onstrations and special ac-
tivities for children, in-
cluding animal exhibits,
rides and a "kiddie jump."
There will be a musket
ball shoot and a mock Revo.
lutionary War battle -with
units from four Southern
states at Ft. Jackson in Co-
lumbia, S.C. Officials also
s on,
after its recapture by the
Yankees in the Civil War.
The "birthday" marks the
200th anniversary of a vote
by the Continental Congress
to. raise 10 companies of
riflemen from Maryland,
Pennsylvania and Virginia
and enlist them until the end
of the Revolutionary War.
One day later, on June 15,
1775, the Continental Con-
gress appointed George
Washington as commander
in chief of the Army.
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needles.
Thirteen different woods and seven different metals were used in con-
struction of the ship, whose bottom is sheathed in copper from the original
firm of Paul Revere.
The model was completed in 1957.
Recently, the model was sold to Ronald White, a management consultant
and Alf G. McConnell, a mortage banker. Purchase price was not disclosed.
The model had its first public appearance in the Continental Illinois National
Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago.
Nationwide Ceremonies Planned
Army Celebrate
The Associated Press
The Army is celebrating
Its 200th birthday today with
activities around the
country, including parties,
pageants and a presidential
visit.
President Ford scheduled
a trip to Ft. Benning, Ga.,
for a review of troops, a 20-
minute speech and a tour of
the sprawling post which the
Army calls the home of the
infantry.
Ceremogies at Ft. Ben-
jamin Harrison in In-
dianapolis got under way
Friday morning with a
marching concert by the
post band. Other activities
on the weekend program in-
cluded an open house, a spe-
wcial retreat ceremony with a
50 -gun salute and a perform-
ance by the base theater
group of a Revolutionary
War play, "Recruiting Offi-
cers," a satire about British
army officers of the 1770s.
A three -day celebration
starting Friday also was or-,
ganized at Ft. Devens in
Ayer, Mass. Parachute
jumps, concerts, a beauty
contest and a speech by Maj.
Gen. George Patton, son of
the World War II hero, were
on the program.
A parade was scheduled
for late this morning at the
U.S. Military Academy at
West Point.
Officials at Ft. Douglas,
Salt Lake City, organized an
old- fashioned meal for today
with a menu that include
buffalo meat. Other activ .
ties include a 21 -gun salut
and a concert by a bras
band.
Today also is Flag Da:
and Army officials at F1
Hood in Central Texa
planned a dual celebration
complete with an open hous,
and a display of tanks, weap
ons and Jeeps — past an
present. Dallas Mayor We
Wise said he would proclain
June 14 to 20 as Army Bicen
tennial Week.
The public has been it
vited to a pageant of flags a
Ft. Lewis, near Tacom<
Wash. Also planned was a
E 2-A
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, July 20, 1975
News Digest
BUILDER ADJUSTS RIGGING ON `OLD IRONSIDES'
.. ship model took 62,000 man hours to build
Model of 01d1ronsides
To Grace;; Bicentennial
CHICAGO (AP) — A model of the USS Constitution, Old Ironsides, that
took 62,000 man hours to construct and is insured for $1 million, finally has
been taken from the basement of its builder and put on Bicentennial exhibi-
tion.
Louis Kuebler, 79, and a friend who died before the project was completed,
researched for more than a year before starting to build the model in a base-
ment workshop in 1932. They chose a 1 /24th dimensional scale of the historic
naval frigate now resting at dockside in Boston Harbor.
The ship is 12%2 feet long and 11%2 feet from the keel to the top of the high-
est mast. Dies and tools had to be handmade by Kuebler to reproduce to the
precise scale everything from the 52 bronze cannon that actually fire, bilge
pumps that pump, the commodore's cabin with its copper bathtub, and each
tiny link in a 24 -foot anchor chain to the Irish flax sails stitched with surgical
needles.
Thirteen different woods and seven different metals were used in con-
struction of the ship, whose bottom is sheathed in copper from the original
firm of Paul Revere.
The model was completed in 1957.
Recently, the model was sold to Ronald White, a management consultant
and Alf G. McConnell, a mortage banker. Purchase price was not disclosed.
The model had its first public appearance in the Continental Illinois National
Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago.
Boise, Idaho, Sunday, June 15, 1975
Vows to Keep Military Strong
Ford Hails Army on Bice
By HOWARD BENEDICT
FT. BENNING, Ga. (AP) — Presi-
dent Ford witnessed an impressive dis-
play of American military might Satur-
day as infantry troops dropped from
the sky and fought mock hand -to -hand
Combat on the 200th birthday of the
United States Army.
The President flew to Ft. Benning to
salute the Army and declared that —
just as during the revolution — "there
are times when principles must be de-
fended with the force of arms."
Ford also set aside 40 minutes to
meeting in nearby Columbus with
Georgia Republican leaders who might
help his candidacy next year. He hoped
to erode 1976 conservative GOP support
already building in Georgia for former
Gov. Ronald Reagan of California.
The President received a 21 -gun sa-
lute as he arrived at York Field to ad-
dress 25,000 soldiers and civilians.
He recalled that two centuries ago
the Continental Congress created the
American Army to back up its deliber-
ations with strength.
"It was a bold step from which there
was no retreat," Ford said. "Since that
day in 1775 our soldiers haveprotected
and preserved this nation at home and
throughout the world."
He received loud applause when he
said, "I will continue to work with the
Congress to keep our armed forces sup-
plied with the best and most modern
training, weapons and equipment in
the world."
The President noted that, like the
original American Army, today's army
is made up of all volunteers.
He said he can remember when he
was in Congress there were doubters
who said that an all- volunteer Army of
782,000 soldiers was impossible.
"Today's Army is not only an Army
of volunteers; it's an Army of win-
ners," he said.
Ford spent most of his 31 /Z hours at
Ft. Benning outside in the 90- degree
heat. He perspired noticeably at times,
but unlike others around him, he did
not remove his coat or tie.
The Army's bicentennial was also
marked by military displays and pa-
rades at numerous bases across the
PRESIDENT FORD ENJOYS FORT BENNING SHOW
.. sitting with the troops on Army's 200th birthday
country. Parachute jumps and con- on the program at Ft. Bragg, N.C., capture by the North in the Ci
certs were featured at Ft. Devens in along with parachute jumps and chil- Army officials in Ft. Hood
Ayer, Mass., and a parade was held at dren's activities. celebrated Flag Day and th
the U.S. military academy at West event together with a display
Point. In Columbia, S.C., the Ft. Jackson and weapons.
A bicentennial pageant called "Sol- museum was presented with the first At Ft. Benning, after Ford's
diers" on the history of the Army was flag to fly over Ft. Sumter after its re- the President observed a Da
C, Idaho, Sunday, June 15, 1975
itary Strong
fls* Army on Bicentennial
PRESIDENT FORD ENJOYS FORT BENNING SHOW
... sitting with the troops on Army's 200th birthday
Parachute jumps and con -
;re featured at Ft. Devens in
ass., and a parade was held at
military academy at West
;dtennial pageant called "Sol-
i the history of the Army was
on the program at Ft. Bragg, N.C.,
along with parachute jumps and chil-
dren's activities.
In Columbia, S.C., the Ft. Jackson
museum was presented with the first
flag to fly over Ft. Sumter after its re-
capture by the North in the Civil War.
Army officials in Ft. Hood in Texas
celebrated Flag Day and the Army
event together with a display of tanks
and weapons.
At Ft. Benning, after Ford's speech,
the President observed a pageant in
which infantry companies symbolizing
the Army's involvement in 13 wars
marched on York Field.
They were followed by units from
several bases representing all five
types of infantry — walking, ranger,
paratroopers, tank -borne mechanized
and helicopter -borne air mobile.
The Army's Silver Eagle precision
helicopter team and the Golden
Knights Paratrooper team thrilled the
crowd with expert demonstrations.
The President moved through a com-
bat training area where companies of
U.S. Rangers participated in a demon-
stration of hand -to -hand combat,
mountaineering and confidence tests.
There was a short-lived demonstra-
tion when a group of young people in
the crowd held up an American flag
bearing the worlds "No More Genocide
in Our Name." Military policemen
promptly pulled it down.
In Columbus, Ford arranged to meet
with 25 of Georgia Republican leaders.,
Two weeks ago Reagan was enthu-
siastically received when he keynoted
the Georgia State GOP dinner in At-
lanta. South Carolina Republican Gov.
James Edwards told that meeting that
he felt confident the Republican Party
in the South would line up solidly be-
hind conservative Reagan in 1976.
However, Mack Mattingly, the new;
Georgia State GOP chairman, told -
newsmen Friday that he thinks Ford is;
moving in a direction that will satisfy-
conservatives in the South. He cited
the Mayaguez incident, Ford's NATO
effort and his stand for a strong mili-
tary posture.
"I think these are things that are
helping us conservatives in the Re-
publican Party in the South to accept
his candidacy," Mattingly said.
After the closed meeting with the 26
Republican leaders, a White House
spokesman reported that the President,
said he would officially announce his
candidacy soon and that he would have
a good campaign organization.
The spokesman said the meeting wag
completely friendly and cordial and.
that the President discussed severat
topics including energy, politics and
domestic and foreign policy.
w
N
0
Archives' Evidence
Historian Says General Lee
Renewed Allegiance to U.S.
The Washington Post
WASHINGTON - Elmer
0. Parker, a Civil War spe-
cialist for the National Ar-
chives, knew the history
books were wrong in- saying
Confederate Gen. Robert E.
Lee died without having re-
newed his oath of allegiance
to the United States.
Whenever he got the
chance, Parker rummaged
through old government doc-
uments for evidence that
Lee might have taken the
oath when, shortly after his
surrender at Appomattox in
1865, he asked to have his
full citizenship rights re-
stored – a request that was
never honored.
Parker found the ultimate
evidence stashed away in a
cardboard box at the Ar-
chives: the oath itself signed
by Lee.
Acting on Parker's discov-
ery, Sen. Harry F. Byrd Jr.,
Ind. -Va., introduced legisla-
tion posthumously restoring
full rights of citizenship to
the Virginia general, retro-
active to June 13, 1865, the
date he had originally ap-
plied for restoration of citi-
zenship.
"I don't quite know why,
but people all over the
country got interested,"
Byrd said, shortly after the
Senate unanimously ap-
proved his bill and sent it to
the House. There favorable
action also is expected.
Letters in support of
Byrd's effort poured into his
office from 43 of the 50
states, as well as from
Puerto Rico, Japan, Iceland
and Sweden.
The Alexandria (Va.) Ga-
zette asked its yeaders to fill
out and return coupons in-
dicating support for the bill
and reportedly received
more than lb,000 replies.
The bill itself was cospon-
sored by senators from
states that fought on both
sides of the Civil War and
from states like Alaska,
Montana and Arizona, which
were not even states at the
time.
Just two months after Ap-
pomattox, Lee applied to
President Andrew Johnson
for amnesty and restoration
of those rights of citizenship,
including holding public of-
fice, that were revoked be-
cause of his role in the se-
cessionist cause. The request
was conveyed to Johnson by
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, who
endorsed it With an "earnest
recommendation" for ap-
sity) in Lexington, Va., Lee
took this prescribed oath be-
fore a notary public:
"I, Robert E. Lee, of Lex-
ington, Virginia, do so so-
lemnly swear in the pres-
ence of Almighty God, that I
as the amnesty application
had been. But it disap-
peared.
Secretary of State Seward
is reported to have given the
application to a friend as a
souvenir. The application re-
will henceforth faithfully
support, protect and defend
the Constitution of the
United States, and the Union
of the States thereunder, and
that I will, in like manner,
abide by and faithfully sup-
port all laws and proclama-
tions which have been made
during the existing rebellion
with reference to the eman-
cipation of slaves, so help
me God,"
The oath was apparently
sent to the State Department
surfaced in 1899 when a
Philadelphia publisher tried
unsuccessfully to sell it to
the War Department for
$100. It is now in the posses-
sion of the Illinois State His-
torical Society.
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the _unls ay1 ul .saldoadnD 'Autleu -la} aay moN Pal ayaelle uaaq pue
leg _uanoss12)1 w lean11ea1uaa a�{1 tiaeq 'saW '1! °a nee laloy pd° e
con aN1 }O st U01. aj 1 equl a�cl^A 11eH 1 o awOD o1 1no as
sen dres -!Dsuteaal as) ay1u!1!q e pl'^A gI.N` guode unA p a7 �laiaq -p
o ueD stew. unOD 'Al • uotsuew ue!�ao a ul }° uoll
an a } puno} aq sa`3aet s,1a1 senA •aauapuad P ,eaed we !1
all t ealuaDuOD 1 o eaa$ ayl o aau`3!s e
ay1 s! ay1 }
O uo!1 uo!1eiOlsaa
griev 0 aaayN` 'aMasda'a P9 ulluoD �eaelaao atl I ay1 u°nu1 1salea'S
and, 6£ age -1!M �aaa _5eu.,seud or, we
vided �� uul pre
Congr -- �' d prefer to say, draw to a pause.
May 1 For, while no definite plans have
TA*t f years later, the cen- been anounced by the City of Phila-
ter of interest again returns to the delphia, we would be very disap-
City of Brotherly Love for the eight pointed if, next, May 10, the excite -
weeks of the festival. Among the ac- ment didn't resume. That'll be the
tivities planned: fireworks, outdoor 200th anniversary of the convening of
concerts, sporting events, a parade of the Second Continental Congress,
colonial units and a muster, sound and that festival could last a long,
and light presentations, fife and drum long time.—END
TRAVEL, SEPTEMBER, 1974
Renewed Alip"
�a,,,o
The Washington Post
WASHINGTON L Elmer
O. Parker, a Civil War spe-
cialist for the National Ar-
chives, knew the history
books were wrong in- saying
Confederate Gen. Robert E.
Lee died without having re-
newed his oath of allegiance
to the United States.
Whenever he got the
chance, Parker rummaged
through old government doc-
uments for evidence that
Lee might have taken the
oath when, shortly after his
surrender at Appomattox in
1865, he asked to have his
full citizenship rights re-
stored — a request that was
never honored.
Parker found the ultimate
f evidence stashed away in a
cardboard box at the Ar-
chives: the oath itself signed
by Lee.
Acting on Parker's discov-
ery, Sen. Harry F. Byrd Jr.,
Ind. -Va., introduced legisla-
tion posthumously restoring
full rights of citizenship to
the Virginia general, retro-
active to June 13, 1865, the
date he had originally ap-
plied for restoration of citi-
zenship.
"I don't quite know why,
but people all over the
country got interested,"
Byrd said, shortly after the
Senate unanimously ap_
Proved his bill and sent it to
the House. There favorable
action also is expected.
Letters in support of
Byrd's effort poured into his
office from 43 of the 50
states, as well as from
Puerto Rico, Japan, Iceland
and Sweden.
The Alexandria (Va.) Ga-
zette asked its.readers to fill
III out and return coupons in-
dicating support for the bill
and reportedly received
'4 more than 1b,000 replies.
The bill itself was cospon-
sored by senators from
states that fought on both
sides of the Civil War and
from states like Alaska,
Montana and Arizona, which
were not even states at the
time.
Just two months after Ap-
pomattox, Lee applied to
President Andrew Johnson
for amnesty and restoration
of those rights of citizenship,
including holding public of-
fice, that were revoked be-
cause of his role in the se-
cessionist cause. The request
was conveyed to Johnson by
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, who
endorsed it With an "earnest
recommendation" for ap-
proval.
Lee apparently did not be-
come aware until several
months later that an oath of
allegiance was also required.
l On Oct. 2, 1865, the day he
was sworn in as president of
Washington College (now
Washington and Lee Univer-
gl ce
sity) in Lexington, xr Lee
took this prescribed oath be-
fore a notary public:
"I, Robert E. Lee, of Lex-
ington, Virginia, do so so-
lemnly swear in the pres-
ence of Almighty God, that I
will henceforth faithful)
to U.S.
as the amnesty application
had been. But it disap-
peared.
Secretary of State Seward
is reported to have given the
application to a friend as a
souvenir. The application re-
support, protect and defend
the Constitution of the
United States, and the Union
of the States thereunder, and
that I will, in like manner,
abide by and faithfully sup -
Port all laws and proclama-
tions which have been made
during the existing rebellion
with reference to the eman-
cipation of slaves, so help
me God."
The oath was apparently
sent to the State Department
surfaced in 1899 when a
Philadelphia publisher tried
unsuccessfully to sell it to
the War Department for
$100. It is now in the posses-
sion of the Illinois State His.
torical Society.
wa•TV _
-rem pup e ►"` }`" Su!Sueq anvq 1g8!aM P
q utoa ,(l!neaq a ; aav 1nq Ild
•Sava a!a lvlad l - alistnbxa puv .Spaonn �(a�l q . swniu!ua
sgao a�1!1-1 a�a unoae padeap "sn pall!'I 1ng l!nq pue peagv
�Dau pup a!vq q: p vane aa!lua -Opuoa auaos PI' o ies Aag1„
sulvga aagwl? q l uo!�aa °� lsnl p /,ag1 q P' saa a
s /�l!uav} I. gllnn aall!I� ue aL11 }O 1 q
D! vwou aql alelaa aqs „ P l
la 1 }o uatuonn @1 08 P P guiuueld aaann Aagl
q o sa oa Mauls aql 01 g1!nn OP o1 e sa vaa aq1 �lsv of
t'suaalsolnl aql } g aaDes aql a doad a} 1 I
sa i oDOj� P 1e ono 11 q Puv asnoq aq1 }O uo!1
HlsealuoD ul � l.P s! tivme ua �
P O auaoq 'pglplvo a�lel l�l q inn .(snq lob aM„
} •saeads uapoonn Su!pnal vaolsaa aq1 ql .000'sus ao}
thav} ION '3tuoD }o q auo
In _oad puv suo!lOwjo} it
vaed leutil"O aq1 }o pa! 1 .0
/�anluaD- gluaaluanas SWU asnoll vaed aq3 g
ve anbsoLu } 'e$,teq pue uo!laod Mot
the _unis aql S! 'alduavxa a °o novas of /�auoua pas!ea saaquaaua Woad
leg _wnossex U saldoad } MOq palunO�aa SIP
con aq1 }° De!soua lvanlln� Su!leu _la} aaq a �e11e uaaq peq
sen s! uo!saa lvaluaD aql Aie� 'saW '1! 03 P q , aloq PI° ue
-!ase} aq1 �uijlgpqul a! m 'IIpH lanaeD I nO v
dyes }° u!eaaal asavds aql 41 q auaOa o1 1 g
an a puno} aq uea svewl• rya PI! !M suole uMUe S1oa9 �l�!aq -paa
all t SOSI e s, 1 1 uOl. P u O u011
griev }° uo!lvaluaDUO� 1 vunog aql s! Senn al-11 aqua uadap I }
aaagM anaasaA vaa� uae!
and, aq1 anuiluOD _vavpa4 aql }O aau;�!s v 'vaed I
vided 6£ aged woa; P _____._ __ 1 M }° auaoq aql }O uO!leavea -i
t lsaleaas
CongH---- -���".` �' 1� u ay MT�^�tTyears later, the cen-
ter of interest again returns to the
City of Brotherly Love for the eight
weeks of the festival. Among the ac-
tivities planned: fireworks, outdoor
concerts, sporting events, a parade of
colonial units and a muster, sound
and light presentations, fife and drum
atn uaaq _ oubeudua o�rlwe
soutd prefer to say, draw t0 a pause.
For, while no definite plans have
been anounced by the City of Phila-
delphia, we would be very disap-
pointed if, next, May 10, the excite-
ment didn't resume. That'll be the
200th anniversary of the convening of
the Second Continental Congress,
and that festival could last a long,
long time. —END
TRAVEL, SEPTEMBER, 1974
Archives' Evidence
Historian
Renewed
The Washington Post
WASHINGTON Elmer
O. Parker, a Civil War spe-
cialist for the National Ar-
chives, knew the history
books were wrong in` saying
Confederate Gen. Robert E.
Lee died without having re-
newed his oath of allegiance
to the United States.
Whenever he got the
chance, Parker rummaged
through old government doc-
uments for evidence that
Lee might have taken the
oath when, shortly after his
surrender at Appomattox in
1865, he asked to have his
full citizenship rights re-
stored — a request that was
never honored.
Parker found the ultimate
evidence stashed away in a
cardboard box at the Ar-
chives: the oath itself signed
by Lee.
Acting on Parker's discov-
ery, Sen. Harry F. Byrd Jr.,
Ind. -Va., introduced legisla-
tion posthumously restoring
full rights of citizenship to
the Virginia general, retro-
active to June 13, 1865, the
date he had originally ap-
plied for restoration of citi-
zenship.
"I don't quite know why,
but people all over the
country got interested,"
Byrd said, shortly after the
Senate unanimously ap-
proved his bill and sent it to
the House. There favorable
action also is expected.
f orauo'Juo y4IM-a73uo '6ala }a
S6*61
sity) in Le
took this p
fore a nota
"I, Robei
maton, Vii
lemnly sw
ence of Aln
will hens
support, pr
the Const
United Stat(
of the State,
that I will,
abide by a
port all la
tions which
during the e
with referen
cipation of
me God."
SS31NIVIS
WOOT813H `v
0 'V$ 3AVS
The oath
sent to the S
7 _W
ULI
CT)NGIRIMOO
200 YEARS LATER
ON September 5th, the city of
Philadelphia will commemorate
the 200th anniversary of the conven-
ing of the First Continental Congress
by launching an eight -week festival
(Sept. 5 -Oct. 26). It is, perhaps, the
first major celebration in the nation's
Bicentennial.
Why all the excitement? Well,
though none of the first delegates
could possibly know it, that First
Continental Congress was to be the
father of the Second Continental
Congress which produced the Declar-
ation of Independence a little less
than two years later, and the grand-
daddy of our present day Congress.
When those first delegates —men of
different backgrounds and opinions
— gathered in Philadelphia in the
early days of September, 1774, they
were still loyal, though irritated, sub-
jects of King George III. By late Oc-
tober and adjournment, these men
were united in common cause and
Philadelphia had established itself as
the center of Revolutionary America.
In the scant two months that inter-
vened, the Congress had asserted that
the distant Parliament could only
legislate the American colonies by the
consent of each Colonial legislature;
sent the King a petition calling for re-
dress of their many grievances; formed
an association which planned to end
all trade with England unless these
grievances were properly redressed;
and, perhaps most importantly, pro-
vided for the Second Continental
Congress to meet in Philadelphia on
May 10th, 1775.
Two hundred years later, the cen-
ter of interest again returns to the
City of Brotherly Love for the eight
weeks of the festival. Among the ac-
tivities planned: fireworks, outdoor
concerts, sporting events, a parade 'of
colonial units and a muster, sound
and light presentations, fife and drum
competitions, flea markets and other
special events.
The festival gets underway Sept.
5th as the Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania, observing the anniversary of
the First Continental Congress, hosts
a three -day conference of Governors
from the original thirteen states. On
Sept. 8th, the City of Philadelphia's
celebration officially opens at Inde-
pendence Hall.
There will be events throughout
the festival period. Here are some of
the highlights:
Sept. 22 is Olde City Sunday, when
the historic square mile around Inde-
pendence Hall will be filled with
bands, craftsmen and the sights and
sounds of the Colonial Era.
Sept. 28 -29 is Fall Festival Week-
end, with sports and entertainment
providing the excitement at Fair-
mount Park.
Super Sunday IV, Oct. 13, is a con-
tinuation of an annual event. Last
year over 250,000 people enjoyed a
multitude of events —flea markets,
ethnic foods, music, dance, and more
—along the Benjamin Franklin Park-
way and at Independence Mall. On
Oct. 14, members of the U.S. Con-
gress will participate in the national
commemoration of the First Contin-
ental Congress at Carpenters' Hall.
U.N. Day, Oct. 24, features a pro-
gram of events acknowledging Phila-
delphia's past and future world role.
On Oct. 26, the festival will draw
ceremoniously to a close .. or, we
would prefer to say, draw to a pause.
For, while no definite plans have
been anounced by the City of Phila-
delphia, we would be very disap-
pointed if, next. May 10, the excite-
ment didn't resume. That'll be the
200th anniversary of the convening of
the Second Continental Congress,
and that festival could last a long,
long time. —END
TRAVEL, SEPTEMBER, 1974
AP Photo
SMOKE GETS IN THEIR EYES AFTER A VOLLEY AT TICONDEROGA
. America's first victory in the Revolution is re- enacted
:Revolutionary War.
Re -Enact Fort Ticonderoga's Fall
TICONDEROGA, N.Y. (AP) — Clean-
up crews worked Sunday to remove a
mountain of litter that piled up during
-the re- enactment of the capture of Fort
:Ticonderoga — the first American vic-
. tory of the Revolutionary War.
But John H. G. Pell, 69, whose family
;owns the majestic fort overlooking the
-lake, was convinced the celebration
-was worth it.
- This community of 5,500, previously
:known as the site of a foul - smelling In-
- ternational Paper Co. plant, will "al-
:wgys be a better place" because of the
;b,Lcentennial preparations, Pell said.
•T %e paper company has built a new
mill several miles away and a bicen-
:tennial park is being constructed on
the site of the old "ugly- looking" mill,
;he said.
"I think a tremendous effort was
-made on the part of the whole commu-
nity to make the town better looking in
every respect ... The village is really
becoming one of the most beautiful vil-
lages in the state," Pell added.
The bicentennial event was a little
more elaborate than the raid by Ethan
Allen's Green Mountain boys in 1775.
This one involved a half -dozen public
relations men, up to 200 reporters, pho-
tographers and television cameramen,
nine press boats to accompany the des-
cendants as they crossed the lake, and
a documentary film crew recording ev-
ery dramatic word and gesture.
Incongruences abounded: Benedict
Arnold arriving 20 minutes late for the
first re- enactment at 4 a.m. because he
had been caught in a traffic jam; a
filmmaker screaming, "Quiet please in
the boat!" as the first craft filled with
descendants — and pulled by a motor-
boat — came ashore from the Vermont
side of the lake.
An estimated 40,000 spectators
passed through the gates of the stone
fort, built in 1755 and reconstructed
early in this century, before the day
was through.
Benedict Arnold, an American hero
who turned traitor later in the war,
was played by his descendant, Ronald
Arnold, 31, a teacher and salesman
from Kingston, Ont. The bicentennial
organizers "asked me if I would and
I'm an accommodating fellow. My fa-
ther was too shy," the bespectacled,
good- humored Canadian said.
Everywhere he went in his bright
red uniform and ill- fitting boots, Ron-
ald — who brought his 2- year -old son
John Benedict Arnold — was asked the
obvious question.
"Everybody and his dog keeps ask-
ing me how it feels to be a descendant
of Benedict Arnold," Ronald said.
"How do I know? I've never not been
descended from Benedict Arnold."
4
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, April 20, 1975
Americans Display
Love for Freedom
With Concord Hoopla
CONCORD, Mass. (UPI) — President
Ford and 175,000 Americans from
across the nation Saturday celebrated
the 200th anniversary of the American
Revolution "where once the embattled
farmers stood and fired the shot heard
round the world."
And in keeping with the revolution-
ary anniversary, about 20,000 hecklers
exercised the American right of protest
to complain about the President's for -
eign and economic policies.
Ford participated in ceremonies in
Concord and Lexington where on April
19, 1775, Minute Men hell -bent on inde-
pendence engaged British troops for
the first time.
The President addressed 75,000 per-
sons packed into the North Bridge bat-
tleground. At Minute Man National
Historic Park the President laid a
wreath at Daniel Chester French's
Minute Man — probably America's best
known statue which depicts the "em-
battled farmer" one hand on a plow,
the other grasping a musket. It has
been the symbol of War Savings Bonds
and Stamps.
As Ford spoke, police said another
50,000 persons lined the streets to view
the massive Patriot's Day parade.
Amidst heckling by 20,000 demonstra-
tors left over from an early morning
People's Bicentennial Commission ral-
ly, the President told the gathering the
revolution "provided a home for free-
dom ... The shot heard 'round the
world still echoes today."
Amidst the thousands in Concord, a
single make - believe Minute Man, Sterl-
ing Taylor, leaned against a bare oak
tree and undid the top two buttons of
his colonial coat. Taylor, yawned. He
had been marching since 3 a.m, and
was a pooped patriot.
"It was more fun last year," said the
51- year -old businessman from Weston,
Mass.
Ford's reception at Lexington Green
by another 50,000 persons was much
warmer. He said the ceremonies offi-
cially starting the nation's bicenten-
nial, gave him a "new feeling of
strength about our country.
"We not only have to look back at
what sacrifices were made, what is
more important is what we can do in
the next 100 years."
Accompanying Ford were Sens. Ed-
ward M. Kennedy, D- Mass., and Ed-
ward W. Brooke, R- Mass., former Gov.
John A. Volpe, now U.S. ambassador to
Italy; former House Speaker John W.
McCormack; and Caroline Kennedy,
Bang, Crash Open
Beloit Bicentennial
daughter of the late President John F.
Kennedy.
The town had spent years gearing for
this event and avoided the chaos that
erupted 100 years ago when Amsrica
celebrated its Centennial. In 1875
horses, carriages and people packed
the streets so tightly that President
Ulysses S. Grant had trouble getting
around. Mark Twain, who had a spe-
cial invitation, couldn't find trans-
portation out of Cambridge.
Thousands of visitors began jam-
ming Concord Friday night and by 3
a.m. Saturday attendence at the
People's Bicentennial rally was set at
40,000. By dawn nearly three - quarters
of that group had dispersed because
they either ran out of beer and wine or
were chilled by overnight showers.
But at the same time fresh waves of
visitors moved in. Park Service police
estimated shortly after dawn that 200
people per minute were moving across
North Bridge.
Nearby Lexington reported 35,000 on
hand for the re- enactment of the Battle
of Lexington Green. The crowd swelled
another 15,000 to see the President.
While the crowd at Lexington was
congenial toward Ford and the Green
was kept reasonably clean, the nation-
al park area in Concord was filled with
tons of trash and surly youths suffering
from hangovers.
National Park Service Rangers and
police asked them to move so the Con-
cord Independent Battery could fire its
21 -round cannon salute. As the people
moved, they shuffled toward the North
Bridge, where newcomers — including
many families with children — entered
the park.
The bridge, an arched wooden ca-
mel -back structure put together with
wooden spikes, simply wasn't big
enough.
Lines of fife and drum and color
guard units stalled, unable to make it
through the masses. National Park
Service officers finally pushed a trail
through the people — but many units
had to cross single file.
Dr. Seymore A. Dimare, portraying
Dr. Samuel Prescott, who rode to Con-
cord after Paul Revere was captured
beyond Lexington, was nearly thrown
from his horse_ when it reached the
bridge.
He finally made it with an escort.
But when he reached the hillside and
the battery shouting, "The British are
coming. The British are coming," he
was greeted by an obscenity and the
response: "Ford is coming. Ford is
coming."
Despite the delays, nearly all the tra-
ditional pageantry came off at sched-
uled times.
For Park Service groundskeepers, it
BRITISH TROOPS A
... soldier takes aim in
30,000 Watch R<
Of Lexington Bat
LEXINGTON, Mass. (AP) — Shots
rang out, acrid Smoke filled the air and
eight American revolutionaries
dropped to the damp ground in simu-
lated death.
As 30,000 spectators watched, the 75
hastily armed militiamen fell back be-
fore the heavy musket fire of the red-
coats in a Bicentennial re- enactment of
the first encounter of the War for Inde-
pendence.
Moments later, the militiamen regr-
ouped and the crowd broke into cheers
as they marched off in formation.
The re-enactment began before
* it
Boston Globe
Prints Edition
In Style of 1775
BOSTON (AP) — To celebrate the
start of the American Revolution, The
Boston Globe Saturday printed its front
page as it might have appeared then —
complete with a woodcut picture and
old- fashioned type.
"These are times that try men's
dawn. The tom
an alarm and t
to face the Brit.
As onlookers
around Lexingi
briel of Lexingi
John Parker, m
"Stand your
less fired upon!
Then the red
ed, and for fiv
echoed across t:
The battle
searched outlin
ago, with both t
in authentic uni
But this timi
not on foot bt
bus.
Like the origi
ment was held;
original, was v
of tourists from
Residents of I
about the influx
nonresident ven
Bicentennial sot
Later in the
moved to Concc
men made a sta
held off the Brit
Historic Park the President laid a
wreath at Daniel Chester French's
Minute Man — probably America's best
known statue which depicts the "em-
battled farmer" one hand on a plow,
the other grasping a musket. It has
been the symbol of War Savings Bonds
and Stamps.
As Ford spoke, police said another
50,000 persons lined the streets to view
the massive Patriot's Day parade.
Amidst heckling by 20,000 demonstra-
tors left over from an early morning
People's Bicentennial Commission ral-
ly, the President told the gathering the
revolution "provided a home for free-
dom ... The shot heard 'round the
world still echoes today."
Amidst the thousands in Concord, a
single make - believe Minute Man, Sterl-
ing Taylor, leaned against a bare oak
tree and undid the top two buttons of
his colonial coat. Taylor. yawned. He
had been marching since 3 a.m. and
was a pooped patriot.
"It was more fun last year," said the
51- year -old businessman from Weston,
Mass.
Ford's reception at Lexington Green
by another 50,000 persons was much
warmer. He said the ceremonies offi-
cially starting the nation's bicenten-
nial, gave him a "new feeling of
strength about our country.
"We not only have to look back at
what sacrifices were made, what is
more important is what we can do in
the next 100 years."
Accompanying Ford were Sens. Ed-
ward M. Kennedy, D- Mass., and Ed-
ward W. Brooke, R- Mass., former Gov.
John A. Volpe, now U.S. ambassador to
Italy; former House Speaker John W.
McCormack; and Caroline Kennedy,
* * *
Bang, Crash Open
Beloit Bicentennial
BELOIT, Wis. (UPI) — Beloit opened
its Bicentennial observance with a
bang and two broken windows Friday
night.
Following a re- enactment of Paul
Revere's ride, a replica artillery piece
was fired at the Municipal Center dur-
ing a flag- raising ceremony. The con-
cussion broke two small windows in
the center.
But at the same time fresh waves of
visitors moved in. Park Service police
estimated shortly after dawn that 200
people per minute were moving across
North Bridge.
Nearby Lexington reported 35,000 on
hand for the re- enactment of the Battle
of Lexington Green. The crowd swelled
another 15,000 to see the President.
While the crowd at Lexington was
congenial toward Ford and the Green
was kept reasonably clean, the nation-
al park area in Concord was filled with
tons of trash and surly youths suffering
from hangovers.
National Park Service Rangers and
police asked them to move so the Con-
cord Independent Battery could fire its
21 -round cannon salute. As the people
moved, they shuffled toward the North
Bridge, where newcomers — including
many families with children — entered
the park.
The bridge, an arched wooden ca-
mel -back structure put together with
wooden spikes, simply wasn't big
enough.
Lines of fife and drum and color
guard units stalled, unable to make it
through the masses. National Park
Service officers finally pushed a trail
through the people — but many units
had to cross single file.
Dr. Seymore A. Dimare, portraying
Dr. Samuel Prescott, who rode to Con-
cord after Paul Revere was captured
beyond Lexington, was nearly thrown
from his horse when it reached the
bridge.
He finally made it with an escort.
But when he reached the hillside and
the battery shouting, "The British are
coming. The British are coming," he
was greeted by an obscenity and the
response: "Ford is coming. Ford is
coming."
Despite the delays, nearly all the tra-
ditional pageantry came off at sched-
uled times.
For Park Service groundskeepers, it
was a nightmare.
Only two weeks previously, they had
been raking off protective winter cov-
ering from flower beds whose pale
green shoots poked through the soil.
By Saturday, the flower beds were in
shambles. Iris, which had grown four
inches or more, lay flattened and
crushed. Late bulb varieties were in
similar disarray or ruined for the sea-
son.
BRITISH TROOPS A
soldier takes aim in
Rebels Ride Bus
30,000 Watch Rl
Of Lexington Bal
LEXINGTON, Mass. (AP) — Shots
rang out, acrid smoke filled the air and
eight American revolutionaries
dropped to the damp ground in simu-
lated death.
As 30,000 spectators watched, the 75
hastily armed militiamen fell back be-
fore the heavy musket fire of the red-
coats in a Bicentennial re- enactment of
the first encounter of the War for Inde-
pendence.
Moments later, the militiamen regr-
ouped and the crowd broke into cheers
as they marched off in formation.
The re- enactment began before
Boston Globe
Prints Edition
In Style of 1775
BOSTON (AP) — To celebrate the
start of the American Revolution, The
Boston Globe Saturday printed its front
page as it might have appeared then —
complete with a woodcut picture and
old- fashioned type.
"These are times that try men's
souls ... ," read the front -page edito-
rial. "There is no excuse for the intol-
erable behavior of Gen. Gage's bully
boys at Lexington and Concord, at the
last of which they got their just deserts
earlier today."
Headlines describing the events of
April 18 and 19, 1775, reported the bat-
tles of Lexington and Concord: "Min-
utemen in Bloody Battle With British
Troops!," "Hancock and Adams Es-
caped," and "General Gage A Pup -
pet!„
Under the masthead, which included
a facsimile of a New England clipper
ship, it Noted that the fictitious edition
covered .events "Ninety Seven Years
Before the First Publication of The
Boston Globe."
Managing Editor Edward Doherty
said the woodcut of the Lexington
battle and the advertisements were au-
thentic. He said the only major differ-
ences from an 18th Century paper were
the bigger body type and large head-
lines.
"If we had published in 1775, it might
have looked like this," he said.
In a column of notices showing
events that were affected by the hostil-
ities, an item read: "The pump in
North Square was damaged by a
frightened cow early today. Citizens
are asked to accept the inconvenience
without grumbling until men are avail-
able to make the necessary repairs."
BRITISH TROOPS ADVANCE ON MINUTEMEN
... soldier takes aim in bicentennial battle at Lexington
Rebels Ride Bus
30,000 Watch Re-Play
Of Lexington Battle
LEXINGTON, Mass. (AP) — Shots
rang out, acrid Smoke filled the air and
eight American revolutionaries
dropped to the damp ground in simu-
lated death.
As 30,000 spectators watched, the 75
hastily armed militiamen fell back be-
fore the heavy musket fire of the red-
coats in a Bicentennial re- enactment of
the first encounter of the War for Inde-
pendence.
Moments later, the militiamen regr-
ouped and the crowd broke into cheers
as they marched off in formation.
The re- enactment began before
Boston Globe
Prints Edition
In Style of 1775
BOSTON (AP) — To celebrate the
start of the American Revolution, The
Boston Globe Saturday printed its front
page as it might have appeared then —
complete with a woodcut picture and
old- fashioned type.
"These are times that try men's
souls ... ," read the front -page edito-
rial. "There is no excuse for the intol-
erable behavinr of Gen_ r:aon'c
dawn. The town's church bells tolled
an alarm and the militiamen gathered
to face the British.
As onlookers stood seven to 10 deep
around Lexington Green, George Ga-
briel of Lexington, in the role of Capt.
John Parker, mustered his troops.
"Stand your ground! Don't fire un-
less fired upon!" he ordered.
Then the red - coated British appear-
ed, and for five minutes, musket fire
echoed across the green.
The battle followed carefully re-
searched outlines of the clash 200 years
ago, with both militiamen and redcoats
in authentic uniforms.
But this time the colonials arrived
not on foot but by chartered school
bus.
Like the original battle, the re- enact-
ment was held at 5 a.m., but unlike the
original, was witnessed by thousands
of tourists from around the country.
Residents of Lexington, apprehensive
about the influx, had denied licenses to
nonresident vendors who wanted to sell
Bicentennial souvenirs.
Later in the day, the celebration
moved to Concord, where the Minute-
men made a stand at North Bridge and
held off the British for the first Ameri-
can victory of the war.
Bells Ring In
Bicentennial
For Bostonians
BOSTON (UPI) — The big brass bells
of Old North Church rang Saturday as
they have not rung for half a century.
The three - and -a- half -ton bells were
let free to swing round and round in a,
chorus of sound — rather than held
fixed with just the clappers inside the
bells doing all the work.
Precisely at 11 a.m. bells in towers
all over Boston joined in a "cityring"
in celebration of the bicentennial.
Because of sprinkler pipes in Old
North's tower, the bells had been kept
in a fixed position for about 50 years, a
church spokesman said. But with the
help of some engineers and consult-
ants, the brick bell tower was rein-
forced with concrete so it could with-
stand the;strenuous ringing of the eight
bells.
It takes eight people to ring the bells
fight, each one pealing his own bell for
the " cityring" — just as Paul Revere
and his friends did more than 200 years
ago.
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ATESMAN, Boise, Saturday, April 19, 1975
EAGER YOUNG HANDS REACH OUT FOR A PRESIDENTIAL HANDSHAKE
... school children greet Ford as he leaves the Concord, N.H., capitol
Bicentennial
President Ford and 175,000
other Americans celebrate
the 200th anniversary of the
Revolution as 20,000 hecklers
exercise their right to pro-
test ..........................Page 2A
Ford Opens Festivities
with Call o Seek Unity
BOSTON (UPI) — President Ford
opened national celebrations of the
200th anniversary of the American
Revolution Friday and said this
country must have a rebirth of unity to
achieve "the impossible dream" of its
Founding Fathers.
"We have suffered great internal tur-
moil and torment in recent years,"
said Ford, standing in the Old North
Church from which a steeple lantern
signal triggered Paul Revere's ride of
April 18, 1775. "Yet the American
people have stood firm."
"The American dream is not dead. It
simply has yet to be fulfilled," Ford
said in the speech prepared for deliv-
ery on his arrival from New Hamp-
shire.
"Perhaps national unity is an impos-
sible dream. Like permanent peace,
perhaps it will prove to be a never -end-
ing search," he said in one of his rare
philosophical speeches as President.
Ford aides. said the President
planned the speech not only to mark
the bicentennial anniversary of the 13
colonies' revolt against Britain, but
also to launch a campaign that could
unify Americans in the midst of eco-
nomic recession and the collapse of a
decade of American policy in In-
dochina.
Ford, who spent most of the day
making speechs in New Hampshire,
flew to Boston in late afternoon and ap-
At a White House Conference on Do-
mestic and Economic Affairs, the Pres-
ident said it is time to start tearing
away governmental red tape entangl-
ing the nation's economy.
"We must reassess the archaic and
rigid regulations which hamper the
U.S. economy and directly affect the
American consumer," he said, calling
for a reduction in the regulatory pow-
ers of some agencies, particullary
those involved in transportation.
He said "vigorous antitrust action"
should be conducted by the govern-
ment to promote competition.
"In far too many cases, government
regulation has become counterproduc-
tive and remote from the needs and in-
terests of businesses and consumers
alike," Ford said. "Meaningful reform
of our present regulatory system must
be a part of the current effort to re-
spond to the consumer."
Ford's 45- minute ride from the Man-
chester airport to the Capitol in Con-
cord had the earmarks of a campaign
swing. He had the top taken off his lim-
ousine, stopped in downtown Manches-
ter and spent 10 minutes eagerly shak-
ing hands in the friendly crowd.
He spoke briefly and thanked every-
one "from the very bottom of my
heart" for the warm reception.
New Hampshire Gov. Meldrim
Thomson, who accompanied Ford to
the Capitol, told UPI, "I have consis-
.�.t__ __:J t ...att __ hi— fnr
tv
Bicentennial
President Ford and 175,000
other Americans celebrate
the 200th anniversary of the
Revolution as 20,000 hecklers
exercise their right to pro-
test ..........................Page 2A
01
with Call to Seek Unity
BOSTON (UPI) — President Ford
opened national celebrations of the
200th anniversary of the American
Revolution Friday and said this
country must have a rebirth of unity to
achieve "the impossible dream" of its
Founding Fathers.
"We have suffered great internal tur-
moil and torment in recent years,"
said Ford, standing in the Old North
Church from which a steeple lantern
signal triggered Paul Revere's ride of
April 18, 1775. "Yet the American
people have stood firm."
"The American dream is not dead. It
simply has yet to be fulfilled," Ford
said in the speech prepared for deliv-
ery on his arrival from New Hamp-
shire.
"Perhaps national unity is an impos-
sible dream. Like permanent peace,
perhaps it will prove to be a never -end-
ing search," he said in one of his rare
philosophical speeches as President.
Ford aides. said the President
planned the speech not only to mark
the bicentennial anniversary of the 13
colonies' revolt against Britain, but
also to launch a campaign that could
unify Americans in the midst of eco-
nomic recession and the collapse of a
decade of American policy in In-
dochina.
Ford, who spent most of the day
making speechs in New Hampshire,
flew to Boston in late afternoon and ap-
peared to reflect his own confidence at
one point in his Boston speech when he
said:
"There are few times in our history
when the American people have spo-
ken with more eloquent reason and
hope than during the tribulations and
tests that our government and econom-
ic systems have endured during the
past year."
But a moment earlier, he said, "We
must renew ourselves" in dedication to
the principles laid down in the Declara-
tion of Independence.
"We must revitalize the pride in
America that carried us from some of
our darkest hours to our brightest
days. We must once again become
masters of our own destiny. This calls
for patience, understanding, tolerance
and work toward unity ... based on
reason and hope."
Ford's kickoff of observances of the
1776 revolution also was viewed as an
opportunity for the President to lay the
groundwork for his 1976 campaign. He
addressed the New Hampshire Legisla-
ture and a White House conference in
Concord in the opening phases of the
trip billed as nonpolitical by his aides.
But it was regarded as an effort by
Ford to build support for traditional
Republicans in this stronghold of con-
servatism.
At a White House Conference on Do-
mestic and Economic Affairs, the Pres-
ident said it is time to start tearing
away governmental red tape entangl-
ing the nation's economy.
"We must reassess the archaic and
rigid regulations which hamper the
U.S. economy and directly affect the
American consumer," he said, calling
for a reduction in the regulatory pow-
ers of some agencies, particullary
those involved in transportation.
He said "vigorous antitrust action"
should be conducted by the govern-
ment to promote competition.
"In far too many cases, government
regulation has become counterproduc-
tive and remote from the needs and in-
terests of businesses and consumers
alike," Ford said. "Meaningful reform
of our present regulatory system must
be a part of the current effort to re-
spond to the consumer."
Ford's 45- minute ride from the Man-
chester airport to the Capitol in Con-
cord had the earmarks of a campaign
swing. He had the top taken off his lim-
ousine, stopped in downtown Manches-
ter and spent 10 minutes eagerly shak-
ing hands in the friendly crowd.
He spoke briefly and thanked every-
one "from the very bottom of my
heart" for the warm reception.
New Hampshire Gov. Meldrim
Thomson, who accompanied Ford to
the Capitol, told UPI, "I have consis-
tently said I will not support him for
the presidency unless he changes his
ways, and it does not look like he is
changing them."
Americans
Get Ready
For Battle
Story Recalls
Events Leading
To Revolution
By DON MCLEOD
Associated Press Writer
The blood spilled at Lexington and
Concord brought out one of the finest
traits of America, the ability of a dis-
parate people to pull together when
they must.
Two days after Massachusetts min-
utemen exchanged the first shots of
the Revolution with British regulars,
New Hampshire militiamen marched
to join the seige of Boston.
The next day Rhode Island prepared
its militia to march to Boston, and the
legislature ordered an army of 1,500 to
be raised. Two days later Baltimore
got the word and seized the provincial
magazines.
America was preparing for war, with
a strange kind of unity born of gener-
ations of huddling together against In-
dian attacks, the bite of blizzards, the
threat of starvation.
There was a common enemy — Eng-
land. What happened to Massachusetts
could happen to them all, and they all
knew it. Geography and the British
Navy made them all subject to instant
attack.
And despite the diversity of interests
and occupations, they had a common
enough bond in their opposition to Brit-
ish colonial policy. They all were up to
their ears in illegal activities. They had
the secret stores, the extra -legal mili-
tary drills.
And blood had been spilled, Ameri-
can blood.
Nevertheless, it was something of a
miracle for perhaps the most dispu-
tatious people on earth. The frontier
brawl is fabled in our folk history. And
when they weren't fighting with guns,
knives, fists and teeth, they were suing
each other over the slightest provoca-
tion.
They brawled individually, in groups,
and colony against colony. But when
Indians were on the warpath, or the
French threatened the frontier, they
marched together.
The frontiersman, the highlander,
the mountain man had more than once
taken up arms against the city folks on
the coast. But in the summer of 1775,
they marched to Boston to help.
These first American soldiers were
clannish. From New England to Vir-
ginia they came to war in locally
raised companies with their friends
and neighbors, and they stuck together
in groups, except when they faced the
enemy.
THERE WAS A COMMON ENEMY — ENGLAND
... A strange kind of unity evolved in America
On April 20, 1775, 200 years ago Sun-
day, they faced the might of the British
empire square in the face, in the harsh
light of a new day, and it was a fear-
some sight.
A moment of madness at Lexington
and Concord the day before, shots that
shouldn't have been fired but were,
blood irretrievably spilled, had caused
Americans to lash out at the hated
British with a fury.
"This accident has cut off our last
hopes of reconcilliation," Thomas Jef-
ferson lamented, "and a frenzy of re-
venge seems to have seized all ranks of
people."
They could not lift their siege of Bos-
ton lest the enraged Redcoats break
out and wreak vengeance on the
countryside. What had begun as just
shooting back had now inevitably be-
come a war.
Many literally had dropped plows in
the field, tools in the shop to answer
the alarm, making no provisions for
families and jobs. When they thought
the danger was over, they simply went
home.
Wiser heads, however, knew the dan-
ger was ever present and that without
an army to hold off the British all
would be lost. Artemas Ward, the gen-
eral commanding this mob, wrote the
Massachusetts Provincial Congress:
"My position is such that if I have not
enlistment orders immediately, I shall
be left all alone."
Fortunately for the cause of Ameri-
can independence, the British never
knew just how bad things were in the
rebel camp.
The Americans were good Indian
fighters.
But they were no match for the bet-
ter drilled regulars in a stand up fight,
and their leaders knew it.
Massachusetts, which had been bear-
ing the burden of the war, urged the
Continental Congress to take over con-
trol of the Army and appoint a com-
mander-in- chief.
Congress sent George Washington,
and he performed another miracle.
An American loyalist said the U.S.
Army at this time was "as dirty a set
of mortals as ever disgraced the name
of a soldier."
But Washington believed "the men
would fight very well, if properly offi-
cered." Within six weeks he had two
unqualified colonels, one major, four
captains and four subalterns either
dressed out of camp or arrested.
Washington also performed one of
history's great magic acts. He replaced
the scores of independent companies
with the Continental Army, a national
force with unified command and set
enlistments. Nobody could simply be-
come bored and walk away any more.
And he did it all while keeping a
British army shut up in Boston. Even-
tually, he would drive them out, and in
time he would win the war with this
first American army born 200 years
ago. Like most things American, it was
born out of necessity.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, May 2, 1975
Quartet Music Salutes Bicentennial
KENOSHA, Wis. (AP) — With the
nation tuning up to sing its Bicen-
tennial birthday song next year, at
least one group is making sure the
celebration gets off on the right
note.
The Society for the Preservation
and Encouragement of Barber
Shop Quartet Singing in America,
a 36,000- member international sing-
ing fraternity, is preparing a spe-
cial show tracing the country's his-
tory in song.
The society will premiere the
one -hour, 12- minute show as a mu-
sical narrative of U.S. history from
the country's founding to the
present in January at the Kennedy
Center in Washington, D.C. It will
then be produced locally across the
country.
"Ever since the drummer, fifer,
and flag carrier got together for
the spirit of 1776, Americans have
been singing about the future of
their country," says SPEBSQSA Ex-
ecutive Director Barrie Best. "But
it took almost 70 years and the ad-
dition of a fourth voice for Amer-
ica's first true, song form, barber-
shop harmony, to emerge and con-
tinue the tradition."
The song style — an unaccompa-
nied blend of four voices: lead,
bass, baritone, and tenor — can
trace its heritage back to 1643,
when a group called the "Virginia
Minstrels" stepped before the foot-
lights to render then - current songs
in "close harmony."
More than 25 songs have been
specially arranged for the program
in the barbershop style. Battles
won't be re- enacted on stage, but
the songs will epitomize the spirit
of the Union.
Melodies, beginning with "God
Save the King" and "Yankee
Doodle," will trace the country's
call for freedom. A song written by
William Billings, considered to be
America's first composer, will also
be included.
Much of the music comes from
the Society's "Old Song" library.
Bicentennial Pop Music Dated in Capitol
JL
WASHINGTON — Plans The Park Service, which is the Bientennial was a great
for a nightly Bicentennial providing support services event in their lives," he said.
program next summer of including sound and light Mayor Walter Washington
popular music from ragtime systems and traffic control, called Marriott's early an-
to rock on the Mall near the expects to spend an addition- nouncement significant be-
Washington Monument have al $100,000, according to cause it demonstrates the
been announced here. Park Service Director Jack "kind of confidence in our
The 12 -week, $300,000 his- Fish. Part of the Park Serv- nation's Bicentennial and
torical review of American ice's money will go toward our nation's capital" needed
music called "Great Amer- redecorating the Sylvan The- to make the celebration a
ica" is expected to draw . ater on the Mall in an Amer- success.
10,000 people nightly. It is ican heritage motif for the
aimed both at local residents show. One problem which may
and tourists. be bothering potential spon-
sors is the issue of security.
Although the "Great Amer-
ica" program, like the re-
cent Human Kindness Day,
will be held on the Washing-
ton Monument grounds, Fish
noted that anticipated at-
tendance will make a differ-
ence in the security situ-
ation. As an ongoing, sum -
merlong event, "Great
America" is expected to at-
tract an average audience of
10,000 daily, as opposed to
the 150,000 people who at.
tended Human Kindness
The 11 /Z hour free program
is being co- sponsored by the
Marriott Corp. and the Na-
tional Capital Park Service.
Gene Patrick, Marriott's
director of entertainment,
who will be responsible for
putting together the period
medleys as well as for writ-
ing ' some original songs,
plans to recruit 24 actor -
dancers and 20 -piece orches-
tra primarily from local tal-
ent.
Marriott President J. W.
Marriott Jr. said he began
seriously considering the
idea for the "Great Amer-
ica" program three months
ago as what he calls "a
birthday gift to the national
capital and to the nation."
He said he hopes that the
program will attract both lo-
cal residents and tourists.
"There should be enough go-
ing on in town other than the
usual sights so that people
can look back and say that
Day.
Says Fish, "No one can ab-
solutely guarantee safety,
but this is a different kind of
event."
The Park Service and the
mayor's office are working
on security for the event ac-
cording to their newly de-
signed procedure. A joint
task force has analyzed
"Great America," as it will
other proposed programs, in
its initial stages to deter-
mine what combination of
regular police units and oth-
er resources will be re-
quired. "I don't think people
will be scared away," said
the mayor. "You can't talk
fear out, you have to prove
it, and this is what we intend
to do."
"Great America" will be
on the Sylvan Theater stage
six days a week (excluding
Mondays) next summer, be-
ginning Flag Day, June 14,
and ending Labor Day, Sept.
6, with showtime at 8 p.m.
On 200th Anniversary
Revere Odyssey Recounted
EDITOR'S NOTE — Two hundred
years ago this week Paul Revere's ride
and the battles of Lexington and Con-
cord launched the American Revolu-
tion. This story of that week is the first
in a series of AP Bicentennial Specials
about the events and personalities that
gave birth to a nation.
By DON McLEOD
Associated Press Writer
A score of horsemen rode out of Bos-
.tqft on the afternoon of April 18, 1775,
setting off an alarm which in a few
hours would begin the American Revo-
lution.
Solomon Brown came upon them as
he rode home to Lexington from mar-
ket in Boston. He recognized them as
British officers. An unusually large
band, he thought, to be so far from
Boston at sundown.
The youth noticed the soldiers were
wearing greatcoats despite the early
spring which already had brought dan-
delions to Lexington green.
Then he spotted concealed sidearms
— something strictly forbidden for offi-
cers riding for pleasure. And they rode
strangely, haltingly. Wherever they
were going, Brown guessed, "they did
not care to reach there until the shades
of evening had set in."
Brown spurred his horse on to Lex-
ington where he told William Munroe,
his sergeant in the minute company.
Munroe sent for his commander, Capt.
John Parker.
The sergeant also sent guards to the
house where Sam Adams and John
Hancock were staying during the ses-
--sion of the Provincial Congress in
nearby Concord.
Munroe watched from the shadows
as the British rode through Lexington.
He dispatched three men to follow.
Other minutemen, not knowing exactly
why, began reporting for duty.
Back in Boston they knew why. The
mysterious horsemen were riding in
advance of a military column and
there would be "the hell to pay tomor-
row." The column would try to seize
contraband and arms.
A groom at the Province House
heard the soldiers' talk and told John
Ballard, who told William Dawes, who
told Paul Revere, "who told him he
had already heard it from two other
persons."
Boston had known for days that
something was brewing. British ships
in the harbor had lowered their boats.
The grenadiers and light infantry had
been taken off duty, indicating a spe-
cial mission ahead.
Then on the night of the 18th, the
troops were loaded into boats for fer-
rying across the Charles River.
Gen. Thomas Gage ordered that no
townspeople be allowed to leave the
city that night.
But Revere had expected that the
city might be sealed. Friends in Char-
lestown were watching for a signal
from Christ Church — one lantern in
the steeple if the troops marched out
by land, two if they took a shortcut
across the river.
Robert Newman, the church sexton,
.......1.7 1... ♦U— ......... 1..,..... 1...♦ L... L...... ,.
T[SC YT A LlA G.T A Tl^e.w.l � w• -. _ • .. __ _ _ _ _
AP Photo
DINO DeCARLO, A PRESENT -DAY PAUL REVERE
... planning reenactment of famous ride
Knowing his tired horse could not win der Marine Maj. John Pitcairn
the race, he pulled into the front yard marched into Lexington, they saw 70,
city might be sealed. Friends in Char-
lestown were watching for a signal
from Christ Church — one lantern in
the steeple if the troops marched out
by land, two if they took a shortcut
across the river.
Robert Newman, the church sexton,
would be the signalman, but his house
was full of billeted British officers. So,
he pretended to go to bed early, then
slipped out a window and over tie roof-
tops. Across the river his twin signal
was seen and an express rider sent out
with the news. The Redcoats were
coming!
Revere, meanwhile, made his way
down to the waterfront, where he had
a boat hidden and two friends waiting
to row him across.
They rowed well out to sea to avoid
detection, listening for a challenge or a
shot.
At last their boat glided beneath the
Charlestown docks. Revere was given
a horse and warned of British patrols
on the road. They had captured the
first rider sent out.
When the British troops came by
Boston Neck checkpoint, Revere was
riding out of Charlestown. As he turned
toward Lexington, he spotted two men
on horseback under a tree.
"One of them tried to get ahead of
me, and the other to take me," Revere
said. "I turned my horse very quickly
and galloped toward Charlestown
Neck, and then pushed for the Medford
road.
"The one who chased me, endeavor-
ing to cut me off, got into a clay pond,"
Revere recalled. "I got clear of him
and went through Medford, over the
bridge and up to Menotomy,"
Revere "alarmed almost every
house, till I got to Lexington." He
made straight for Adams and Hancock,
but Sergeant Munroe refused to let him
in the house and told him to hold down
the noise.
"Noise!" exlaimed Revere. "You'll
have noise enough before long. The
Regulars are coming out!"
Out on the green the village bell rang
the alarm and minutemen mustered.
The roll was called, and Parker'sent
scouts to find the approaching British.
"The weather being rather chilly, af-
ter calling the roll, we were dismissed,
but ordered to remain within call of
the drum," said minuteman Ebenezer
Munroe.
About this time Dawes, having man-
aged to make his way from Boston, ar-
rived and set off with Revere for Con-
cord. Samuel Prescott; a Concord phy-
sician who had been courting a Lexing-
ton lass, caught up to them on, the
road.
A British patrol was just ahead. Half-
way to Concord, Revere sighted two
horsemen standing suspiciously near
the road.
"In an instant I was surrounded,"
Revere reported.
Dawes and Prescott, coming upon
the scene after a stop at a farmhouse,
also were collared. As the British herd-
ed them off the road, Prescott gave a
signal and all three spurred their
horses.
"I observed a wood at a small dis-
tance and made for that, intending
when I gained that to jump my horse
and run afoot," Revere said. "Just as I
reached it, out started six officers,
seized my bridle, put their pistols to
my breast."
Dawes got back on the road and sped
away with two Redcoats in hot pursuit.
AP Photo
DINO DeCARLO, A PRESENT -DAY PAUL REVERE
... planning reenactment of famous ride
Knowing his tired horse could not win
the race, he pulled into the front yard
of a roadside house and reined his
horse so hard he fell off.
"Halp, boys," he shouted. "I've got
two of 'em. Surround 'em."
And while the British paused to con-
sider what they might be rushing into,
Dawes made his getaway on foot.
Unable to reach Concord, he turned
back to Lexington.
Prescott jumped his mount over a
stone wall, cut across fields he knew
better than his pursuers, slipped down
a creekbed, went through an orchard
and reached Concord with the alarm.
Revere, meantime, had a big mouth
which was stoking the violence to
come. One of his captors tried to tell
him they were only out looking for
deserters.
"I told them I knew better," Revere
boasted, "I knew what they were after
... that I had alarmed the country all
the way up ... and I should have 500
men there soon."
Believing Revere's exaggeration, the
British freed their prisoners after cut-
ting their saddle girths and stealing
Revere's horse, and raced back to the
approaching column.
' Hearing their report, Lt. Col. Francis
Smith, commanding the 700 men now
marching to Lexington and Concord,
sent back to Boston for more troops.
Most of Capt. Parker's minutemen
had retired to Buckman's tavern near
the green, awaiting the call from Wil-
liam Diamond's drum. It came at' day-
break.
When the first columns of British un-
:.,
der Marine Maj. John Pitcairn
marched into Lexington, they saw 70,
not 500, minutemen strung across the
villate green.
"Stand your ground," Parker or-
dered. "Don't fire unless fired upon.
But if they mean to have a war, let it
begin here.!"
"The British troops came up directly
in our front," said Pvt. Munroe. "The
commanding officer advanced within a
few rods of us and exlaimed, 'Disperse,
you damned rebels! "'
"Ye villians, ye rebels, disperse! It
was Pitcairn. "Damn you, disperse.!
"I immediately ordered our troops to
disperse and not to fire," Parker said
later. He could see they were hope-
lessly outnumbered. But his men am-
bled away slowly, sulkily, each in his
own direction — and holding onto his
weapon.
And as Pitcairn demanded that the
provincials disperse, he moved to pre-
vent it by ordering his own men to sur-
round and disarm them. As the Regu-
lars advanced, they shouted.
Then somebody fired a shot. Many
witnesses said it was a pistol — mean-
ing a British officer. Some even named
Pitcairn. Pitcairn believed it was an
American straggler off the edge of the
green.
The British broke ranks and began
firing at will among the scattering co-
lonials.
It was a riot, not a battle.
Eight Americans were dead, 10
wounded. The worst British injury was
a private nicked in the leg.
The British reassembled and
marched off toward ,Concord. Lexing-
ton buried its dead in a common grave,
covered with fresh pine boughs for fear
the returning British might disturb it.
The colonials let Smith, march unop-
posed into Concord and took position
on high ground across the Concord Riv-
er while the British searched the town.
The British found little contraband
remaining, but what they did detect'
was piled in the streets and burned.
The Americans thought their town was
being put to the torch.
"Will you let them burn the town
down ?" demanded Joseph Hosmer, the
Concord adjutant.
"I haven't a man that is afraid to
go," said Capt. Isaac Davis of Acton,
and issued the order, ".March!"
The three British companies guard-
ing the North Bridge drew back and
fired a warning. The Americans kept
coming. This time the British fired to
kill:
Capt. Davis, father of four, died on
the spot. So did Amos Hosmer. "Fire;
fellow soldiers," cried militia Maj.
John Buttrick. "For God's Sake,
Fire!"
Half the eight British officers fell. A
sergeant and six privates were hit, one
dead, another dying. The British broke
and ran. A local boy coming on the
scene buried a hatchet in the head of a
wounded Redcoat.
Smith regrouped in Concord and set
off for Boston.
"As soon as the British had gained
the main road and passed a small
bridge ... they faced about suddenly
and fired a volley of musketry upon
us," a minuteman said.
JO
1Z
2
Q
U
\,..UTIOpV A
0 0
M
Z
�2
a
a -•
C31 (0
SYMBOL — This is the design accepted by the American Revolution
Bicentennial Commission to symbolize activities planned for 1976.
(AP Photo)
Suburb to Re-Enact
'Other' Revere Ride
MILTON, Mass. (AP) — Remember
the midnight ride of Paul Revere,
which warned in 1775 that the British
were coming?
As part of the bicentennial cele-
bration, this Boston suburb of 27,500 is
planning to recreate a lesser -known
Revere ride — a 1774 horseback
journey from Milton to Philadelphia
that delivered the revolutionary "Suf-
folk Resolves" to the Continental Con-
gress.
Milton is hoping to enlist celebrities
including actors Robert Redford, John
Wayne and Paul Newman; baseball
star Carl Yastrzemski, and Sen. Ed-
ward M. Kenne4y, D- Mass., to ride in
Revere's garb for part of the 400 -mile
trip.
The week -long 1974 ride, scheduled to
start Sept. 8, is aimed at making
Americans "realize they are a part of a
great nation," said John T. Linehan,
chairman of Milton's board of select-
men.
"Americans should take time out
from their normal routines, and from
Watergate, to celebrate our bicenten-
nial," Linehan said.
Edward Duffy, general manager of
the Milton celebration, says the papers
Revere carried during the 1774 ride
were a call for revolution.
"The resolves were the boldest state-
ment Over made," Duffy said. "They
spoke of Britain in terms of utmost vio-
lence."
The 71 colonists who signed the re-
solves met in Milton because Boston
was regarded as a "hotbed" of terror-
ism, and the men feared arrest, Duffy
says.
But the arrival of the resolves in
Philadelphia was "the spark which
stirred the Congress to action," says
Duffy.
Of the invitations to the celebrities,
Linehan says:
"We need all these famous people to
help focus national attention on the bi-
centennial."
Briton Welcomed to Boston
Sir Christopher Welby- Everard, president of the
10th Foot Royal Lincolnshire Regimental Associ-
ation whose predecessors fought the colonialists
200 years ago at Concord and Lexington, receives
a full -dress welcome Monday on arrival at Bos-
ton's Logan Airport from London. He was greeted
by American members of the ceremonial regi
ment who will take the British part in Bicenten-
nial re- enactments next weekend. Story on Idaho
Bicentennial Commission, Page 15. (AP Photo)
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, June 13, 1975
British Due
In Concord
As Guests
BOSTON (AP) — When the Britisr
were coming 200 years ago, the warn-
ing flashed from Old North Church
was, "One if by land, two if by sea."
No one had stopped to consider Logan
International Airport.
That is the route that will be taker.
today by descendants of the 10th Regi,
ment of Foot, the British outfit that
marched on Lexington and Concord .
when they arrive in Boston for th
opening shots of the nation's Bicenten
nial.
But they won't be facing patriot
with muskets. Instead, they American
greeted on the runway by
who have recreated the uniforms an
customs of the British foot soldiers.
The second coming of the British h of
Boston is sponsored by a group
Americans that has formed the 10tY
ngen
Regiment
to portray the English sidento;
t,,
things in re- enactments of the first
skirmishes of the Revolutionary War.
Those arriving; in Boston today wil
include Sir Christopher Welby -Ever
ard, high sheriff of Lincolnshire an(
president of the 10th Foot Royal Lin
colnshire Regimental Association,
veterans group; Maj. Eric Jessur
curator of the regimental museum
and Brigadier Ralph Oulton, the la:
commanding officer of the 10th reg,
ment.
The regiment was disbanded whe
the British Army was reorganized set
eral years ago.
Bicentennial Warm -Up
It's never too early to prepare for a bicentennial, and seven - year -old Rob-
ert Kitzler rises to the occasion, here practicing with the "Fifes and
Drums, Third New York Regiment of 1777." The group; formed within the
last year, hopes to be outfitted in time for the Fourth of July observances.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, June 27, 1975
Philadelphia — America's Birthplace — B
By JERRY HULSE
The Los Angeles Times
PHILADELPHIA — Man
the muskets, lads, the tour-
ists are coming. It's a shout
that's being heard around
the world.
Having served as a focal
point for the American Rev-
olution, Philadelphia is brac-
ing for a series of major as-
saults during the U.S. Bicen-
tennial.
Figures gathered by Phila-
delphia '76, the local in-
telligence agency, place the
number of invaders at some-
where between 10 and 40
million men, women and
children.
Indeed, they're even ex-
pecting .a handful of Brit -
ishers. Rumors have it that
the queen herself is coming.
Thus, defending forces are
busily preparing for the con-
frontation. Guides are being
recruited. Police patrols are
being beefed up.
So far there's just one
worry: where to billet all the
strangers. There is particu-
lar concern over the critical
July- August period next
year, for which big conven-
tion groups have reserved
rooms years in advance.
tolling the death of Chief
Justice John Marshall.
In a visitor center at Third
and Chestnut streets, films
illustrating the evolution of
the 13 colonies will be
screened and exhibits will
outline old Philadelphia dur-
ing the 18th Century.
The last ime I stopped by,
a hamburger stand occupied
the site at Seventh and Mar-
ket streets where Thomas
Oh, well, never mind. As Will Be Dxr(r �
Philadelphia rolls with the he
punches, no doubt she'll roll
in dough as well.
As the town that played
host to the First and Second ��
Continental Congresses, it
intends to carry off a theme
which will spotlight living
Jefferson penned the Declar-
ation of Independence. Now
the old home is being re-
stored and history will be
served in place of mustard
and relish.
Likewise, workmen are
rushing the reconstruction of
City Tavern, a favorite wa-
tering hole of early politi-
cians. (In the words of John
Adams, it was "the most
genteel tavern in Amer-
ica. ")
As the unofficial caucus
room of delegates to the
First and Second Continental
Congresses dozens of deci-
sions were formulated as the
boys bellied up to the bar.
Once they were even joined
by Paul Revere after he'd
galloped into town bringing
news of new British skir-
mishes.
Constructed originally in
1773, City Tavern will be
staffed by waitresses in colo-
nial costume. The fair dam-
sels will deliver food and
grog typical of the revolu-
tionary period. One may
break bread with the ghosts
of early heroes and sip ale,
just as Jefferson did, before
a roaring fire.
Philadelphia was already
gaining stature as a prerev-
olutionary center when on
May 10, 1775, representatives
of the Colonies gathered at
Independence Hall for the
Second Continental Con-
gress. Tempers flared over
British oppression.
Independence and the
works began.
This year and next, in
servance of Philadelphi
role as the seat of revs
tionary America, other fi
works are planned. On Ji
4, 1976, Philadelphia ant
pates two million visits
among them President F(
— a greater crowd than
city ordinarily gets in an
tire year.
Joining in the pomp a
pageantry will be mar
in • units from all 50 sta
a the heavens will light
As a result, the colonies
began preparing for war.
Word of the battles of Lex-
ington and Concord inspired
a demand for action.
A militia regiment was
formed. Congress estab-
fished the Continental Army. 3
Georege Washington was
S named the commander of
Geal A merican forces.
Then, in 1776, the Second
C 10 C in-
history. - intends to spotlight living his -
Crowds likely will be tory.
bumping into Ben Franklin
as he snoops around Inde- :he Crowds will be bumping into
pendence Hall. An impostor, ire Ben Franklin as he snoops
of course, but a dead ringer, ng around Independence Hall. An
nevertheless, for the real imposter, or course, but a dead
- Franklin. int for Franklin
in,
If the truth be told, the a
town is swarming with im- rig
postors. There are others.
John Adams for one Patrick
Henry for another — the In-
same Patrick Henry of ie-
"Give me liberty or give me on
death!" fame. xt
Besides Franklin, Adams he
and Henry, the lineup in-
cludes a host of other recog- d,
nizable characters, each ed
doing his bit to point up in-
Philadelphia as the hot spot u-
?f the Revolution. ch
As the Bicentennial kicks
into high gear, news of spe-
cial events will be spread by )st
a town crier dressed in solo- ,ti-
nial threads. George Wash - ua
ington will speak out against
the crown. Joining him will
be signers of the Declaration
of Independence: Thomas
Jefferson, John Hancock,
Samuel Adams and others.
ringer
As the Bicentennial kicks into
high gear, news of special
events will be spread by a town
crier dressed in colonial
threads. George Washington will
speak out against the crown.
Joining him will be signers of
the Declaration of Independ-
ence: Thomas Jefferson, John
Hancock, Samuel Adams and
others.
Street corners will be mobbed
by letter writers and spirited
citizens selling rhymes for pen-
nies apiece.
The centerfold for the cele-
bration will be Independence
National Historical Park, a tree -
lined setting that echoes the
ontmenta , ongress ion
words of An troduced the Declaration of
ary heroes.
vat
To prepare for Luc i,urc
am s•
crowds, Park Service employes
Adams,'
have spruced up Independence
teeltav
Hall and Carpenters' Hall where
the First Continental Congress
As th
convened Sept. 5, 1774.
of dele
At the same time, the Liberty
Second
Bell is being installed in a new
dozens
home on Independence Mall, a
lated a
block beyond Independence Hall
the bar
where millions have viewed it.
Const
In a visitor center at 3rd and
City T�
Chestnut Streets, films illustra-
waitres
ting the evolution of the 13 co-
deliveri
lonies will be screened, and ex-
of the r
hibits will outline old Phila-
On J
anticip�
delphia during the 18th Century.
A hamburger stand once occu-
among
pied the site at 7th and Market
greater
Streets where Jefferson penned
dinaril3
the Declaration of Independ-
ence. Now the old home is being
restored and history will be
be ma:
served in place of mustard and
states
relish.
up Witt
Workmen are rushing reconst-
gest fir
nevv"newss, for the real
- Franklin.
arouna maepenaence Hall. An
imposter,
t
or course, but a dead
n
ringer for Franklin.
If the truth be told, the a
As the Bicentennial kicks into
town is swarming with im- tg
postors. There are others.
high gear, news of special
John Adams for one Patrick
events will be spread by a town
Henry for another — the n-
crier dressed in colonial
threads. George Washington will
same Patrick Henry of e-
"Give me liberty or give me
speak out against the crown.
m
death!" fame.
Joining him will be signers of
Besides Kt
es Franklin, Adams
the Declaration of Independ-
le
and Henry, the lineup in-
ence: Thomas Jefferson, John
cludes a host of other recog-
Hancock, Samuel Adams and
nizable characters, each d
doing his bit to
others. Street corners will be mobbed
point up
Philadelphia as the hot spot n
by letter writers and spirited
Qf the Revolution. u-
citizens selling rhymes for pen -
As the Bicentennial kicks 'h
nies apiece.
into high gear, news of spe- a
cial events will be spread by
The centerfold for the cele-
r a town crier dressed in Colo- st
bration will be Independence
nial threads. George Wash- :i-
National Historical Park, a tree-
ington will speak out against is
lined setting that echoes the
the crown. Joining him will
be signers of the Declaration
of Independence: Thomas
Jefferson, John Hancock,
Samuel Adams and others.
Street corners will be mob -
-bod by letter writers and
" spirited citizens selling
rhymes for pennies apiece.
Turning back the clock 200
years, Philadelphia will re-
enact its role in the Ameri-
Vcan Revolution and later as
the nation's first capital.
The celebration got off to a
spirited start last fall when
more than one million vis-
itors gathered to kick off. the
Bicentennial hijinks on Olde
City Sunday. The host com-
mittee, Philadelphia '76, was
dumbfounded. It had ex-
pected only half as big a
crowd.
Earlier, Pennsylvania.
Gov. Milton J. Shapp recon-
vened the First Continental
Congress and Mayor Frank
L. Rizzo hosted the govern-
ors of the 13 original states.
!President Ford hurried
down from Washington, join-
ing everyone in a toast to the
city and a salute to the Bi-
centennial.
In Philadelphia, the cen-
'terfold for the celebration
.will be Independence Nation-
al Historical Park, a tree -
lined setting which echoes
the words of America's revo-
lutionary heroes.
To prepare for the huge
crowds, park service em-
ployes have spent months
sprucing up Independence
Hall and Carpenters' ' Hall
where the First Continental
Congress convened on Sept.
5, 1774.
At the same time, the Lib -
erty Bell is being installed in
a new home on Independ-
ence Mall, a block beyond
Independence Hall where
millions have viewed it.
Cast in England, the bell
cracked the very first time it
tolled in America. Later it
was melted and recast, only
to crack again,
The effort was repeated,
and the third time with a
charm. After this it rang out
liberty's message until
crackine a final time while
Hall and Carpenters' Hall where
the First Continental Congress As th
convened Sept. 5, 1774. of dele
At the same time, the Liberty Second
Bell is being installed ir, . a new dozens
home on Independence Mall, a lated a
--
block beyond Independence Hall the bar
_-
where millions have viewed it. Const
In a visitor center at 3rd and City Ti
Chestnut Streets, films ilIustra- waitres
ting the evolution of the 13 co- deliveri
lonies will be screened, and ex- of the r
hibits will outline old Phila- On J
delphia during the 18th Century. anticip;
A hamburger stand once occu. among
pied the site at 7th and Market greater
Streets where Jefferson penned dinarili
the Declaration of Independ-
ence. Now the old home is being Joini
restored and history will be be ma:
served in place of mustard and states ,
relish. up witl
Workmen are rushing reronst- gest fir
STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, June 27, 1915
0 ' � Birthplace — Braces for T
— America s a
the death of Chief
John Marshall.
isitor center at Third
estnut streets, films
ting the evolution of
colonies will be
d and exhibits will
old Philadelphia dur-
18th Century.
last ime I stopped by,
burger stand occupied
e at Seventh and Mar -
reets where Thomas
Be There
Jefferson penned the Declar-
ation of Independence. Now
the old home is being re-
stored and history will be
served in place of mustard
and relish.
Likewise, workmen are
rushing the reconstruction of
City Tavern, a favorite wa-
tering hole of early politi-
cians. (In the words of John
Adams, it was "the most
genteel tavern in Amer-
ica.")
As the unofficial caucus
room of delegates to the
First and Second Continental
Congresses dozens of deci-
sions were formulated as the
boys bellied up to the bar.
Once they were even joined
by Paul Revere after he'd
galloped into town bringing
news of new British skir-
mishes.
Constructed originally in
1773, City Tavern will be
staffed by waitresses in colo-
nial costume. The fair dam-
sels will deliver food and
grog typical of the revolu-
tionary period. One may
break bread with the ghosts
of early heroes and sip ale,
just as Jefferson did, before
a roaring fire.
Philadelphia was already
gaining stature as a prerev-
olutionary center when on
May 10, 1775, representatives
of the Colonies gathered at
Independence Hall for the
Second Continental Con-
gress. Tempers flared over
British oppression.
h Gears Up
intends to n
spotlight living his- words of A
tory.
Crowds will be bumping into
Ben Franklin as he snoops
around Independence Hall. An
imposter, or course, but a dead
ringer for Franklin.
As the Bicentennial kicks into
Independence and the fire-
works began.
This year and next, in ob-
servance of Philadelphia's
role as the seat of revolu-
tionary America, other fire-
works are planned. On July
4, 1976, Philadelphia antici-
pates two million visitors,
among them President Ford
— a greater crowd than the
city ordinarily gets in an en-
tire year.
Joining in the pomp and
pageantry will be march -
in , units from all 50 states
a the heavens will light up
As a result, the colonies
began preparing for war.
Word of the battles of Lex-
ington and Concord inspired
a demand for action.
A militia regiment was
formed. Congress estab-
lished the Continental Army.
Georege Washington was
named the commander of
American forces.
Then, in 1776, the Second
Continentalt4 Congress in-
troduced the Declaration of
ary heroes.
To prepare for Lim ,,,.ems
crowds, Park Service employes
have spruced up Independence
Hall and Carpenters' Hall where
the First Continental Congress
convened Sept. 5, 1774.
At the same time, the Liberty
RAI is being installed in a new
C3
.ion
neat
'M �s.
Adams:
teel tav
As th
of dele
Second
dozens
with one of the nation's big-
gest fireworks displays.
So, although the Liberty
Bell no longer tolls, it's a
ding -dong day for tourists
throughout this year and
next.
History on the half shell
will be the main course
served to those visiting the
city of freedom and broth-
erly love.
Founded by William Penn
in 1682, Philadelphia saw not
only the dawning of liberty
and the Constitution pro-
claimed, but the birth of
Grace Kelly — its most fa-
ourist Invasion
mous resident after Ben-
jamin Franklin and the sign-
ers of the Declaration of In-
dependence.
Even though she doesn't
live here anymore, Princess
Grace remains Phila-
delphia's most famous belle,
After the Liberty Bell, that
is.
Freedom will continue to
ring out from Independence
National Historical Park.
History buffs will tramp
through its buildings; nation-
al park rangers will lead
free tours.
They will walk in the
shade of 13 trees honoring
the original 13 states.
lined settin a tree-
g which echoes
the words
Constructed
1773, o
Cit
o f America's revo-
tutionary heroes,
y Tave
staffed t
b y waitres
To prepare for the huge
crowds,
nial costume. Th ,
sels will deliver
park service em-
Pl°yeS have spent
grog typical of the revolu-
tionary
prucin months
Hall up Independence
period. One may
break bread with the y
and
where the F'rsPtenters' , Hall
of early heroes and sip
just p ale,
Congress Convened Sept.
as Jefferson did, before
a roaring fire.
5, 1794, n Sept.
At the same
Philadelphia was already
gaining
time,
ertY Bell is being the Lib -'
installed
stature as a pre -rev-
olutionary center when
a new home n in
I
ence all °n ndepend-
a block beyond I
on
May 10, 1775, representatives
of the Colonies
Independence Hall
Millions have
gathered at
Independence Hall for the
Second
viewed itµhere)
Cast in England, the bell
cracked
Continental Con-
gress. Tempers flared
the very first ti me it
tolled in America.
over
British oppression.
Later it
was melted and recast, only
As a result, the colonies
Old &n Franklin WIN Be
began g preparing for war.
Word of the battles of Lex-
There
, -_ -, -,
P .
1 a e h Gears �
la B ��
By JERRY HULSE Blast
The Los Angeles Times Intends to spotlight living his -
PHILADELPHIA tory.
muskets, lads, the tourists are
coming. It's a shout that's being
heard around the world.
Having served as a focal point
for the American Revolution,
Philadelphia is bracing for a
series of major assaults during
the U.S. Bicentennial.
Philadelphia '76, the local in-
telligence agency, expects be-
tween 10 million and 40 million
men, women and children next
Year. Rumors have it that the
Queen of England is coming.
Guides are being recruited,
Police patrols are being beefed
aCernoverh the is
iti ail July -Au-
gust period next year, for which
big convention groups have re-
served rooms years in advance.
As the town that played host
to the First and Second Conti-
nental Congresses, Phladelphia
Crowds will be bumping into
Ben Franklin as he snoops
around Independence Hail. An
imposter, or course, but a dead
ringer for Franklin.
As the Bicentennial kicks into
high gear, news of special
events will be spread by a town
crier dressed in colonial
threads. George Washington will
speak out against the crown.
Joining him will be signers of
the Declaration of Independ-
ence: Thomas Jefferson, John
Hancock, Samuel Adams and
others.
Street corners will be mobbed
by letter writers and spirited
citizens selling rhymes for pen-
nies apiece.
The centerfold for the cele-
bration will be Independence
National Historical Park, a tree -
lined setting that echoes the
words of America's revolution-
ary heroes.
To prepare for the huge
crowds, Park Service employes
have spruced up Independence
Hall and Carpenters' Hall where
the First Continental Congress
convened Sept. 5, 1774.
At the same time, the Liberty
Bell is being installed ir a new
home on Independence Mall, a
block beyond Independence Hall
where millions have viewed it.
In a visitor center at 3rd and
Chestnut Streets, films illustra-
ting the evolution of the 13 co-
lonies will be screened, and ex-
hibits will outline old Phila-
delphia during the 18th Century.
A hamburger stand once occu-
pied the site at 7th and Market
Streets where Jefferson penned
the Declaration of Independ-
ence. Now the old home is being
restored and history will be
served in place of mustard and
relish.
Workmen are rushing rPronst-
ruction of City Tavern, a favor-
ite watering hole of early politi-
cians. (In the words of John
Adams, it was "the most gen-
teel tavern in America. ")
As the unofficial caucus room' ,
Of delegates to the First and
Second Continental Congresses,
dozens of decissons were formu-
lated as the boys bellied up to
the bar.
Constructed originally in 1773,
City Tavern will be staffed by
waitresses in colonial costume,
delivering food and grog typical ,
of the revolutionary period.
On July 4, 1976, Philadelphia
anticipates two million visitors,
among them President Ford, a
greater crowd than the city or-
dinarily gets in an entire year.
Joining in the pageantry will
be marching units from all 50
states and the heavens will light
UP with one of the nation's big
gest fireworks displays.
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Releases
ulm
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Coins
power. A colonial drummer is on We
back of the quarter.
All Bicentennial coins and the bronze
medal will be minted until the end;*
1976. The silver medal and matcW
proof set for the commemorative ma-
al will be limited to one per authoria
collector and must be ordered bef,
July 31.
The medal has the faces of these'30
famous Americans: Jane Adams, Sq_
san B. Anthony, Neil Armstrong, 1-
liam Clark, Thomas Edison, Alb$'t
Einstein, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Hen-
ry Ford, Benjamin Franklin, Roktt
Frost, Alexander Hamilton, Oliy ft
Wendell Holmes Jr., Thomas Jefferson,
John Paul Jones, John F. Kennel',
Martin Luther King, Robert E. Lte"
Meriwether Lewis, Abraham Lincolp,
Charles Lindbergh, John D. Rockef .4-
ler, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Balfe
Ruth, Booker T. Washington, George
Washington, Walt Whitman, Woodre v
Wilson, Orville and Wilbur Wright. -
The reverse of the medal carries i9e
first few lines of the Preamble to ire
Constitution. Gilroy Roberts, dean of
the American medallic sculptors, was
the designer.
Nationwide the Federal Reserve Sys-
tem will eventually release about 75
million Bicentennial dollars, 190 million
half - dollars, and 600 million quarters.
Government
Bicentennial
The design of a circulating U.S. coin
will be changed for the first time in the
history of the country. Beginning Mon-
day, "Bicentennial half dollars" will be
released to commercial banks in honor
of the nation's birthday.
The newly designed coins represent
the most important coinage change to
occur since the founding of the govern-
ment, said A. Grant Holman, vice pres-
ident of the Federal Reserve Bank,
Salt Lake City branch.
Later this year, two other circulating
coins will be minted with Bicentennial
designs – the quarter and a dollar.
Standard coins will continue to be min-
ted.
And one additional Bicentennial
product is coming from the Franklin
Mint in Philadelphia – a com-
memorative medal which bears 30
sculptured portraits of famous Ameri-
cans who have shaped the history, cul-
ture and progress of the nation.
The Bicentennial Medal will be avail-
able to the public, with no quantity
limitation, in the solid bronze proof edi-
tion for $25 each. Established Franklin
Mint collectors may acquire the medal
in sterling silver ($75) or a matched
bronze and silver proof set for $100.
The Bicentennial halves will have
the same face as standard half dollars,
except the date will read "1776- 1976."
The reverse side will depict Independ-
ence Hall instead of the U.S. Seal.
On the back of the dollar is the Lib.
erty Bell and Moon symbolizing the na-
tion's ascent from a colony to a world
So Monday, if someone hands you
change in coins that look a little differ-
ent, you don't have to bite them.
Bicentennial Quarter
Features Drummer Boy
WASHINGTON (UPI) – A
revolutionary drummer boy
replaces the American eagle
on the back of the Bicenten-
nial commemorative 25 -cent
piece beginning Aug. 18.
George Washington is un-
changed on the face of the
coin, which will have the
dates 1776 -1976 below the
head.
The quarter is the second
of three coins issued for the
Bicentennial. The half- dollar
was issued a month ago, and
a new version of the Eisen-
hower dollar will come out
in mid - October.
The half -dollar has Ken-
nedy's head on the front and
Philadelphia's Independence
Hall on the back. The dollar
will have Dwight D. Eisen -
hower's picture on the front
and the Liberty Bell super-
imposed on the face of the
moon on the back.
Flag Day Lasts Entire Week
In Wiscon
By TIMOTHY HARPER
WAUBEKA, Wis. (AP) — In this Sou-
theastern Wisconsin village of 200, Flag
Day means more than remembering to
hang out Old Glory in the morning and
pull it back in at night.
Flag Day in Waubeka, about 25 miles
north of Milwaukee, is so big it takes a
sin V ag
week to celebrate, complete with
speeches, color guards, drill teams,
drum and bugle corps, and a telegram
from President Ford.
Plus, of course, hundreds of Ameri-
can flags of all size and shape, with
stars numbering from 13 through 50.
Waubeka pulls out the stops for Na-
Only Minor Boise Activities to Honor Flag
It seems Flag Day in Boise will be
observed only by flags on the city
streets, a television program and a
short Boy Scout ceremony.
Though both Mayor Dick Eardley
and Gov. Cecil D. Andrus have pro-
claimed today as Faly Day, the usual
ceremony sponsored by the Boise Elks
Lodge will not be held.
The Elks sponsored a half -hour his-
tory of the flag aired on KBCI, Channel
2, Friday, and which will be aired
again on KTVB, Channel 7, Sunday at
10 a.m.
The only ceremony will be conducted
by Boy Scout Troop 12 at 8 a.m. today
in front of Garfield School. The troop is
sponsored by the Twelfth Ward, of the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter -
day Saints.
Flags on light standards in the down-
town area will be set out by the city
forestry department.
e of 200
tional Flag Week in order to bolster its
claim as the birthplace of Flag Day.
In 1877, Congress asked that flags be
flown from every public building each
June 14 to commemorate the organ-
ization of the Continental Army on that
date in 1775.
But it wasn't until 90 years ago, in
1885, that Bernard Cigrand, a 19 -year-
old teacher at the one -room Stony Hill
Schoolhouse in Waubeka, decided June
14 should officially be Flag Day.
The idea spread throughout the Mid-
west and the rest of the country and in
1914 President Woodrow Wilson pro-
claimed the first National Flag Day.
But it was not until 1949 that Con-
gress approved and President Harry S
Truman signed legislation formally
recognizing an annual Flag Day.
Flag Day is still not a national holi-
day, although Pennsylvania has cele-
brated it as such since 1937.
INEUR
0909119,
J LY
Boise, Idaho, Saturday, June 14, 1975
Patrick Henry's Blunt Speeches He
EDITOR'S NOTE — Patrick Henry
was the great orator of the American
Revolution; a frontier radical who
spoke his mind bluntly and forcefully.
He swayed Virginia toward revolution
and gave voice to the growing dissent
in America. This is another in a series
Of Bicentennial articles.
By DON McLEOD
Associated Press Writer
Patrick Henry was the voice of Revo.
lution, the man who took the thoughts
of freedom and put them into words so
compelling the American people were
willing to follow him to liberty or
death.
The thoughts were not original. Phi-
losophers had written them. The
people were thinking them. But great
ideas have a way of going unused until
someone gives them voice and puts
them into action.
Patrick Henry, who was born 238
years ago in the Virginia backwoods,
did that for the American Revolution
"He was as well suited to the times
as any man ever was," Thomas Jeffer-
son said. "And it is not now easy to say
what we should have done without Pat-
rick Henry. He was far above all in
maintaining the spirit of the Revolu-
tion."
Henry was a natural -born American
hero in the Lincoln mold. He came up
the hard way, found his politics in the
country and the people, and made the
most of what opportunity offered.
He was a free spirit raised on the
edge of civilization. He had little
schooling, mostly the tutoring of a col-
lege- educated, Scotch immigrant fa-
ther. He taught himself law and passed
the bar more by his daring than knowl-
edge.
Patrick Henry was no better at busi-
ness than Harry S. Truman. He failed
twice as a merchant and once as a
farmer. But like Truman he believed in
speaking his mind as bluntly and force-
fully as possible.
This roughhewn Demosthenes over-
powered the more timid gentlemen of
the Tidewater and persuaded Virginia
to stand up for her rights. And Virginia
became a leader in the Revolution and
the new nation.
It began in the fall of 1763 when Pat-
rick Henry stepped in as a last minute
substitute to defend local officials
being sued by an Anglican parson for
back pay.
The King had overturned a Virginia
law allowing ministers of the estab-
lished church to be paid in money, at a
deflated rate, instead of the usual pay-
ment in tobacco.
Legally it was a matter of fixing
damages. But Henry saw that a funda-
mental issue of the coming Revolution
had been joined.
Only Virginians could make such a
decision, Henry warne
rule otherwise would b
chains of bondage on th
"The gentleman hat
son," gasped the King's
But the jury believed
the parson one penny.
Henry was an overn
the spokesman for an i
Two years later they s
House of Burgesses ju
was trying to impose the
The brash freshman,
and only 9 days a mem
resolutions declaring th
nians could tax Virgin
staunchly opposed byth
servative leaders, who d
but feared Henry's appr
But Henry reminded t
was happening threaten
British as well as All
doms." It was tyranny a
posed.
eek
,100
k in order to bolster its
hplace of Flag Day.
ess asked that flags be
ry public building each
memorate the organ -
ntinental Army on that
until 90 years ago, in
and Cigrand, a 19 -year-
the one -room Stony Hill
Waubeka, decided June
ally be Flag Day.
ad throughout the Mid-
st of the country and in
Woodrow Wilson pro -
st National Flag Day.
clot until 1949 that Con -
d and President Harry Sv } �t]a �%,�]ay
ed legislation formally 1 ,(` (, l od
i annual Flag Day.
still not a national holi-
Pennsylvania has cele-
,ch since 1937. ...... ,....
OWIK
STATESMAN
44, 1975
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, September 7,1975
Speeches Helped Trigger Revolution
like Truman he believed in
s mind as bluntly and force -
;ible.
hhewn Demosthenes over -
e more timid gentlemen of
ter and persuaded Virginia
for her rights. And Virginia
Bader in the Revolution and
ion.
in the fall of 1763 when Pat -
stepped in as a last minute
to defend local officials
by an Anglican parson for
had overturned a Virginia
ng ministers of the estab-
ch to be paid in money, at a
te, instead of the usual pay -
acco.
it was a matter of fixing
Wt Henry saw that a funda-
ie of the coming Revolution
lined.
ginians could make such a
decision, Henry warned the jury. To
rule otherwise would be "to rivet the
chains of bondage on their own necks."
"The gentleman hath spoken trea-
son," gasped the King's attorney.
But the jury believed it. They gave
the parson one penny.
Henry was an overnight sensation,
the spokesman for an irritated people.
Two years later they sent him to the
House of Burgesses just as England
was trying to impose the Stamp Act.
The brash freshman, still under 30
and only 9 days a member, introduced
resolutions declaring that only Virgi-
nians could tax Virginians. He was
staunchly opposed by the colony's con-
servative leaders, who disliked the tax
but feared Henry's approach.
But Henry reminded them that what
was happening threatened "to destroy
British as well as American free-
doms." It was tyranny and must be op-
posed.
The resolutions were adopted and
circulated throughout the colonies.
They were emulated by other assem-
blies and the Stamp Act Congress.
Eventually, the Stamp Act was re-
pealed, and the crisis passed.
But Henry continued as a leader in
colonial politics. In 1774, with the port
of Boston closed and war clouds gath-
ering, he went to the First Continental
Congress in Philadelphia.
Henry knew the British wouldn't
back down and neither would the
Americans. The colonies must face the
crisis united.
"The distinctions between Virgin-
ians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers
and New Englanders are no more," he
said. "I am not a Virginian, but an
American."
Back in Virginia he urged a provi-
sional convention in Richmond to raise
a militia and prepare for inevitable
war. There was no other choice, he
said.
"There is no retreat but in submis
sion and slavery," he said. "Our chains
are forged. Their clanking may be
heard on the plains of Boston! The war, -
is inevitable — and let it come!
"Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as
to be purchased at the price of chains
and slavery?" he asked. "Forbid it, Al-
mighty God!
"I know not what course others may-
take; but as for me, give me liberty or:
give me death!"
There are detractors who say Henry-,
never spoke all those words, that they
were dreamed up by an imaginative bi-
ographer, but he must have said some
thing just as good because Virginia did
exactly what he asked. -
Eventually Henry led Virginia to in -.
dependence, but his leadership had
slipped. To old friends he had become
too timid; to old foes he was still a dan -,
gerous radical.
Battle ®f Bunker Hill RemEnacted
Amid Parking Signs, Apartments
BOSTON (UPI) — The legendary
Battle of Bunker Hill, in which Amer.
ica's ragtag army slaughtered British
soldiers until the Colonists ran out of
bullets, was re- fought Saturday amid
no parking signs and apartment
houses.
The bloody stand actually took place
on June 17, 1775, but the re- creation
was held on a weekendto accomodate
spectators and battle participants. One
re- enactment was staged on the slopes
of Breed's Hill where the battle' was
fought. A rival re -play was held about
50 minutes from Boston in West New-
bury, where historically- accurate
trenches and redoubts were laid out.
Thousands of spectators surrounded
the 22- foot -high gray stone obelisk
marking the site on Breed's Hill. In
turn, they were surrounded by hun-
dreds of vendors peddling everything
from ice cream to Bicentennial post-
ers.
Between the monument and the stat-
ue to Col. William Prescott, American
commander in the battle, the earth-
works built as the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers' first project two centuries
ago were represented Saturday by
lines of wooden sawhorses covered
with green tarpaulin.
The mock militiamen, clad in shades man ignored the event and painted his
of brown and blue period costumes, house at the edge of the battle site.
were armed with muskets and weapon
identification cards to comply with a
new stiff Massachusetts gun control
law.
A crowd estimated at 15,000 persons
was parted by police so the "British
soldiers," who paid several` hundred
dollars for their red coats, were able to
stage their assault.
They marched through the heavily
residential Charlestown section, com-
plete with no parking signs, mobile
food trucks and hawkers selling Bicen-
tennial posters.
Charles McGonagle, 35, of Charles-
town, who played the part of Prescott
and told his men, "Don't fire until you
see the whites of their eyes," said they
had done the best they could given the
current composition of the area.
"I - don't think it takes anything
away, we're just trying to show what
really happened," he said.
Cannons fired small styrofoam balls
which dropped to the grass five feet
from the barrel.
Balconies of high -rise apartment
buildings in the area were cluttered
with spectators in beach chairs. One
The actual battle took place as Brit-
ish soldiers tried to break out of a bot-
tleneck in Boston after their April set-
backs at Lexington and Concord. They
drove to capture the high ground
around Boston and move on rebel
headquarters in Cambridge.
The five -hour assault was a costly
British victory. The casualty count that
day was 1,054 British soldiers dead or
wounded. The Americans suffered 381
dead and wounded.
"I wish we could sell them another
hill at the same price," Rhode Island's
Gen. Nathaniel Greene reportedly re-
marked.
The American troops had been told
to dig in on Bunker Hill, but on arriv-
ing at night, decided to set up on adja-
cent Breed's Hill instead for tactical
reasons. The British fleet opened the
"fight with a bombardment, then landed
an estimated 2,600 troops to face 1,500
to 1,600 entrenched Americans.
In the firece battle, the disorganized
Americans ripped apart two set -piece
charges of the disciplined British
troops, before retreating in hand -to-
hand fighting when they ran out of
powder.
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with green tarpaulin. with spectators in beach chairs. One
powder.
1uu115t15OLDIERS OVERRUN COLONISTS ON THIRD TRY AT BUNKER'HILL
... historic battle re- enacted in Boston's Charlestown section
Ohio Town Welcomes Freedom Train
ARCHBOLD, Ohio (UPI) — An esti-
mated 12,000 persons swarmed into this
tiny Fulton County community in
northwestern Ohio Friday and Satur-
day to tour the American Freedom
Train in its three -day stay here, the
smallest city to host the train as it
tours the nation.
Police estimated about 9,000 persons
traveled the moving walkway through
the train Friday evening, after it offi-
cally began its stay. Saturday morning
officers reported about 3,000 persons on
hand and a 2 -3 hour wait to get a
glimpse of the train's priceless exhib-
its.
The community of 3,200 was jammed
with traffic and pedestrians with some
40,000 advance tickets sold throughout
the tri -state area.
Flags and bunting decorate streets
and homes, and fireworks were sched.
uled at 10 p.m. nightly during the
train's stay to provide a gala observ.
ance of the event, part of the nation's
bicentennial celebration.
Officials said their original estimate
of 60,000 visitors during the three -day
stay might be exceeded. The stop is the
last one in Ohio before the train moves
to Ft. Wayne, Ind.
The train previously displayed its
thousands of antiques, replicas and
souvenirs at Cincinnati, Columbus and
Cleveland.
COLONISTS FIRE THEIR MUS
... they waited un
PRACTICE SESSION FOR BICENTENNIAL ACTIVITIES IN NORTH CAROLINA
... women shouldered muskets in the Revolutionary War
They Foraged for Food, Scouted the Enemy
1775 'Libbers' Helped Wirt the War
EDITOR'S NOTE — Women's Lib
was taken for granted during the
American Revolution. But afterwards
prosperity descended, creating a class
of leisured women whose labor no long-
er was needed.
By SHELLY COHEN
Associated Press Writer
They were the army medics and the
logistics officers. They fought the Brit-
ish with muskets and with words. They
ran shops and newspapers and farms.
They were the women of the Ameri-
can Revolution. And if you think
you've come a long way, baby, take
another look at 1775.
No one really knows how many wom-
en served in or aided the ragged sol-
diers who formed the Revolutionary
army.
"There were thousands," said Linda
DePauw, associate professor of history
at George Washington University. "Of-
ficials tried to keep the ratio of Wash-
ington's Army to no more than one or
two women for every 15 men, but they
never could."
The author of the soon to be pub-
lished "Founding Mothers, Women in
the Revolutionary Era" said women
were usually responsible for foraging
for food and clothing for the troops.
A number of women, former Indian
fighters, ' served as scouts to army
units.
Molly Pitcher, who brought water to
the troops for drinking and cleaning
their cannons, "was really like Rosie
the Riveter; there were hundreds of
them, not just one," Dr. DePauw
added.
Betsy Ross, whose flag sewing ven-
ture for decades characterized the role
of women in the 1770s, may have done
more harm than good as a historical
reference.
"I get a little annoyed with the Betsy
Ross legend, because she blinded
people to those women who did exist,"
said Selma Williams, a Lexington,
Mass., historian, who added that re-
search now shows that Washington
wasn't even in Philadelphia at the time
the famed seamstress was supposed to
have presented the flag to him.
A Number of women donned men's
clothing to fight in the Revolution.
Among them was Deborah Sampson of
Massachusetts. At the age of 22 she
managed to enlist in the continental
army under the name of Timothy
Thayer, a feat made easier because so
many young, beardless boys were en-
listing at the time, Mrs. Williams ex-
plained. .
There are those women who didn't
fight with muskets, but played big
roles in the founding of the new nation.
The tools Mercy Otis Warren turned
on the British were her poems and
Ilays satirizing the British. Six women
owned colonial newspapers. Five sup -
,lorted the colonial cause and one the
British.
Ten per cent of the merchants in
Boston in the 1770s were female, ac-
cording to Mrs. Williams. And as early
as 1765 women traders in Salem,
Mass., banded together to oppose the
stamp tax.
But victory brought prosperity.
"Excess wealth opened the possi-
bility of a class of leisured women,"
Dr. Depauw said. "Working had been a
source of status and independence.
When American women became simi-
lar to European ladies, they lost the
status of when they were an integral
part of the economy."
�i
12— C
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, May 19, 1975
Pioneers Overcame Great Hardships
EDITOR'S NOTE — The foundation
of the United States really began 368
years ago last week when the first
Englishmen to found a permanent set-
tlement in the New World landed at
Jamestown, Va. Overcoming stunning
hardships, they planted the seeds of a
new nation. This is another in a series
of Bicentennial articles.
By DON McLEOD
The Associated Press
Learning to live in the wilderness
that some day would become the
.United States of America was one of
the most difficult feats ever accom-
plished by mankind.
The settlers came unprepared, ex-
pecting to find a land of milk and hon-
ey, easy living and quick wealth. They
found, instead, a bountiful land which
also could be harsh.
The fields and air were filled with
game, waters teemed with fish, the soil
was fertile. But native Englishmen
starved in the midst of plenty before
they learned to harvest this natural
bounty.
They came as gentlemen, artisans,
soldiers, even jailbirds. They were not
born pioneers. They had to learn the
art, and they learned hard. Most of
them died in the attempt.
The. group that finally made it al-
most gave up before even touching
land. Sailing northward from the Ca-
ribbean for four days without sight of
land, they would have quit but for the
reproaches of John Smith.
Then a sudden gale tossed the three
tiny ships toward destiny.
THE STALWART JOHN SMITH
... hero of the early days
in Se
It was Virginia, the promised
which the poet Drayton had
claimed "Earth's Only Paradise."
land
pro-
On the morning of May 19, 1607, the
birthday of English America, they
went ashore and began building a fort
which they named for the English
King.
It would become Jamestown, the
first permanent English settlement in
America. Four other attempts had
failed. By the time the . Pilgrims
reached Plymouth, these first colonists
would have established a dozen settle-
ments and would have increased to
1,000 souls.
But these innocent adventurers built
their new homes on a swamp. In full
summer, the heat, the hard work, the
brackish water and the skimpy diet.
brought sickness and death.
Half of them were dead by Septem-
ber. Then followed an unusually frosty.
winter. In the dead of winter 120 new
colonists, just as unprepared as the
first, arrived.
Five days later fire raced through
the thatched huts and the storehouse.
By spring only 38 of the original set-
tlers were alive. In April a new batch
of mouths to feed arrived. By fall 30
more had perished. In 18 months, half
of all the colonists were dead.
In the fall, John Smith became presi-
dent of the colony. His policy of bluster
and intimidation reduced an Indian
threat which had mounted as the na.
tives sensed the weakness of the in-
truders.
Through persuasion or force Smith
ttto
managed to secure enough Indian corn
to fend off starvation during another
bitter winter. By the spring of 1609 the
colony looked almost prosperous with
elemental industry developing and
farm fields expanding.
But in August nine ships limped into
harbor with almost 500 new and unpre.
pared settlers. They soon destroyed
most of Smith's accomplishments.
The newcomers stirred up the In.
dians. Chaffing under his discipline,
they challenged Smith's authority and
even made an attempt on his life. In
October, wounded in a gunpowder acci.
dent, he sailed for England.
With Smith gone, the Indians were
no longer afraid. The corn supply was
cut off. A party sent to barter for food
was found dead, "their mowthes stop -
ped full of breade."
Smith had left 500 colonists in James.
town. Six months later only 60 were
alive. In early June they took stock
and found provisions to last oi11y 16
days.
4TESMAN, Boise, Monday, May 19, 1975
•
)vercam--e In o Settim"g,New World
It was Virginia, the promised land
which the poet Drayton had pro-
4 claimed "Earth's Only Paradise."
THE STALWART JOHN SMITH
... hero of the early days
On the morning of May 14, 1607, the
birthday of English America, they
went ashore and began building a fort
which they named for the English
King.
It would become Jamestown, the
first permanent English settlement in
America. Four other attempts had
failed. By the time the . Pilgrims
reached Plymouth, these first colonists
would have established a dozen settle-
ments and would have increased to
1,000 souls.
But these innocent adventurers built
their new homes on a swamp. In full
summer, the heat, the hard work, the
brackish water and the skimpy diet
brought sickness and death.
Half of them were dead by Septem-
ber. Then followed an unusually frosty
winter. In the dead of winter 120 new
colonists, just as unprepared as the
first, arrived.
Five days later fire raced through
the thatched huts and the storehouse.
By spring only 38 of the original set-
tlers were alive. In April a new batch
of mouths to feed arrived. By fall 30
more had perished. In 18 months, half
of all the colonists were dead.
In the fall, John Smith became presi-
dent of the colony. His policy of bluster
and intimidation reduced an Indian
threat which had mounted as the na-
tives sensed the weakness of the in-
truders.
Through persuasion or force Smith
managed to secure enough Indian corn
to fend off starvation during another
bitter winter. By the spring of 1609 the
colony looked almost prosperous with
elemental industry developing and
farm fields expanding.
But in August nine ships limped into
harbor with almost 500 new and unpre-
pared settlers. They soon destroyed
most of Smith's accomplishments,
The newcomers stirred up the In-
dians. Chaffing under his discipline,
they challenged Smith's authority and
even made an attempt on his life. In
October, wounded in a gunpowder acci-
dent, he sailed for England.
With.Smith gone, the Indians were
no longer afraid. The corn supply was
cut off. A party sent to barter for food
was found dead, "their mowthes stop -. .
ped full of breade."
Smith had left 500 colonists in James-
town. Six months later only 60 were,
alive. In early June they took stock
and found provisions to last only 16
days.
- It was not enough for a voyage to
England, but maybe they could reach
Newfoundland and be picked up by
fishing ships. On June 10, 1610, they
abandoned Jamestown, but only brief-
ly.
At that moment, the arrival of
Thomas West, Baron de la Warr, with
300 new colonists and a year's supplies
saved the day and the future of the co-
lony.
Order was slowly restored. Indians
were cowed by English firearms. By
midsummer fields were cleared and
planted and a wine - making venture
showed promise.
The real salvation of English Amer-
ica came from discovery of a product
which grew easily in Virginia and
brought a big ;price in England -.to-
bacco.
John Rolfe discovered the secret in
1611 when he imported quality seed. He
had a crop in a year and was exporting
in,two, -
The success of these first citizens of
English America determined the fu-
ture ownership, population, language
and culture of the great bulk of the
North American continent. -
They sowed the seeds of many.Amer-
ican traditions, from the blessings of
representative . government to the
scourge of black slavery.
They made pioneering a family af-
fair and thus gave a special place to
women in American history. They .
were farmers and craftsmen who took
a living from_the. land. Less than 200
years later this would become the
United States of America.
Colonial Travel: Road to American Un,
EDITOR'S NOTE: If the American
colonies found themselves bound to-
gether by common cause, the discov-
ery was slow adawning. The reason:
By the best travel available, the major
cities were weeks apart and "no frills"
meant sharing the sheets with a trav-
eling stranger. An excerpt from the
forthcoming AP Bicentennial book,
"'76; The World Turned Upside Down."
By SID MOODY
AP Newsfeatures Writer
The overland agony of colonial travel
was a very real barrier to a physical or
metaphysical consensus in the budding
America.
Simply put, you could hardly get
from here to there.
Word of mouth or quill could travel
no faster than a horse, ferryman's
scow or captain's schooner. The high
road to nationhood was quite literally
blocked by innumerable rivers and
creeks, swamps, fallen trees, mud, foul
tides and headwinds. "Good roads,"
said one colonial American, "are like
angels' visits; few and far between."
Massachusetts was closer in outlook,
and in fact, to England than she was to
interior North Carolina. And vice ver-
sa. Home was where the hearth was
and where you stayed, unless, armed
with a desperate determination and a
cast iron stomach, you set out to brave
unknown roads and equally opaque
tavern cooking. It is an unsung mir-
acle that enough Americans survived
their rattled vertebrae and outraged
gizzards to forge the spire of a nation.
An age that watches the day's events
from all over the world before sitting
down to dinner might pause to consider
that the news of Lexington and Con-
cord, fought April 9, 1776, arrived
breathlessly in Charleston on May 8.
The Declaration of Independence
took four weeks less a day from Phila-
delphia to the same destination. When
Charleston, in turn, had some hot news
to tell after the battle of Sullivan's Is-
land, the bulletin was entrusted for
want of anyone else to Daniel `Latham,
"a very athletic young man who was
going to Philadelphia on business."
John Donne to the contrary, in colonial
America every man damn near was an
island.
Travel was such an adventure then
that almost every voyager seemed to
have written about it after his bones
stopped jangling. A Virginian wrote of
a road in winter: "I say it's not pass-
able, not even Jackassable."
Drink was about the only solace for
the colonial traveler, a shining beacon
at the end of a hard day's journey in a
crammed and malodorous wayside inn.
People wrote about inns, too.
The Marquis de Chastellux, a
Frenchman who knew America too
well to have brought his fastidiousness
over with him, noted: "Throughout
America, in private houses which also
took transients as well as in the inns
... it very commonly happens that af-
ter you have been fed, a stranger of
any condition comes into the room,
pulls off his clothes and places himself,
without ceremony, between your
sheets."
Of course, if the bed got too crowded,
the transient could adjourn back to the
bar and console himself with draughts
of Whistle -Belly Vengeance. This was a
potion made of bitter beer, sweetened
with molasses and covered with bread
crumbs, served hot.
Closer to town, conditions improved.
A wayfarer might dine on lobster stew
or Yankee oyster pie in New England;
sauerkraut, knockwurst and creamed
potato salad in the Pennsylvania Ger-
man regions; terrapin in Maryland;
ham in Virginia, and crabs in South
Carolina. The common drink was ci-
der, beer or small beer weakened with
water.
The first roads in the Colonies were
trails that simply followed where the
deer or the Indian had roamed. There
were few if any bridges, and wagon
drivers carried axes to clear fallen tim-
ber. Logs were sunk across bogs to
corduroy a path. Summer was the best
time to travel, when trails were dry
and rivers low.
Until the French and Indian War,
when east -west roads were cut into the
interior, roads mainly paralleled the
seacoast. But by the 1760s a traveler
had a choice of four roads between
Boston and New Haven and could trav-
el overland all the way to Charleston.
Nonetheless, Bostonians much per -
ferred sailing to nearby Salem rather
than fording the many streams. So did
New Yorkers prefer the 240 -mile water
route down the Jersey shore and up to
the Delaware River to an 80 -mile land
trip.
Traveling was becoming more pleas-
ant. John Singleton Copley, perhaps be-
cause he was an artist, delighted in
plodding through New England where
"you scarcely lose sight of a house." In
the South, plantation owners kept a
slave at the gates to ask any wayfarers
in for dinner. But the most colorful
highway was the Blue Ridge. It was
also called "The Bad Road."
This was the artery of the frontier, a
byway for newly arrived immigrants,
herds of sheep and cattle, tinkerers,
TRAVEL SCENE FROM 1
...tavern nearby oft
black -clad itinerant preachers on spa-
vined horses, lurching Conestoga
wagons drawn by dull -eyed oxen or
heavy - withered horses specially bred
for the job.
The huge wagons, designed and built
by Germans in the Conestoga Valley of
Pennyslvania, could haul eight or 10
tons up to 15 miles a day. Their bot-
toms were curved to the center to keep
the load from shifting, with hoops cov-
ered by home -spun to k
weather.
They rode on hubs of so
girded by iron tires half
that were hammered on w
plunged into cold water t
tire to the wheel. But
tenuous network of ruts
and crowded inn rooms cc
the growing national sensil
Besides the spoken wor
ing press was a viable fort
o American Union Was Full of Bum
Ps
TRAVEL SCENE FROM 1763 SHOWS THE BOSTON POST ROAD
...tavern nearby offered often equally rugged shelter
-clad itinerant preachers on spa- ered by home -spun to keep out the nication. By the time of the Revolution
horses, lurching Conestoga weather. 37 newspapers were being printed in
ns drawn by dull -eyed oxen or They rode on hubs of sour gum trees the Colonies. Fourteen were in New
y- withered horses specially bred girded by iron tires half an inch thick England, 13 in the Middle Colonies, in-
that were hammered on while hot,then cluding three in German in Pennsylva-
ie job. nia and 10 in the Southern Colonies.
plunged into cold water to shrink the
a huge wagons, designed and built tire to the wheel. But all of this Only Delaware and New Jersey lacked
ermans in the Conestoga Valley of tenuous network of ruts and wagons one.
yslvania, could haul eight or 10 and crowded inn rooms could not stay But newspapers, too, suffered from
up to 15 miles a day. Their bot- the growing national sensibility. the tortured and slow movement of
were curved to the center to keep Besides the spoken word, the print- men over road. Colonial news was in-
)ad from shifting, with hoops cov- ing press was .a viable form of commu- in-
creasingly exchanged as war�ap-
proached. Its freshness, necessarily,
varied.
News of Lexington and Concord was
printed in Boston the day of the battle,
in Philadelphia six days later, and in
Charleston. 20 days later.
Ponderously but as ineluctably as a
Conestoga wagon, the word spread up
and down the rutted and rocky roads
that linked the Colonies, and Ameri-
cans were beginning to choose.
iTATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, October 5, 1875
xriots o 1 o e s
Tories could be barred driving them, like herds of
from professions such as cattle, into distant prov-
teaching, law and medicine. inces, flinging them into
They could be assessed extra loathsome jails, confiscating
taxes and have their names their estates, shooting them
placed on blacklists. in swamps and woods as sus -
Loyalists were subject to petted Tories, hanging them
the very abuses which had after mock trial; and all this
driven the patriots to war — because they would not ab-
censorship of press, speech jure their rightful sovereign
and action, unreasonable and bear arms against him."
search and seizure, even
troops billeted in their
homes.
of Intolerance
[AL CUSTOMS OFFICIAL
L to be tarred and feathered
EDITOR'S NOTE — The
kmerican Revolution
brought out the best in many
Americans. It also brought
out the worst.
By DON McLEOD
Associated Press Writer
In the fall of 1775, when
liberty was blooming in
America, a company of
armed men rode into New
York, entered the print shop
of James Rivington,
smashed his presses and car-
ried away his type.
"They then faced and
wheeled to the deft and
marched out of town to the
tune of Yankee Doodle," re-
ported the Pennsylvania
Journal. "A vast concourse
of people assembled at the
Coffee House, on their leav-
ing the ground, and gave
them three very hearty
cheers."
fled England to gain free-
dom and then denied it to
dissenters in America.
These were not British sol-
diers visiting royal tyranny
on honest Americans. They
were American patriots de-
stroying the voice of the
Tory opposition.
If the Revolution was one
of America's finest hours
and called forth the best
from her people, it also was
a trying time in which the
populace struggled to sort
out its beliefs and reconcile
life with theory.
One of the lesser traits of
the American character to
emerge in the rebellion was
a harsh intolerance of any-
thing viewed as a threat. It
was a long tradition, tracing
from the time Englishmen
Two hundred years ago, on
Oct. 6, 1775, the Continental
Congress resolved to arrest
all loyalists considered dan=
gerous to "the liberties of
America."
No war had been declared r
yet, nor independence pro-
claimed. These were not for-
eign invaders. They were
Americans with a difference
of opinion. They became po-
litical prisoners, or exiles, or
worse. -
As many as 100,000 Ameri-
cans, one out of every 25,
fled to Britain or Canada
from the wrath of fellow
Americans. That's about five
times the rate of emigres
from the French Revolution.
Other Tories stayed and
endured and eventually ac-
cepted the new order.
The fundamental sin was
to be opposed to the rebel-
lion and loyal to British au-
thority. Every state passed
at least one law making this
a crime.
Test laws required citizens
to take oaths renouncing
George III and pledging alle-
giance to the revolution.
They could be suspended
from office, disfranchised,
denied the right to collect
debts, or forced to accept
payment in worthless Conti-
nental currency. They could
be forbidden to act as a
guardian or an executor, buy
or sell land, or even to will
property.
As the war progressed,
many Tories served in the
British army or loyalist mi-
litia, furnished supplies, and
acted as spies and fifth col-
umnists. This made it all the
more difficult to single out
the active enemy from the
theoretical loyalist. After
awhile most patriots stopped
making the distinction.
Sam Adams declared it
was the duty of true patriots
to "root out these pernicious
weeds." And John Adams
claimed, "I would have
hanged my own brother, had
he taken part with our
enemy."
"Why," asked George
Washington, "should persons
who are preying on the vi-
tals of this country be suf-
fered to stalk at large, whilst
we know that they will do us
every mischief in their pow-
er.
Tarring and feathering has
come to be- remembered as
something of a grand joke, a
proper humiliation for a ras-
cal but no real harm done.
If the leaders felt this way,
what was to restrain the
rank and file? Men acting in
the name of liberty were ac-
cused of "chaining men to-
gether by the dozens, and
In truth it was agonizing tor-
ture and often left the victim
maimed.
Pine tar was heated until
it ran thin and was then
poured over the naked vic-
tim from head to foot, sear-
ing, shriveling and blistering
the skin as it flowed.
Goose feathers were
sprinkled over the tarred
body for comic effect. But
sometimes the feathers were
ignited, and the burning
feathers could light the tar,
which doomed the human
being beneath.
Those Beautiffil Women of Colonial Tit
Never Suffered From Strained Brains.
By EUDORA SEYFER
Women's News Service
NEW YORK — If you think women
need liberating in the 1970s, you should
ponder the plight of colonial women in
the 1770s. There's only one conclusion:
There may still be a long way to go,
but you've come a long way, Ms.
Women have been carrying on their
own nonstop revolution ever since The
Revolution stopped.
Of course, there were two types of
women in Colonial America. There
were wealthy women who wore im-
ported silks and lived a jet- set -of -1776
sort of life. And there were poor wom-
en who were homespun and drudged
from dawn until dark in a day -to -day
struggle for survival. But all women
shared the same vision of an ideal
woman and did what they could to live
up to that vision.
Rich or poor, colonial women were
cautioned not to think deep thoughts.
The fathers of our country doggedly
believed the female brain was not as
strong as the male brain. Overuse of a
weak brain could cause insanity.
Therefore, women must not strain
their brains.
However, women were supposed to
look lovely despite their weak brains.
There were two essentials for a beau-
tiful woman: Her posture should be
soldier- straight and her skin lily- white.
To acquire these attributes, women
subjected themselves and their daugh-
ters to tortuous methods.
To make their backs grow straight,
little girls of the wealthy class were ei-
ther strapped to boards or shackled
into tin harnesses for several hours
each day. Many a colonial woman
spent long lonesome hours balancing a
book upon her head.
And the demand for stays, caushets,
corsets, jumps, gazzets and costrells
"to Make Women look strait that are
not So" kept colonial staymakers pros-
perous.
Mothers were neurotic about keeping
themselves and their daughters out of
the sun. When Dolly Madison was a
little girl, she had to wear long gloves
and a linen face mask and every
morning a sunbonnet was stitched
securely upon her head; she couldn't
remove it until evening when the
stitches were cut.
Scented waters were used to prevent
tanning, cold cream was used if there
was even a remote possibility that a
ray of sunshine might penetrate the
clouds and protective sweet powders
filmed female faces.
To emphasize the whiteness of their
skin, women purchased small black
patches which they glued to their
While the patriots of 1776
were in taverns drinking toasts
to liberty, their wives were at
home, unconcerned, upon
request, that a new nation was
being born. This is the first of
four articles on "Our Founding
Mothers."
faces.
Also important was a woman's hair.
During the early 16th century, bouffant
hairdos were in vogue. Many women
measured seven feet tali including
their hair. Minus their hairdos, the
same women would shrink to barely
five feet! To avoid crushing their hair,
women either had to kneel inside their
carriages or ride with their heads pro-
truding from the carriage windows.
Such hairdos were often arranged by
professionals, but there was a shortage
of professional hairdressers in the co-
lonies. If you think you have problems
getting a hair appointment, consider
this: Before one ball in Philadelphia,
many women had to make their ap-
pointments between four and six in the
morning!
To accomplish the bouffant look, the
hair was pulled up over large pads and
then held in place by means of a flour -
and -water paste. Occasionally, if the
hair was not opened to permit air to
circulate through it, weavils appeared
in the paste, creating an annoying
problem for the ladies.
Orange butter was also used for
dressing the hair. The recipe: Beat un-
til the thickness of butter, two gallons
of whipping cream, half a pint of or-
ange- flower -water and half a pint of
red wine.
No doubt insects swarmed about a
lady's orange - buttered head if she ven-
tured outside unprotected, but a wom-
an never went bare - headed. She wore
either a large collapsible head cover
called a calsh, which looked like some-
thing from the space -age, or a hooded
cape called a capuchin.
Fastened to a fashionable lady's bod-
ice was a stay -hook from which dan-
gled her etui. This was a curious little
box about three inches long and an
inch wide in which the well- dressed
woman carried her grooming aids: An
ear scoop with which she could remove
wax from her ears, a toothpick, a
scaler to scrape tarter from her teeth,
a tweezer to remove any stray un-
sightly hair and a tiny bottle of per-
fume. Since bathtubs were nonexistent,
ladies relied heavily upon perfume.
One of the cultivated lady's most
(Illustration from "Old Engravings and
LADIES SPENT HOURS ON THEMSELI
.. It took a long time to be beautiful
critical problems each day was to
choose which of her many fans to use.
Her fan was more than an accessory;
she used it to express her emotions.
The exercise of a fan was considered
an art.
Her hoop skirt was also important.
At the time of the Revolution, fashion
dictated that it be oblong in shape to
create fullness at the sides but a flat-
ness in front and back. Special chairs
were made to accommodate these
hoops and even staircases were built
with banisters which curved outward..
Her shoes were clumsy and uncom-
fortable. They were made to fit either
foot and ladies alternated them in or-
der to keep them pointing straight
ahead which was the fashionable look.
Although some shoes
calf, the most comfortabi
When a colonial dog die
rest in peace. His corps
confiscated by the shoe
the expression: "putting
So there you have the
our forefathers: Seven
cluding her hair which
family of weavils, her
white, an ear scoop dan
bodice, her gloved han
fan, her body corseted
she could barely bend,
and her brain empty.
Men worshipped her.
their homespun dresse
She was one of the bea
1776.
"hose Beautiffil Womeno'f TimeS
Tever Suffered From
By EUDORA SEYFER
Women's News Service
iW YORK — If you think women
liberating in the 1970s, you should
ler the plight of colonial women in
1770s. There's only one conclusion:
'e may still be a long way to go,
+ou've come a long way, Ms.
imen have been carrying on their
nonstop revolution ever since The
Ilution stopped.
course, there were two types of
en in Colonial America. There
wealthy women who wore im-
�d silks and lived a jet- set -of -1776
of life. And there were poor wom-
ho were homespun and drudged
dawn until dark in a day - to-day
;gle for survival. But all women
A the same vision of an ideal
an and did what they could to live
that vision.
:h or poor, colonial women were
oned not to think deep thoughts.
fathers of our country doggedly
red the female brain was not as
g as the male brain. Overuse of a
brain could cause insanity.
-fore, women must not strain
brains.
vever, women were supposed to
lovely despite their weak brains.
were two essentials for a beau -
woman: Her posture should be
:r- straight and her skin lily - white.
cquire these attributes, women
cted themselves and their daugh-
o tortuous methods.
make their backs grow straight,
girls of the wealthy class were ei-
strapped to boards or shackled
tin harnesses for several hours
day. Many a colonial woman
long lonesome hours balancing a
upon her head.
I the demand for stays, caushets,
S, jumps, gazzets and costrells
lake Women look strait that are
)" kept colonial staymakers pros-
hers were neurotic about keeping
.elves and their daughters out of
in. When Dolly Madison was a
;irl, she had to wear long gloves
linen face mask — and every
ng a sunbonnet was stitched
!ly upon her head; she couldn't
'e it until evening when the
!s were cut,
fled waters were used to prevent
g, cold cream was used if there
Ven a remote possibility that a
I sunshine might penetrate the
and protective sweet powders
female faces.
emphasize the whiteness of their
women purchased small black
�s which they glued to their
While the patriots of 1776
were in taverns drinking toasts
to liberty, their wives were at
home, unconcerned, upon
request, that a new nation was
being born. This is the first of
four articles on "Our Founding
Mothers."
faces.
Also important was a woman's hair.
During the early 113th century, bouffant
hairdos were in vogue. Many women
measured seven feet tall including
their hair. Minus their hairdos, the
same women would shrink to barely
five feet! To avoid crushing their hair,
women either had to kneel inside their
carriages or ride with their heads pro-
truding from the carriage windows.
Such hairdos were often arranged by
professionals, but there was a shortage
of professional hairdressers in the co-
lonies. If you think you have problems
getting a hair appointment, consider
this: Before one ball in Philadelphia,
many women had to make their ap-
pointments between four and six in the
morning!
To accomplish the bouffant look, the
hair was pulled up over large pads and
then held in place by means of a flour -
and -water paste. Occasionally, if the
hair was not opened to permit air to
circulate through it, weavils appeared
in the paste, creating an annoying
problem for the ladies.
Orange butter was also used for
dressing the hair. The recipe: Beat un-
til the thickness of butter, two gallons
of whipping cream, half a pint of or-
ange- flower -water and half a pint of
red wine.
No doubt insects swarmed about a
lady's orange - buttered head if she ven-
tured outside unprotected, but a wom-
an never went bare - headed. She wore
either a large collapsible head cover
called a calsh, which looked like some-
thing from the space -age, or a hooded
cape called a capuchin.
Fastened to a fashionable lady's bod-
ice was a stay -hook from which dan-
gled her etui. This was a curious little
box about three inches long and an
inch wide in which the well- dressed
woman carried her grooming aids: An
ear scoop with which she could remove
wax from her ears, a toothpick, a
scaler to scrape tarter from her teeth,
a tweezer to remove any stray un-
sightly hair and a tiny bottle of per-
fume. Since bathtubs were nonexistent,
ladies relied heavily upon perfume.
One of the cultivated lady's most
(Illustration from "Old Engravings and Illustrations" by Dick Sutphen).
LADIES SPENT HOURS ON THEMSELVES
.. It took a long time to be beautiful
critical problems each day was to
choose which of her many fans to use.
Her fan was more than an accessory;
she used it to express her emotions.
The exercise of a fan was considered
an art.
Her hoop skirt was also important.
At the time of the Revolution, fashion
dictated that it be oblong in shape to
create fullness at the sides but a flat-
ness in front and back. Special chairs
were made to accommodate these
hoops and even staircases were built
with banisters which curved outward..
Her shoes were clumsy and uncom-
fortable. They were made to fit either
foot and ladies alternated them in or-
der to keep them pointing straight
ahead which was the fashionable look.
Although some shoes were made of
calf, the most comfortable were of dog.
When a colonial dog died, he, did not
rest in peace. His corpse was quickly
confiscated by the shoemaker. Hence
the expression: "putting on the dog."
So there you have the dream girl of
our forefathers: Seven feet tall in-
cluding her hair which might house a
family of weavils, her face a chalky
white, an ear scoop dangling from her
bodice, her gloved hands fluttering a
fan, her body corseted and laced until
she could barely bend, her feet aching
and her brain empty.
Men worshipped her. Poor women in
their homespun dressed copied her.
She was one of the beautiful people of
1776.
The Founding Mothers: Part II
Woman's Life Not Easy in 1776
Following is the second article in a four -part
series on The Founding Mothers and what the
had to put up with while their husbands gave Ip''
birth to the Republic. iti ,,1,
By EUDORA SEYFER
Women's News Service
NEW YORK — For the average
woman in 1776, marriage was like
being sentenced to a life of hard labor
with no chance of escape or reprieve.
Her husband was a male chauvinist.
She had no equal rights, no options, no
personal identity. She lived with dan-
ger, disease and death. A modern
woman would find her life unbearable.
But she had one thing going for her:
She was important and she knew it.
There was no need to search for her
Purpose. Her purpose was survival.
Her courage glued together her family
and our new land.
By the age of 15 or 16, a girl had
learned the wifely arts and was ready
for marriage. The colonists grumbled
about the two new inventions which
threatened their young people's mor-
als: The Franklin stove made courting
too cozy and the upholstered sofa made
it too comfy. But neither was much of
a problem because courtship was brief
and young ladies were prim and prin-
cipled.
Girls who perhaps looked at their
haggard, overworked mothers and
wanted to stay single realized they had
only two choices: to marry or become
the family "thornback," the name giv-
en to old maids who did the family
spinning from dawn until dusk. They
were also known as spinsters — a title
still in use.
Marriage customs in the various co-
lonies varied, but one thing was univer-
sal: marriage was for keeps. The Ang-
lican Church refused to sanction di-
vorce. Although divorces were suppos-
edly allowed in Massachusetts and
Connecticut, they were nonexistent.
For over 100 years before the Revolu-
tion, no divorce took place in New
York where the only way to end a mar-
riage was by special act of the legisla-
ture.
Many marriages were troubled and
(Illustration from "Old Engravings and Illustrations"
by Dick Sutphen)
HER WORK WAS NEVER DONE
... she was her family's lifeline
there were numerous ads for runaway
wives in colonial newspapers.
If a wife ran home to mama, her
husband could apply to the court for an
order for her return and an injunction
against her parents for harboring her
Often, he would whip her back into
submission. In Williamsburg, it was
lawful to beat your wife. There was
only one restriction: the rod could be
no thicker than your thumb.
Occasionally, the courts assigned a
minister to settle troubled marriages.
And there was a colonial "Dear Abby."
The "Royal American Magazine" in
Boston featured a lovelorn column
called "The Directory of Love," writ-
ten by Polly Resolute. But there was
little actual help for a miserable mar-
riage.
"His children are a poor man's
wealth," the people said and women
set about multiplying that wealth at
top -notch speed. Twenty children were
not unusual. Benjamin Franklin was
one of 15, Patrick Henry was one of 19
and Sir William Phips was one of 26
children.
The resultant family trees were ob-
viously leafy: When one New England
woman died at the age of 100, "she
could count altogether 500 children,
grandchildren, great - grandchildren
and great -great grandchildren."
A widow with several children was a
prize for any man. The labor of each
child before he or she left home was
estimated to be worth 100 pounds clear
profit.
Death hovered over the colonial wom-
an like a black smog. In her tiny
herb garden, she grew the herbs that
might help: thyme for "coughs, fear-
fulness and melancholy," sweet marjo-
ram for "such as are given to sighing,"
sage for digestion, "dimness of sight
and trembling of limbs," and mint "for
the stomach."
Remedies for more serious illnesses
were unbelievably crude: A 1769 cure
for rickets: "Dip your naked child
head first into cold water in the morn-
ing. Also let blood from the child's
feet." An ointment for lameness and
rheumatism: "Put 4 live toads in boil-
ing water, cook till soft and remove.
Boil water down to one -half pint, add 1
lb. of butter and tincture of arnica."
If all else failed, an ailing person was
taken to the barber who was also the
surgeon. The pole in front of his shop
told the story. Red represented the
blood, white the bandage, and the pole
itself was to be clutched by the patient
during surgery.
The most -used medical instrument
was a little box studded with razor
blades. It was clamped down on an
arm or leg to cause bleeding.
Fire was a constant threat. It is hard
for us to realize the danger a colonial
woman faced while simply cooking the
family meals. The giant colonial fire -'
place which appears so charming
today was a death trap in 1776.
Until side ovens built at the side of
the fireplace were invented,, ovens
were located in the rear of the fire-
places. This meant that a woman had
to reach over the fire to use her oven.
Her long skirts brushed the flames and
often caught fire.
NEXT: Women's Fun
The Founding Mothers: Final Article of Series
Man Ruled Colonial Woman
Following is the fourth and final
article in a series on The Founding
Mothers and what they had to put
up with while their husbands gave
birth to the Republic.
By EUDORA SEYFER
Women's News Service
NEW YORK — Did colonial
women resent the power
men had over their lives?
Did they yearn to learn more
than "the wifely arts ?" Was
there a Betty Friedan fum-
ing behind a fluttering fan?
Or a Gloria Steinem smoul-
dering over her spinning,
wheel?
No one knows.
Women had no way to ex-
,press their innermost feel-
ings. Little girls did not go to
school with their brothers. It
is estimated that in 1776 only
25 per cent of the women
could read. Few could write.
Public speaking by a woman
was scandalous.
Only one woman is known
to have bristled under men's
domination. She was the
brilliant, exceptional Abigail
Adams, wife of President
John Adams and mother of
President John Quincy
Adams.
Abigail Adams never spent
a day of her life in school.
Her. mother believed female
education was a ridiculous
waste of time. However, her
father was a minister who
owned a number of books. In
a clandestine search for
knowledge, Abigail Adams
read and studied.
Later, while her habit-
ually- absent husband tended
to affairs of state, Abigail
Adams stayed at home to
run their rocky New Eng-
land farm. Alone, she man-
aged to feed her four chil-
dren, make their clothes,
nurse them through various
illnesses, including a small-
pox epidemic, and teach
them. She also recorded her
thoughts in a fascinating se-
quence of letters.
While her husband discov-
ered that Abigail was in-
cluding their daughter in the
lessons for their three sons,
he warned that their daugh-
ter should keep her learning
to herself lest she seem un-
womanly. Abigail Adams
paid no attention:
"If we mean to have
heroes, statesmen and phi-
losophers, we should have
learned women."
In a letter to her husband
while he was in Philadelphia
attending the Continental
Congress, she wrote:
. . in the new code of
laws which I suppose it will
be necessary for you to
make, I desire you would re-
member the ladies and be
more generous and favor-
able to them than your an-
cestors. Do not put such un-
limited power into the hands
of the husbands. Remember,
all men would be tyrants if
they could. If particular care
and attention is not paid to
the ladies, we are deter-
mined to foment a rebellion
and will not hold ourselves
bound by any laws in which
we have no voice or repre-
sentation.
"That your sex are natu-
rally tyrannical is a truth so
thoroughly established as to
admit of no dispute ... Men
of sense in all ages abhor
those customs which treat us
only as vassals of your sex."
Her words were futile.
John Adams wrote back,
"As to your extraordinary
code of laws, I cannot but
laugh."
Colonial records tell of a
few women who tried to es-
cape the feminine stereo-
type.
A small number of colonial
widows, desperate for mon-
ey, practiced minor trades,
capitalizing upon their only
skills. Newspaper ads of-
fered the services of female
milliners, dressmakers and
corseters. Some women
made ruled paper for book-
keeping and music. A few
ran Dame Schools for little
children in their homes.
Their pay: 76 cents a week.
Occasionally, inns and tav-
erns were run by women.
One such woman was Christ-
'u of uoll3 o M Z)m -II "J, suluals aud�a
u
3(• :�utAels a.te — s.ta�Cedxel ale — uouua'1 uyot P �t[ V41tl
sa ea
]i°
us — sloe dot ayl 3o autos — oml ►� e, as tiba< col
4 P •aaayl "peaps aadand alo 4C�n��p �e falc5,t es�s eX•1
ssas alepiano0 P. tl l tier easo as b ae 1t
Pa o'aotbe'1 �Cea�e.. is ma 4 \aot to
Foy aoy'Ce �f . -1 RoOlt
ina Campbell in Williams-
burg, whose establish-
ment was a favorite haunt of
George Washington.
In New York, a few Dutch
women were traders who
bargained with the Indians.
Men noted with surprise that
women had a peculiar knack
for learning the Indian lan-
guages and for driving good
bargains. But men attribut-
ed it to a peculiarity rather
than to intelligence.
If a woman undertook a
genuine intellectual pursuit,
the phenomenon was dis-
turbing to colonial men.
Jane Colden, daughter of
Dr. Cadwaller Colden of New
York, developed an avid in-
terest in science, studied
botany and busied herself
taking impressions of leaves.
Her botanical specimens
were notable, but men con-
sidered Jane herself a
curious specimen. She was
endangering her weak brain.
The Revolution inspired a
few women to make their
voices heard politically. In
1774, a group of patriotic
women in North Carolina
banded together and agreed
to drink only a tea made
from raspberry leaves rath-
er than imported tea "until
such time that all Acts
which tend to enslave our
Native Country shall be re-
pealed.
Other women burned their
made - in - England print
dresses.
One outstanding American
patriot, Mercy Otis Warren,
wrote two satirical plays
about British rule and later
authored a history of the
revolution.
There was also a Connecti-
DEFYING COLONIAL OPINION
... books were considered unwomanly
cut woman named Sibyl Lu-
dington who, on April 26,
1777, galloped on a horse for
30 hours to warn settlers
that the British were burn-
ing Danbury and calling all
men to muster.
The result: a British re-
treat.
But these women were ex-
ceptions. Most,women sim-
ply stayed at home and ac-
cepted their lot silently.
One small amusing fact,
however, keeps turning up in
the writing of the period:
Many colonial women used
tobacco — secretly.
The use of tobacco by men
was respectable and gen-
teel; by women, it was in-
decent and shocking.
As colonial ladies secretly
sniffed their snuff, were they
silently protesting the male -
female double standard? As
they puffed on their clay
pipes, were they dreaming
smoke - dreams of a day
when little girls would be
allowed to go to school with
their brothers?
No one knows.
inere a tietty Friedan fum-
ing behind a fluttering fan?
Or a Gloria Steinem smoul-
dering over her spinning,
wheel?
No one knows.
Women had no way to ex-
press their innermost feel-
ings. Little girls did not go to
school with their brothers. It
is estimated that in 1776 only
25 per cent of the women
could read. Few could write.
Public speaking by a woman
was scandalous.
Only one woman is known
to have bristled under men's
domination. She was the
brilliant, exceptional Abigail
Adams, wife of President
John Adams and mother of
President John Quincy
illnesses, including a small-
pox epidemic, and teach
them. She also recorded her
thoughts in a fascinating se-
quence of letters.
While her husband discov-
ered that Abigail was in-
cluding their daughter in the
lessons for their three sons,
he warned that their daugh-
ter should keep her learning
to herself lest she seem un-
womanly. Abigail Adams
paid no attention:
"If we mean to have
heroes, statesmen and phi-
losophers, we should have
learned women."
In a letter to her husband
while he was in Philadelphia
attending the Continental
Congress, she wrote:
racy tyrannical is a trutn w
thoroughly established as to
admit of no dispute ... Men
of sense in all ages abhor
those customs which treat us
only as vassals of your sex."
Her words were futile.
John Adams wrote back,
"As to your extraordinary
code of laws, I cannot but
laugh."
Colonial records tell of a
few women who tried to es-
cape the feminine stereo-
type.
A small number of colonial
widows, desperate for mon-
ey, practiced minor trades,
capitalizing upon their only
skills. Newspaper ads of-
fered the services of female
milliners, dressma'
corseters. So- THE ID
ed it to a peculiarity rather
than to intelligence.
If a woman undertook a
genuine intellectual pursuit,
the phenomenon was dis-
turbing to colonial men.
Jane Colden, daughter of
Dr. Cadwaller Colden of New
York, developed an avid in-
terest in science, studied
botany and busied herself
taking impressions of leaves.
Her botanical specimens
were notable, but men con-
sidered Jane herself a
curious specimen. She was
endangering her weak brain.
The Revolution inspired a
few women to make their
voices heard politically. In
1774, a group of patriotic
__- 11 -1ina
AHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sun
DEFYING COLONIAL OPINION
... books were considered unwomanly
cut woman named Sibyl Lu-
dington who, on April 26,
1777, galloped on a horse for
30 hours to warn settlers
that the British were burn-
ing Danbury and calling all
men to muster.
The result: a British re-
treat.
But these women were ex-
SIM-
day, July 4, 1976 _
Historic Fashions Filled Social Needs
NEW YORK (UPI) — In 1776 in
England, it is said the belief still pre-
vailed that a man proved he was a
gentleman by not paying his tailor
bill. In America, the colonists, ang-
ered by taxes and other abomina-
tions, were coming to the belief that
there were no gentlemen in Eng-
land.
When the Revolutionary War start-
ed, the dress of the average busi-
nessman, professional and politician
reflected that of England and Eu-
rope — broadcloths and fine woolens,
often •brightened by brocaded waist-
coats.
For evening and formal occasions,
men still wore silks. Red coats were
out; britches were in. So were
knobby knees and bowlegs.
The first really all- American look
evolved from the life of the pioneers
and frontiersmen moving west in the
spirit of Manifest Destiny.
In the 1820s, while Americans be-
gan adopting the lands of the In-
dians, they were also busy adopting
their clothes. Fringed buckskins be-
came the uniform of the day. Mean-
while, back East, Andrew Jackson —
"Old Hickory" — became the first
man in the White House to switch
from britches to long pants.
In the ante- bellum days of the Old
South, new highs were set in Ameri-
can fashion. Reflecting the gracious
mode of living and the vaunted
"Southern Hospitality," gentlemen
went courting in suits and formal
wear distinguished by their quality,
cut and fabric.
Several years later, the same gen-
tlemen went to war in gray coats,
but it would be a long time before
you looked for the union label in the
collar.
The turn of the century — a stiff,
formalized era — was reflected by
stiff, formalized men in long suit
jackets and derbies. Everyone who
counted wore starched collars and
high- button shoes. Professional men
wore even more formal "Prince Al-
berts" and cutaways.
After World War I, American men
were ready for a change of pace.
The Roaring 20s saw the masses
take to the "jazz suit" — high -
waisted, close - fitting and with a
flare to the coat skirt, sleeves and
pants. For the first time, Hollywood
began to exert an influence on men's
fashions.
In the 1930s, designers looked
again to Europe, where the Prince
of Wales cavorted in his famous
"plus fours." Knickers, extending
four inches below the knees, became
"the thing" for golf as well as casual
wear.
America went to war again, and a
new period of drabness was ushered
in. Then, perhaps in an overreaction
to the end of hostilities, men began
buying gaudy Hawaiian print shirts
and Bermuda shorts. Even Harry
Truman wore them. Some critics
suggest that a sunburn and array of
cameras came with the outfit, but at
any rate it is conceded that the fash-
ion moguls had created the arch-
etypal American tourist.
In the 1950s, it was strictly "Ivy
League," even with men who never
saw the inside of a college. Sport
coats were natural shouldered, un-
derstated and slim in line. Button-
Many colonial women used
tobacco — secretly.
The use of tobacco by men
was respectable and gen-
teel; by women, it was in-
decent and shocking.
As colonial ladies secretly
sniffed their snuff, were they
silently protesting the male -
female double standard? As
they puffed on their clay
pipes, were they dreaming
yams of a day
.le girls would be
D go to school with
hers?
knows.
down shirts, narrow ties and "pen-
ny" loafers completed the look.
Then came the 1960s and Ameri-
can youth began to rebel against ev-
erything. Jeans and long hair were
all part of the bizarre uniform.
Jeans, of course, have survived. In
fact, in many cases they have be-
come high fashion.
Perhaps because of the Bicenten-
nial, or perhaps in honor of it, Amer-
ican men are now dressing up again.
At any rate, vests are "de rigeur."
In tailored clothing, men can choose
from three basic looks — the Eu-
ropean with its stylish cut and rope
shoulders, the less emphatic but still
stylish American clothing, and an
updated version of the Ivy League
suit.
Colonists
Put Style
In Living
By VIVIAN BROWN
Assodi't ldress
In 1$76 we should try to recapture
some of the spirit of 1776 in our
home living, in the opinion of archi-
tect Roger Rasbach.
American colonists had homes
that were warmer, more durable
and better planned than the average
home of today. The evidence is there
in the buildings still standing that
are just as comfortable now as theyy
were then, he points out in ,'TIf�
Provident Planner," a blueprint for
homes and communities. It includes
plans for 10 solar houses and for a
village for 2,500 people.
Rasbach blames architects, fasb-
ion designers and shoddy builders
for cloaking Americans in a mantle
of conformity and imbuing them
with a throw -away psychology.
In returning to self - reliance, com-
mon sense and harmony of living,
traits of early Americans, our spirits
would be revived, he maintains.
"Architecture can be a spiritual
form that imparts a character to
which a human being responds —
sensitive, warm, flexible, inviting,
comfortable, in tune with natural
surroundings — or it can be cold,
austere, calculating, forboding, slick
and static ..." he said.
Hominess, early American style,
was characterized by "a lack of pre-
tense and cosmetic artifice" and
there was a sense of individuality in
American artichectural style that
was born from a need to use local
cultural styles and resources.
With our home lives returning to
many practices enjoyed by the co-
lonists — growing vegetables, home
crafts and all the rest — modern
women might enjoy a household
room sketched in Rasbach's book,
incorporating as it does many fea-
tures used by the colonists and up-
dated for modern use.
It meets the needs of bulk storage,
provides accommodation for can-
ning, preserving, herb and flower
drying, freezer preparation, game
cleaning, package wrapping, sewing,
creative crafts, ironing and washing.
The room resembles a big, old -
fashioned kitchen with its range, re-
frigerator, drying unit for foods,
racks on 'the' ceiling for drying herbs
and flowers, storage above closets
for baskets and the like, a dual pan -
try for jars and cans.
With better planned storage space,
bulk shopping could be done, he
says. We might go back to making
seasonal purchases of foods.
would be revived, he maintains.
"Architecture can be a spiritual
form that imparts a character to
which a human being responds —
sensitive, warm, flexible, inviting,
comfortable, in tune with natural
surroundings — or it can be cold,
austere, calculating, forboding, slick
and static ..." he said.
Hominess, early American style,
was characterized by "a lack of pre-
tense and cosmetic artifice" and
there was a sense of individuality in
American artichectural style that
was born from a need to use local
cultural styles and resources.
With our home lives returning to
many practices enjoyed by the co-
lonists — growing vegetables, home
crafts and all the rest — modern
women might enjoy a household
room sketched in Rasbach's book,
incorporating as it does many fea-
tures used by the colonists and up-
dated for modern use.
It meets the needs of bulk storage,
provides accommodation for can-
ning, preserving, herb and flower
drying, freezer preparation, game
cleaning, package wrapping, sewing,
creative crafts, ironing and washing.
The room resembles a big, old-,
fashioned kitchen with its range, re-
frigerator, drying unit for foods,
racks on the ceiling for drying herbs
and flowers, storage above closets
for baskets and the like, a dual pan-
try for jars and cans.
With better planned storage space,
bulk shopping could be done, he
says. We might go back to making
seasonal purchases of foods.
There is a good sketch for an easy -
to -build root cellar where garden
vegetables could be stored for a long
while.
in recycling our homes we should
keep the best ideas of the old and ac-
quire the best of the new, in his opin-
ion.
For example, we might adopt win-
dow screens for their cross-ventila-
tion, cool breezes and to keep out in-
sects. To lower electric bills there
are ceiling fans that can provide air.
conditioning and attic fans that can
distribute breezes. Shutters can keep,,,,
out heat and permit air to enter.
Insulated glass is more practical
than other glass, he reminds us. And
he considers kitchen hardwood coun-
tertops a better investment than dis-
posable kinds. White paint trims can
be costly. And cheap kitchen appli-
ances invite repair bills. High quali- ,
ty, lowest energy replacements
might be used.
Tile floors are more lasting than
synthetic flooring though the more
disposable cushion vinyls are easier
on legs and veins, he says. And he
likes washable wall coverings in
kitchens and pre- finished hardwood
floors that can be used with area
rugs instead of carpets.
There are water - saving devices for
lavatory faucets, shower heads and
toilet valves, he suggests, and every
house should have a fire detection
system with two escape plans. Kitch-
ens should be equipped with fire ex-
tinguishers.
Space planning and cultivating a
new consciousness in gatoening are
also discussed in the book. One chap-
ter compares furniture now and then
and gives advice in choosing durable
furnishings.
IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, May 4, 1975 0
' Revolutwn
' Dunna • e t Est e
EDITOR'S NOTE: As the Revolu-
tionary War was beginning in New
England, Daniel Boone was blazing the
Wilderness R,"4, opening the coastal
colonies to the great American interi-
or. These hardy pioneers defended the
Pest during tnWar and held it for the
ww United States. They also contribu-
ed to the traditions of the new nation
eing molded. This is another in a
eries of Bicentennial articles.
D CHAPPEL'S DANIEL BOONE
azing trail when war broke out
By DON McLEOD
Associated Press Writer
most of their time staking out land
claims to the total neglect of their mis-
sion and their safety. Henderson's men
promptly did the same.
Pioneers were not altogether the
noble figures of legend. Henderson
called his "a set of scoundrels who
scarcely believe in God or fear a devil
if we were to judge from most of their
looks, words and actions."
While Massachusetts minutemen
were firing the opening guns of the
American Revolution, Daniel Boone
and 30 hardy axmen were cutting the
Wilderness Road opening the great
American interior.
"Every heart abounded with joy and
excitement in anticipating the new
things we should see and the romantic
scenes though which we must pass,"
exulted Felix Walker. "And, exclusive
of the novelty of the journey, the ad-
vantages and accumulations ensuing
on the settlement of a new country
were a dazzling object with many of
our company."
Starting March 10, 1775, from what is
now the upper eastern corner of Ten-
nessee, Boone's trailblazers cut their
way through the Cumberland Gap in
defiance of British policy, which at-
tempted to close the western wilder-
ness to the American colonists. Once
through the Appalachians, they fol-
lowed old Indian paths and buffalo
trails, sometimes hacking their way
through solid brush.
Land was to the English settler of
America what gold was to the Spanish
or beaver pelts to the French. It was
what had brought most of them to the
new country and kept them ever shift-
ing in search of more and better land.
It was their guiding passion.
But when at last "everybody seemed
well satisfied," the Kentuckians did
what all American pioneers must.
They built fortifications, cleared land,
planted a crop and formed a govern-
ment.
On May 20 elections were held for a
provisional government, illegal from
the British viewpoint. Boone was one
of six representatives chosen from
Boonesborough.
"That we have an absolute right, as
a political body, without giving um-
brage to Great Britain, or any of the
colonies, to frame rules for the govern-
ment of our little society, cannot be
doubted by any sensible, unbiased
mind," they declared a full year ahead
of Thomas Jefferson.
As dawn broke on March 25 Indians
attacked, killing two of Boone's men.
But pressing on, they reached the Ken-
tucky River in early April and hastily
threw up shelter. The site became the
fabled Boonesborough.
Their sponsor, Judge Richard Hen-
derson, arrived with supplies and a
larger party on April 20, the day Mas-
sachusetts minutemen were throwing
up the siege of Boston.
Although Boone's party had been
there four weeks, Henderson found
only a few rude cabins at
Boonesborough. The men had spent
F the most part
could give little help. or
the West was on its own against Brit-
ish -led Indians.
But these pioneers held the western
flank and saved the West for the new
nation that was forming.
Meanwhile, they did much more. The
frontier probably was the most impor-
tant single influence in molding Amer-
ica into what it was at the founding
and in years to come.
The first thing that faced new Ameri-
cans, ever since the 16th century, was
the wilderness, and from the minute
they stepped into it, the European in-
stitutions they brought with them be-
gan to break down, and new rules and
customs were forged.
There was variety in this American-
ization. Different settlers brought dif-
ferent cultures and habits and ham-
mered them into new ways in differing
circumstances across the varied geog-
raphy of the new land.
But some things came out the same.
The new American character was
practical, direct, immediate. It was
born of necessity, not theory, when the
answer meant life or death and to
delay was to perish.
The Spanish conquistadors had found
wealth in another kind of America,
where gold was for the taking and the
natives docile. They failed miserably in
the land that was to become the United
States, except for lonely missions and
defensive stations dependent on life-
lines to the mother country.
With the settlement secure, Boone
went back across the mountains and
returned in late August with his fami-
ly, boasting of "my wife and daughter
being the first white women that ever
stood on the banks of the Kentucky
River."
This was what made the English set-
tlers of America different. It was a
family affair. The new land was not a
place from which to snatch up gold and
run. It was home. They would live
there, and they would die there.
Many of them died. The frontier,
from the Mohawk Valley to Caintuck,
was the cruelest battleground of the
Revolution. The Continental Army
in time they learned to cope and coping
made them Americans. In 1609 John
Smith told the people at Jamestown
that those who didn't work wouldn't
eat and began a leveling process which
had Thomas Jefferson declaring in 1776
that all men are created equal.
Defense was mandatory on the fron-
tier. Every boy over 12 shouldered a
gun and did his share in feeding and
protecting the settlement. There was
no army for protection, so they learned
to band together at a minute's notice
when danger came.
They had been doing this for three
centuries before Paul Revere called
them out to fight the British.
With official government too far
away to help, they made their own.
The first legislative assembly in Amer-
ica met in Jamestown in 1619. The Pil-
grims had their compact, and Daniel
Boone had his Transylvania Conven-
tion.
Democracy was not their objective,
merely organization for survival. But
once they tried self government, they
would not let it go.
Americans learned other things from
the wilderness — self reliance, in-
ventiveness, tolerance, a willingness to
help each other when none could stand
alone. They valued simple virtues and
simple entertainments.
The first English attempts at this
rugged land also failed. Sir Walter
Raleigh planted three colonies; two
turned back and the third vanished.
The Plymouth Company, 13 years
ahead of the Pilgrims, planted a group
on the Kenebec which fled back to
England after an "extreme unseaso-
nable and frosty" winter.
Later settlers learned that if they
were to make it in this kind of Amer-
ica, they would have to become part of
it. They must be self sufficient. They
must wrestle a living from the land.
At first the people of English Amer-
ica starved in the midst of plenty. But
But a hard life made hard men, too.
From generations of living within
quick reach of musket or rifle, they
were suspicious people. Having learned
their own interests the hard way, they
were extremely provincial. They were
obsessed with land fever and harshly
cruel to the Indians who stood in their
way.
They raped the land, bleeding it and
leaving it, ever moving, ever pushing
the frontier further and further west as
if there were no end — until at last it
ended.
The frontier offered escape from a
depressed and crowded Europe and
then a crowded America. The British
tried to stop it in 1763 by sealing the
frontier at the Appalachian ridges, and
this was one of the big reasons for the
Revolution.
STATUE OF JEFFERSON dominates memorial to him in Wash-
ington, D.C. Thomas Jefferson Memorial is one of the many
sites visitors are flocking to see in nation's capital during
Bicentennial year.
Jefferson influenced
American History
No one man is more
closely associated with the
Declaration of Independ-
ence than Thomas Jeffer-
son, its initial author.
A Virginian by birth and
American by conviction,
Jefferson is considered one
of the great liberals of
modern times. Certainly
the ideas set forth in his
Declaration — the equality
of men, the rights of the
individual — were progres-
sive for the times.
Although Congress made
some changes in Jefferson's-
draft of the Declaration, it.
is basically his document.
And it is to him that we
this Bicentennial year. Lo-
cated on the south banks
of Washington's Tidal Ba-
sin, it faces east along the
Mall to the Capitol. Here,
within a circular colonnad-
ed structure, stands a mag-
nificent statue of Jefferson,
surrounded by inscriptions
based upon his writings.
Inspiring phrases from
the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, the Virginia
Statute for Religious Free-
dom, and other writings
of Jefferson, convey the
greatness of thought of
this American to all who
gaze upon his memorial.
Inscribed above the
PRESIDENT FORD ACCEPTS GIFT FROM LDS
... Spencer W. Kimball made the presentation
Mormons Give
Ford'Statuette
WASHINGTON (AP) — The
resident of the Church of Jesus
;hrist of Latter -Day Saints
resented President Ford with a
tatuette Friday as a Bicenten-
ial gift to the nation from the
4ormons.
The statuette is a replica of a
tatue erected three years ago at
4ormon leader Brigham Young's
rave in Salt Lake City.
The work of sculptor of Edward
Fraughton, it depicts a pioneer
amily of a man, woman and
hild looking to the future upon
rrival in Salt Lake Valley in
847.
The statuette was presented by
:hurch President 'Spencer W.
Cimball, who said the gift also
represents "the home and t
family that are so dear to all
us."
Ford responded by saying it.
"symbolic of the many peol
who crossed this country a
turned Utah into a garden spot
the United States and of t
world."
Ford shook hands with a
signed autographs for about
Mormon children frorn the Wa:
ington area who attended the c
emony on the White Hot
grounds.
The President and Mrs. F(
will attend, with Kimball on S
urday night, a performance of 1
Mormon Tabernacle Choir at 1
Kennedy Center.
STATUE OF
r- JEFFERSON JJffe son dominates lone oIf the many
ington, D� ation's capital during
sites visitors are flocking to see in n
Bicentennial year.
Jefferson influenced
American History
No one man is more
closely associated with the
Declaration of Indep B-
ence than Thomas Jeffer-
son, its initial author.
A Virginian by birth and
American by conviction,
Jefferson is considered liUer one of
of the g
modern times. Certainly
the ideas set forth in his
Declaration — the equality
of men, the rights of the
individual — were progres-
sive for the times.
Although Congress made
some changes in Jefferson's
draft of the Declaration, it
this Bicentennial year. Lo-
cated on the south banks
of Washington's Tidal Ba-
sin, it faces east along the
Mall to the Capitol. Here,
within a circular colonnad-
ed structure, stands a n
,
nificent statue of Jefferson,
surrounded by inscriptions
based upon his writings.
Inspiring phrases from
the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, the Virginia
Statute for Religious Free-
dom, and other writings
Of Jefferson, convey the
greatness of thought of
this American to all who
gaze upon his memorial.
is basically his document.
And it is to him that we,
owe the immortal phrases,
"we bold these truths to
be self- evident; that all
men are created equal; that
they are endowed by
creator with certain una-
lienable rights, that among
these are life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness.
PRESIDENT FORD ACCEV1 presentation
Spencer W • Kimball made the p
•
Gave
Anormons
Fo rd is ta t e tte
WASHINGTON (AP) — The
resident of the Church of Saints
,hrist of Latter Day
resented President ao d with
t s-
tatuette Friday as
ial gift to the nation from the
lorrnons.
The statuette i a replica of a
s
tatue erected three years ago at
lormon leader Brigham Young's
rave in Salt Lake City.
The work of sculptor of Edon eer
Fraughton, it depicts a p
amily of a man., woman and
hild looking to the future upon
.rrival in Salt Lake Valley in
847. resented by
The statuette wasp enter W•
,hurch d
r,imb all, who said the gift 8110
Inscribed above the
columns of this imposing
structure are Jefferson's
immortal words, "I have
sworn upon the altar of
God eternal hostility
against every form of tyr-
anny over the mind of
man."
Lawyer, patriot, gover-
nd president, Jeffer-
In addition to authoring
this noble document, Jef-
ferson was, of course,
our third president. Once
again, he would change
the course of our history,
this time with the Louisi-
ana Purchase, which open-
ed up new frontiers to a
young nation.
Jefferson's influence on
American history is im-
measurable and it is only
appropriate that one of
our greatest monuments is
dedicated to his memory.
The Thomas Jefferson
Memorial in Washington,
D.C. is one of the most im-
pressive sights for visitors
nor, a
son was all of these, and
snore. But in writing his
epitaph, Jefferson himself
indicated how he wished
to be remembered by pos-
terity: "Here was buried
Thomas Jefferson, author
of the Declaration of Amer-
ican Independence ..
He died July 4, 1826, on
the 50th anniversary of the
document that has immor-
talized hitn to America and
to the world,
The God who gave us life,
gave us liberty at the
same time.
Thomas 1 e$erson
represents "the home and the
family that are so dear to all of
us.' it is
Ford responded by saying
"symbolic of the many people
who crossed this country ot spot d
turned Utah into a garden Of
the United states and of the
world."
Ford shook a hhs d or with
bout 50
signed autographs
Mormon children from the Wash-
ington area who attended e thieiour
emony on the
grounds.
The President and Mrs. Ford
will attend, with Kimball on Sat-
urday night, a performance of the
Mormon Tabernacle Choir at the
Kennedy Center.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, August 3, 1975
U, S. Birthday Flo'l,ver Cake Grows in Florida
Several thousand feet of plywood, timbers and
boards, sphagnum moss, chick wire, as well as
145 pounds of nails, paint, pipe sprinklers and fi-
berglass went into this Bicentennial flower cake
created for the Cypress Gardens in Florida. Grow-
ing on the "frosting" of the cake are 4000 ferns
and 3000 flowering plants, including pink and
white begonias, bromeliads, impatiens, roses and
vincas. "Bakers" of the garden cake were an art-
ist, three carpenters, a fiberglass technician and
an irrigation expert. The bottom tier features 13
candles in honor of the 13 original candles; the
second tier has nine candles in memory of the
nine major armed conflicts the country has
fought since its beginning and the top layer has
four candles in memory of the four assassinated
presidents, Lincoln, McKinley, Garfield and Ken-
nedy.
Bicentennial A
Garde.
By EARL ARO
AP Newsfeat
What flowers and veg
the gardens at the til
States was born? Perhz
Bicentennial you'll wan
of them in your home
planting.
Sleepy Hollow Reston
lower Hudson River in I
have reproduced the 18
den pattern of the Rev,
od of Van Cortlandt M,
properties, Philipsburg
thor Washington Irving'
side.
When spring warmed
tulips spread their bloo
landt in Croton -on -I
were hyacinths as well
tage -type tulips includ
cated to be more than 2
When the tulips faded
gardeners replaced the:
— zinnia, balsam, amar
STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, August 3, 1975
M
Bicentennial Planting Guide
Gardens of 1776 Bloom Again
By EARL ARONSON
AP Newsfeatures
What flowers and vegetables grew in
the gardens at the time the United
States was born? Perhaps for the 1976
Bicentennial you'll want to raise some
of them in your home or community
planting.
Sleepy Hollow Restorations along the
lower Hudson River in New York state
have reproduced the 18th century gar-
den pattern of the Revolutionary peri-
od of Van Cortlandt Manor and sister
properties, Philipsburg Manor and au-
thor Washington Irving's home, Sunny -
side.
When spring warmed the earth, 6,000
tulips spread their bloom at Van Cort-
landt in Croton -on- Hudson. There
were hyacinths as well. The nine Cot-
tage -type tulips include two authenti-
cated to be more than 200 years old.
When the tulips faded, Van Cortlandt
gardeners replaced them with annuals
— zinnia, balsam, amaranth, marigolds
and bachelor buttons. Such replace-
ment, we are told, has been common
horticultural practice for centuries.
The 44 perennials, 1,300 plants, in-
clude Chinese pink, baby's breath,
common yarrow and spiked speedwell.
There should be good flowering right
up to frost, says Robert W. Doherty, di-
rector of buildings and grounds.
Just below the flower border is the
Van Cortlandt kitchen garden, planted
with 14 vegetables used in colonial
days: pole beans, white marrow fat
beans, leeks, cucumbers, carrots and
beets.
An herb garden nearby has basil,
tansy, chives, rosemary, thyme and
mint. Espalier apple and pear trees,
grown on a trellis in the shape of a
candelabrum, grow on a 31/Z -foot ma-
sonry retaining wall.
"This," Dohery says, "is an old way
of pruning and training fruit trees that
is both decorative and productive."
Peach, quince, Damson plum,
cherry, apple and pear, in conventional
form, grow nearby.
Dohery said the fruit, vegetables and
herbs are used in the Van Cortlandt in-
terpretive program for cooking and
preserving.
At Philipsburg, in North Tarrytown,
there is emphasis on food and fiber,
thanks to the restored grist mill of the
early 1700s. Field crops, as well as
herbs and vegetables were and are
grown at Philipsburg. All were vital to
survival of the early Duch settlers.
In the early 1700s, the herb garden
was set just outside the two -story Man-
or House, part of which dates to the
1680s. It was of precise geometric
form, 35 feet square, and had southern
wood, hyssop, parsley and chives
among its crops.
Close at hand is a 50x80 foot kitchen
garden with beans, pickling -type cu-
cumbers, cabbage, beets, carrots, kid-
ney beans, onions, parsnips and tur-
nips. A fence made of stacked logs held
firm by four - foot -tall posts on either
side surrounds the garden.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Wednesday, August 27, 1975
Hands Across America
Residents of Rosemont, Ill., a suburb of Chicago, izers hope to convince Americans across the na-
Tuesday joined hands in a practice run of what tion to link hands at a given time, yet to be set,
they hope to develop into a coast -to -coast cele- and form an unbroken chain from Atlantic to Pa-
bration of the U.S. Bicentennial next year. Organ- cific. (AP Photo)
Oil
lk
Aw
• f
r Y
t.
4
At Disney marks and
Around the Y
Countr
kit
The Bicentennial Gets
Rolling a Year Early!"
Special4rovel Report
075 A Big Bicentennial
Year, Too!
AMILY WEEKLY and the
U.S. Bicentennial Office of
the National Parks Com-
mission put their heads to-
gether to come up with a trav-
elers' guide to some of the most
important and interesting Bi-
centennial-related events for
this "pre - Bicentennial" year.
Our conclusion: 1975 is per-
haps as big a year for celebrat-
ing 200th birthdays as 1976
will be. See if you don't agree.
The first major event of the
nationwide celebration, and cer-
tainly among the most historic,
is the 200th anniversary of
the Battle of Lexington and
Concord in Massachusetts.
The "shot heard around the
world" was fired on April 19,
Redcoats and patriots will march
again in many Park Service liv-
ing- history demonstrations.
G
irthm
on a Greyhound vacation.
This is the year to get in touch with all the
fun, all the beauty, all the history America
has to offer.
So join a friendly group on one of our
exciting, pre - Bicentennial escorted tours.
Where would you like to go in America,
Canada, even Mexico? We'll take care of
everything to make your vacation more
special, more memorable than ever before.
Hotels, sightseeing, some meals.
Enjoy an escort to handle all the details.
Hotels. Luggage. A hundred and one
things to make your vacation nice, easy,
and worry -free.
So really get in touch with America this
year. Plan a Greyhound Escorted Tour.
Ask your travel agent or us.
Vacations everywhere —for example:
❑ Alaska
❑ Mexico
❑ Black Hills
❑ Niagara Falls
❑ California
❑ Nova Scotia
❑ Canadian Rockies,
❑ Ozarks
Glacier Park
❑ Pacific Northwest
❑ Colorado
❑ Sunny Southwest
❑ Eastern Canada
❑ Utah Parks
❑ Florida
❑ Walt Disney World
❑ Great Eastern Cities
❑ Yellowstone,
❑ Great Lakes Country
Grand Tetons
Preview Bicentennial Tours
❑ Colonial Virginia ❑ New England
❑ Original Colonies —
Freedom Trail Parlor Car Tours
Three of our best -known patriots
will lead the Bicentennial tribute
in the two Disney parks.
HOW THE FOLKS
AT DISNEY
ARE CELEBRATING
OUR BIRTHDAY
A Bicentennial celebration
would not be complete without
two of America's favorite char-
acters— Mickey Mouse and
Donald Duck. Along with side-
kick Goofy, they will star in a
spectacular salute to America's
history, "America on Parade."
This colorful and almost con-
tinuous procession will debut
this June at both Disneyland
and Walt Disney World, and
will be staged daily at both lo-
cations through September 6,
1976. Officials of Walt Disney
Productions estimate that more
than 25 million people will view
the parade during the 15-
month period. This will break
all records for attendance at
any production in the entire his-
tory of the U.S.!
Aside from the old Disney
favorites, an entirely new fam-
ily of characters is being devel-
oped, the "People of America."
These larver- than -life dnlls_ "
... J ......,& alit mvbt lusturlc,
is the 200th anniversary of
the Battle of Lexington and
Concord in Massachusetts.
The "shot heard around the
world" was fired on April 19,
Redcoats and patriots will march
again in many Park Service liv-
ing- history demonstrations.
1775. The townspeople of each
town —%,Lexington, Concord and
Lincoln —plan to commemo-
rate the historic occasion next
weekend with typical New
England Patriots Day parades.
Concord's festivities begin at 5
a. m. on the 19th at North
Bridge — located in Minute Man
National Historical Park. The
parade will pass there at ap-
proximately 10 a. m., and there
will be appropriate ceremonies
honoring those farmers who
took the irrevocable step that
led to a new nation.
The Second Continental
Congress convened at Phila-
delphia on May 10, 1775. It
was an eventful day. After al-
most 14 months of deliberation,
that congress issued the Dec-
laration of Independence. This
-fk * * * *
onaGreyho
This is the year to get in touch with all the
fun, all the beauty, all the history America
has to offer.
So join a friendly group on one of our
exciting, pre - Bicentennial escorted tours.
Where would you like to go in America,
Canada, even Mexico? We'll take care of
everything to make your vacation more
special, more memorable than ever before.
Hotels, sightseeing, some meals.
Enjoy an escort to handle all the details.
Hotels. Luggage. A hundred and one
things to make your vacation nice, easy,
and worry -free.
So really get in touch with America this
year. Plan a Greyhound Escorted Tour.
Ask your travel agent or us.
and vacation
•
Vacations everywhere —for example:
❑ Alaska ❑ Mexico
❑ Black Hills ❑ Niagara Falls
❑ California ❑ Nova Scotia
❑ Canadian Rockies, ❑ Ozarks
Glacier Park
❑ Colorado 11 Pacific Northwest
El Florida Canada ❑Sunny Southwest
El ❑Utah Parks
El Great Eastern Cities ❑Walt Disney World
❑ Yellowstone,
❑ Great Lakes Country Grand Tetons
Preview Bicentennial Tours
❑ Colonial Virginia ❑ New England
❑ Original Colonies —
Freedom Trail Parlor Car Tours
-------- - - - - -- ------- - - - - -,
Greyhound World Tours. Inc. (F1N 41
I Greyhound Tower. Phoenix. Ariz. 35077
' Please send information about ❑ AIIGreyhound Tours ❑ Vacation Tourcheckedabove.
Name
Address
jCl�' State Zip
GreikourAxt&cationTours
---------------------- - - - - -�
May 10, 1975, the convening
of that historic body will be
commemorated in Indepen-
dence National Historical Park.
Call the park for the exact time
—it is an event you shouldn't
miss.
Meanwhile, a continent and
an ocean away, in Hawaii, three
National Park Service sites are
celebrating with a series of un-
usual programs. Idyllic City of
Refuge National Historical
Park on the Kona Coast is fea-
tuiing a living history based on
the native culture of the Islands
during America's colonial pe-
riod. At Haleakala National
Park on Maui, site of the fa-
mous 10,023 -foot volcano, the
beautiful Seven Pools section
has a living history planned on
ancient Hawaiian taro farming.
Continued on page 10
A Bicentennial celebration
would not be complete without
two of America's favorite char-
acters— Mickey Mouse and
Donald Duck. Along with side-
kick Goofy, they will star in a
spectacular salute to America's
history, "America on Parade."
This colorful and almost con-
tinuous procession will debut
this June at both Disneyland
and Walt Disney World, and
will be staged daily at both lo-
cations through September 6,
1976. Officials of Walt Disney
Productions estimate that more
than 25 million people will view
the parade during the 15-
month period. This will break
all records for attendance at
any production in the entire his-
tory of the U.S.!
Aside from the old Disney
favorites, an entirely new fam-
ily of characters is being devel-
oped, the "People of America."
These larger- than -life dolls, to-
gether with hundreds of live
performers, will highlight a pag-
eant that traces America's
glorious achievements and con-
tributions to world progress.
This monumental celebration
promises to make history fun
for old and young alike.
In keeping with the grandiose
Disney tradition, a myriad of
other events is planned at both
the California and Florida
parks, among them: A special
one -week salute to every state
in the Union, a new version of
the widely acclaimed film
"America the Beautiful," and a
unique and thoroughly patriotic
"Fantasy in the Sky" fireworks
display.
FAMILY WEEKLY, April 13, 1975 • 9
Town crier appears at Huntington occasionally to
read proclamations, direct visitors to special events
DARROW M. WATT
In colonial garb, Liberty Assembly dancers, above and at left, whirl
and reel to such tunes as "Jefferson and Liberty" and "Hall's Victory"
The bicentennial bets
at the Huntington this
Dancing, music, Jefferson's dia
Franklin's handwritten autobiog
34
SUNSET
You can absorb some of the aura of
America's bicentennial without leaving
the West by visiting the Huntington Li-
brary, Art Gallery, and Botanical Gar -
dens in San Marino, just south of the city
of Pasadena.
The art gallery is the major center for
the study of British art outside London.
In it you'll see English paintings of the
Revolutionary period and eighteenth -
century English and French furnishings
•
similar to those owned by the wealthy
0 oin�
in America and Europe 200 years ago.
C� (7)
A series of three bicentennial exhibits
month
month
this year and next will draw material
from the library's rarely displayed col-
lection of Revolutionary letters and
manuscripts, the largest west of the At-
rles,
lantic seaboard.
The first exhibit, covering the years 1763
raphy
to 1776, opens this month and will run
through November. The second, on the
war itself, will be displayed from De-
cember through May, 1976. The third,
relating to the new nation, will be on
SUNSET
The protagonists: George Washington portrait by Gilbert Stuart
overlooks bust of George III by Peter Turnerelli
view from June to September, 1976.
You'll learn about both sides of the
Revolution, since the library's collection
includes British and Loyalist documents
as well as such rebel material as Thomas
Jefferson's diaries and letterbooks,
Thomas Paine's pamphlets, and letters
written by George Washington. Ben-
jamin Franklin's handwritten autobiog-
raphy is on permanent display.
Along with the bicentennial exhibit, the
library will present a variety of related
musical and dramatic programs. On
Saturday, June 7, for example, you can
watch the Liberty Assembly (pictured
here) perform dances popular in Boston
and Philadelphia in 1775. Performances
are at 1:30, 2:30, and 3:30 P.m. in the
North Vista of the gardens.
On Tuesday, June 17, at 1:30 and 2:30
P.m. on the steps of the library, two
orators will present the opposing sides
of the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775.
This is one in a series of monthly dra-
matic readings from the letters, news-
JUNE 1975
papers, and diaries of 200 years ago.
On July 5 and 6, a weekend festival
brings to life more scenes from Revolu-
tionary days. On Saturday the Liberty
Assembly will perform a second series
of dances. On Sunday the Los Angeles
Chamber Singers will present Revolu-
tionary marches, songs, and ballads, in-
cluding an unusual rendition of "Yankee
Doodle Dandy" from the library's col-
lection. You can also see a demonstra-
tion of an eighteenth- century printing
press, which is on permanent display.
The Huntington is at 1151 Oxford Road.
From Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena,
turn south on Allen Avenue, then left at
Orlando Road and right on Oxford. Or
drive north on San Marino Avenue from
Huntington Drive (watch for the library
signs) and then turn left at Stratford
Road to the entrance.
Hours are 1 to 4:30 P.M. Tuesday
through Sunday, except holidays and the
month of October, when the grounds are
closed. r
When he lived in Paris, Benjamin Franklin
might have been entertained in an
eighteenth - century French salon like this one
Franklin used a press like this one
that now prints
souvenir copies of his epitaph
M,
LETTER FROM S4 "W "
The ^West ... and the nation's
bicentennial
Two years from this month will mark the climax of America's 200th
birthday celebration. But the party is already well under way.
Instead of a big single - location, government- sponsored observance, the
celebration will be spread throughout the land, depending largely on
the grassroots energy and resources of states, towns, and citizen groups. j
Many of the most - publicized events will take place in the East, where I
most of the revolutionary history that we read about in school took
place. But much will also happen in the West, emphasizing our conti-
nent- crossing, continent - exploring history and the blending of Indian,
Spanish, Oriental, and other cultures. After all, when the First Conti -
' p nental Congress met in Philadelphia two centuries ago this year, Father
Kino had long since established his Arizona missions and Spanish
explorers Bruno Heceta and Juan de la Bodega were just a year away
from landing on the Washington coast.
And the West has its own share of bicentennials coming up. Tucson,
for instance, was founded in 1775; San Francisco in 1776.
Bicentennial events throughout the West will include restorations, festi-
vals and pageants, hundreds of exhibits, establishment of new parks,
museums, and monuments. Some efforts are ambitious and may be
spectacular, including planned reenactments of Juan Bautista de Anza's
long march from Mexico to San Francisco and the first Polynesian
voyage to Hawaii by double- hulled canoe (the voyage will reverse the
original course).
In the June Sunset you saw some of the first bicentennial activities:
San Francisco's exhibit of American folk art, and the Folklife Festival
at Spokane's Expo '74. You'll see much more in coming months. Sunset
editors are also studying bicentennial plans in the East and looking for
enjoyable new ways readers might rediscover our history on a trip
across the country.
Overseeing all activities is the American Revolution Bicentennial Ad-
ministration, which sanctions events coast to coast, keeps track of
them by computer, helps local groups get going, and supplies limited
matching funds to states.
You can get involved; bicentennial committees throughout the West
need your help. The American Revolution Bicentennial Administration
will send you its newsletter and put you in touch with your state com-
mittee: Write to the ARBA at 736 Jackson Place Northwest, Washing-
ton, D.C. 20276.
The next several months should bring you and your children some
unmatched opportunities to rediscover the treasure trove of Western
history, and some new parks and people- oriented facilities to help keep
the heritage alive.
WINDOW ON THE WEST: Tucson's 200th
In downtown Tucson we're looking east across an area renewal project
being rushed to completion in time for the city's 200th birthday
in August, 1975. This walkway runs between new Exhibition Hall
and the home of first territorial governor John C. Fremont, built
about 120 years ago. In distance is one of the 50- year -old twin towers of
St. Augustine's Cathedral, established here more than a century ago.
SUNS
Tubac residents rehearse for de Anza
expedition in typical eighteenth- century
frontier costumes. Original trek
included 125 adults, 115 children, and
cattle, horses, and mules
27
FRANC M1rcLi 218vt Sine
DE(�fIW A c;1 Zr? AIV tTwe 24
MDAtt lZ�y Mwr .n- i ?..�23�ard 1Tote17 `
• ���� T�;17)ulD MISS►�p
May& 6,7
A vL36,iIAAA whioP Feb.2Z
• `` c. AvioTA Via• 2b
GO(.t:TA F�7.2.5
AIAP?A5A5 Feb: 22.
Colored line marks route of
1775 -76 expedition to found
San Francisco. Places named in
black have announced plans for
fiestas or reenactments on dates
listed —this fall in Mexico and
Arizona, next year in California
Tortillas with fresh and dried meat
were main diet on the original trek
DON NORMARK
These costumed characters are not movie
extras. They're Westerners rehearsing
the Bicentennial reenactment of one of
the most heroic overland expeditions in
Western history.
Just 200 years ago this month, an ob-
scure Spanish lieutenant colonel named
Juan Bautista de Anza began a 1,400 -
mile trek from the frontier presidio of
San Ignacio de Tubac (in what is now
southern Arizona) to found a new pre -
sidio in northern California. With him
were 240 colonists and soldiers. Nine
months later, on June 27, 1776, these
Spanish pioneers reached San Francisco
Bay —just one week before revolution-
aries back in Philadelphia signed the
Declaration of Independence.
The Bicentennial celebrations and re-
enactments of parts of this journey begin
now in Mexico and Arizona, continue
along the route followed by de Anza (his
torians prefer Anza; we use the more
popular de Anza), and en`s in San Fran-
cisco next June.
They began officially in Mexico City on
August 15 with a reenactment of the
viceroy's ordering de Anza to establish
the new settlement. But the first major
celebration along the route comes on
September 29 in Horcasitas, Mexico,
where de Anza picked up provisions and
some settlers. Anyone is welcome to join
the treks there and in Arizona. Just show
up in eighteenth- century Spanish -style
costume. There's no fee, but you'll be re-
sponsible for your own food, lodging,
and transportation.
From Mexico to Yuma
September 29, Horcasitas: 1 to 4 P.M.,
fiesta, diary narratives in Spanish and
English; 4:30 P.m., a 2 -mile expedition re-
enactment. (On Mexico Highway 15, the
turnoff to Horcasitas is 15 miles north of
Hermosillo. Follow Mexico 21 east toward
Ures for 11 miles, then take signposted dirt
road north 20 miles to Horcasitas.)
SUNSET
NORMAN A. PLATE
At Calabasas Mission near Tubac,
a mass blessed the trek 200 years
ago. Reenactment will precede
14 -mile walk to Tubac on October 15
Original de Anza party camped
here, on grounds of what is now
Monterey's San Carlos Cathedral.
Return date will be March 10
De Anzaiumps the gun on the Bicentennial
Starting this month, a march from Mexico to
San Francisco brings history alive. You can watch or j oin in
October 15, Calabasas Mission Ruins
(access from Rio Rico resort, 10 miles
south of Tubac): 8 A.M., mass; 9 A.M., start
of 14 -mile trek to Tubac; free barbecue
lunch en route. Shuttle buses may operate
to the ruin from Tubac.
October 22, Tubac: 10 A.M. to evening,
historical talks and reenactments including
an Apache raid and a 1775 military drill.
October 23, Tubac: 9 A.M., de Anza party
descendants will be recognized, diaries
read; 11 A.M., reenactment of departure
from Tubac, brief ride and walk, then
return for a barbecue.
October 26, San Xavier del Bac Mission:
7:30 A.M., reenactment of three marriages
and a mass; 9 A.M., 8 -mile trek to Sentinel
Peak, fiesta.
October 31- November 2, Casa Grande
area: series of reenactments, parades,
rodeos, barbecues, fiestas. For details, write
to Sam Henderson, Superintendent, Casa
Grande Ruins National Monument, Box
518, Coolidge, Ariz. 85228.
November 28 -30, Yuma: highlights will
include meeting of de Anza party and
Yuma Indians at fairgrounds, 3:30 P.M.
Friday; and fording of Colorado River by
OCTOBER 1975
party of 240 oq foot and horseback at
Joe Henry Memorial Park, 3 P.M. Sunday.
For details of other Yuma events, query
Mrs. Emalea Shoop, 1057 W. Palmcroft
Dr., Yuma 85364.
For other Arizona information, write to
J. R. Thomas, Arizona Historical Soci-
ety, 949 E. Second St., Tucson 85719.
Send $1 to the same address for bro-
chures on the expedition and costume
suggestions. Since most events are strictly
volunteer efforts —no funds —be sure to
include a self - addressed stamped enve-
lope when you write to any of the ad-
dresses listed here.
Horsemen interested in the ride (in cos-
tume) from Nogales to Picacho Peak
October 14 to 28 should write to Ray
Moss, 9146 W. George, Tucson 85706.
Other Arizona trail rides, still tentative,
are being coordinated by Richard E.
Crane, 2841 E. Sherran Lane, Phoenix
85016. Include 25 cents with registration
form requests to either.
California plans —still not firm
When we went to press, nine California
communities were planning expedition
reenactments for the dates shown on our
map. Others may have plans to announce
later. But if you would like to join a trek
on foot or horseback, it's not too early
to say so, since in most reenactments the
party will be limited to its historical num-
ber. Send 25 cents and request for an
application to De Anza Expedition,
California Heritage Guides, 181 Pacific
St., Monterey 93940. Your completed
application will be forwarded to the ap-
propriate chairman.
If you would like to read about the orig-
inal journey, one concise illustrated ver-
sion based on diaries of participants is
Anza Conquers the Desert, by Richard
F. Pourade (Union- Tribune Publishing
Co., San Diego, 1971; $12.50). Order it
through Copley Books Division, Box
957, La Jolla, Calif. 92038. ❑
77
��I r - : : -
Q �� I L * P E . . a S � s 4 C
t 1
S t a f f p h o t o s b y B i l l C a m e r o n
I t t o o k 1 8 m e m b e r s o f t h e R e d o n d o B e a c h p o n y e x p r e s s r i d e r o f t h e 1 8 6 0 ' s , a b o v e .
W o m e n ' s C l u b 9 0 0 h o u r s t o m a k e t h i s h a n d - E x a m i n i n g t h e q u i l t , b e l o w , a r e , f r o m l e f t ,
e m b r o i d e r e d q u i l t . E a c h s q u a r e d e p i c t s a n M r s . A n n a C r u m , M r s . B o n n i e R e g n i e r , M r s .
e v e n t o r e r a o f A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y s u c h a s t h e P a t D r e i s l e r a n d M r s . R e t a B o n h a m .
q ; ;
Early Loyalist store and home (1785)
in Shelburne is today's Ross - Thompson
museum — looking back almost two
centuries. It's open daily until
October 15. Admission is free
Visitors explore courtyard of Port
Royal Habitation, a reconstruction of
the French trading settlement (1605)
and not far from Digby by a short detour
of Trans - Canada Highway 1
Bicentennial adventure ... the maritime country
to which the Loyalists fled in 1783
NEW
Y�RU�iSVJtGC
MANE Saint
Nod
� .............................
Aa'i-lam *Iwme
Ferries go to Nova Scotia from
Portland and Bar Harbor, Maine, and
from Saint John, New Brunswick
Rock - mounted plaque
is at tourist kiosk on
Shelburne riverbank
W
October is a peak month for visitors to
northern New England. The autumn
color show is the attraction. And this is
a great year to extend a New England
visit north and east to Canada's Nova
Scotia for the best of Bicentennial rea-
sons—a dip into the history of two cen-
turies ago.
On May 4, 1783, some 5,000 men,
women, and children — Loyalist refugees
from the new United States — landed at
Port Roseway on the Atlantic coast of
Nova Scotia, some 325 miles northeast
of Boston. Ten weeks later, on July 22,
the new town laid out at the landing site
was officially named Shelburne by Nova
Scotia's governor. Within a year the
town's population topped 10,000, mak-
ing it temporarily Canada's major city,
larger than either Montreal or Quebec.
Today's Shelburne is a quiet village of
about 2,700 people. But it has some
beautiful houses, a charming museum.
Nova Scotia is almost like a big island,
SUNSET
Loyalist is name for inns,
restaurants, lodges, garages, shops.
These typical signs are in Shelburne
a 314 -mile -long peninsula jutting into
the Atlantic directly east of Maine. It's
like New England and at the same time
very different. You'll see fewer big de-
ciduous trees, more pines and conifers.
The roads are uncrowded; the small
towns are old, spacious. October brings
cool but sunny weather, wildflower color
appearing before the first frosts, calm
seas before the Atlantic winter storms.
You can reach Nova Scotia from Maine
in a number of ways: the daily 10 -hour
ferry run from Portland to Yarmouth;
the 6 -hour ferry run from Bar Harbor
to Yarmouth (three times a week until
early June, daily'in summer); or by a
drive of about 300 miles from Portland
to Saint John, New Brunswick, then 21 /z
hours by ferry across the Bay of Fundy
to Digby in Nova Scotia.
New Brunswick, the Canadian province
between Maine and Nova Scotia, was
also a major settlement area for Loyalists
in flight from the new United States. Its
port city, Saint John, is not a pretty town
today, but the past is very much on dis-
play. The old Loyalist Burial Ground in
the heart of downtown was laid out in
1783, the year the Loyalists landed; you
may see visitors making rubbings on old
gravestones.
But the most noted sight in Saint John
has nothing to do with the Loyalists. It's
the Reversing Falls on the St. John River.
When the awesomely high tides of the
Bay of Fundy (the world's highest) move
SUNSET
GERALD R. FREDRICK
Navy diver is part of exhibit of uniforms.
This part of the rotunda mural
depicts the Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Bicentennial show
on Treasnre Island
Back in 1939, a manmade island in the
middle of San Francisco Bay became the
site of the Golden Gate International
Exposition. Millions of visitors poured
onto the island to see what many San
Franciscans still fondly remember as
"the most beautiful of all world fairs."
Then came World War II and the old
fair site became the Treasure Island
Naval Base.
Last rAonth, in honor of the nation's
Bicentennial, the Twelfth Naval District
Headquarters on Treasure Island opened
a Navy / Marine Corps Museum in the
old art deco Administration Building of
the Golden Gate International Exposi-
tion. Now through 1976, it's open to
visitors, free, from 10 A.M. to 3:20 P.M.
daily. You'll see artifacts and exhibits re-
lating to "The U.S. Navy in the Pacific —
Past, Present, and Future."
The highlight is a gigantic mural, 251
feet long and about 26 feet high, painted
on the wall of the rotunda and depicting
historic naval events in the Pacific —
from Commodore Perry's opening of
Japan in 1854 to space capsule recov-
eries in the 1970s. Work on the mural
will probably continue for several
months, so you may see designer Lowell
Nesbitt and his staff at work.
To reach the museum, take the Treasure
Island exit from the San Francisco Bay
Bridge. Beyond the museum, the island
is closed to the public. ❑
NOVEMBER 1975
BICENTENNIAL
SPECIAL
t
-Bringing
Baek t he .,
RealAmerlea.
An Indiana Town '
Does It With Style!
n southwestern Indiana, where the Wabash meets the Ohio,
sits a little town that claims several unique "firsts" in our
nation's heritage: the founding of the first free public
school system in America, the first free library, the first
kindergarten and the seat of the first geological surveys of the
United States. Today experts are looking to New Harmony,
Ind., founded in 1814, as an example of one of the more suc-
cessful models of restoration.
New Harmony (pop. 971) boasts a rich and extraordinary
history, having served as a leading Midwestern intellectual cen-
ter for growing 19th- century America. It is now in the midst of a
two- year -long $18- million restoration plan designed to recap-
ture much of its historic beauty and greatness.
Many of the buildings of New Harmony's formative years
remain intact and 50 of these key structures are being restored,
down to the smallest detail. The downtown shopfronts, audi-
torium, streets and sidewalks are being refurbished. Even the
handsome, contemporary, new multimillion - dollar New Har-
mony Inn reflects the unencumbered style and simplicity of the
community's early design.
One of the remaining structures built during New Harmony's
early years is the converted fort -like stone Harmonist
Granary, distinguished as the headquarters of the first U.S.
Continued
GAT 410AIE
By Rosalyn Abrevaya
Senior Editor
n southwestern Indiana, where the Wabash meets the Ohio,
sits a little town that claims several unique "firsts" in our
nation's heritage: the founding of the first free public
school system in America, the first free library, the first
kindergarten and the seat of the first geological surveys of the
United States. Today experts are looking to New Harmony,
Ind., founded in 1814, as an example of one of the more suc-
cessful models of restoration.
New Harmony (pop. 971) boasts a rich and extraordinary
history, having served as a leading Midwestern intellectual cen-
ter for growing 19th- century America. It is now in the midst of a
two - year -long $18- million restoration plan designed to recap-
ture much of its historic beauty and greatness.
Many of the buildings of New Harmony's formative years
remain intact and 50 of these key structures are being restored,
down to the smallest detail. The downtown shopfronts, audi-
torium, streets and sidewalks are being refurbished. Even the
handsome, contemporary, new multimillion - dollar New Har-
mony Inn reflects the unencumbered style and simplicity of the
community's early design.
One of the remaining structures built during New Harmony's
early years is the converted fort -like stone Harmonist
Granary, distinguished as the headquarters of the first U.S.
SPARSE BEAUTY
Who wouldn't want to move right into this
room? The unadorned white walls are
warmed by the natural wood tones of the
floor, ceiling and moldings, as well as
the working fireplace with brick - colored
tiles. New furniture, such as the rush -
seated rocking chairs and wooden bed,
recalls the functional grace that was
typical of Harmonist craftsmen. The
fillip of blue -and -white fabric adds a hint
of 20th - century elegance to this inter-
pretation of an earlier time.
A room in the New Harmony inn captures the elemental nature of Harmonist design.
On a shaded tree -lined street stands
a typical restored home, designed
for a large family's comfort.
This characteristic frame house (ca.
1820) was built from prefabricated
numbered units, like all wooden Har-
monist homes. The house contains its
original, and effective, insulation — called
"Dutch biscuits" —made by wrapping
mud and then straw around a flat
wooden core.
FAMILY WEEKLY, October 19, 1975 ■ 9
TMOME
Continue d
Geological Survey. Another, the Old Thrall
Ho use was a Ilarmonist dormitory
opera Ho
(numbered dormitories housed the nmar-
ried), which in 1857 was converted into the
second-largest theater in Indiana.
An important focal point for the life of New
Harmony today is the newly built New
sible by philanthropist
Harmony Ion, 'n�e p °s
and visionary Jane Blaffer Owen. Overlooking an
a pastoral landscape, the Inn comprises
entry house, a charming, hapeell
ng, modernistic ,
a
n
sic
n-
�a-
'ric
an
na-
that
New
inspi-
in the
f 14ar-
talized
s
AM
The interior of this rest d scu home olten
bears witness to lively
headed by visiting prole place here in
lecturers- $eminars take p
coordination with part of a continuing
series of college Programs conducted
in New Harmony a e 14
Continued on P S
New Books Help "Travelers
Words Pour for Bicentennial
By JULIE T. MONROE
The Idaho Statesman
The deluge has begun.
Printed words have started
to pour from the presses
about the United States'
200th birthday. Let's hope
most of them are worth-
while.
"The Bicentennial Book
1975.76" by Robert Lawler
(Dell, $1.50) is billed as the
only book of its kind. If that
is indeed the case, it proba-
bly won't be for long. This
paperback lists celebrations
in Boston, Philadelphia, New
York City, Washington D.C.
and four regions of the
country. Some of the listings
are sketchy — Idaho's for in-
stance — but the information
is interesting and indicates
the variety of com-
memorations planned for
The Big Event. Addresses
for obtaining details on indi-
vidual celebrations are sure
to be helpful to the traveler.
"Treasure Trails in the
USA" is the National Exten-
sion Homemakers contribu-
tion to the Bicentennial.
Printed by the North Plains
Press (Aberdeen, S.D.), it
devotes four pages to each
state in the union and Puerto
Rico, explains the origins of
state flags and meanings of
state names. The informa-
tion provided is sketchy, the
illustrations less than ex.
citing.
The homemakers could
certainly have chosen a
more appropriate way t
contribute to the cele-
bration; or, having chosen
this way, its 600,000 mem-
bers might well have come
up with a more unique vol-
ume befitting their fine or-
ganization.
The book, incidentally, will
be available at the Western
Idaho Fair homemakers
council booth. One dollar of
the $3.95 pricetag will be di-
vided between the state and
local councils until the book
goes on bookstore shelves in
September.
Yet another paperback in
the Bicentennial deluge is
"Baxter's USA Bicentennial
Bus Travel Guide" (Rail -Eu-
rope, $5.95). This one lists
discount hotels, schedules,
tourist attractions,
YMCA /YWCA accom-
modations, national parks,
Bicentennial destinations, 30-
day itineraries. The bus
traveler might find particu-
larly useful detailed direc-
tions, such ---how to take
the subway from O'Hare
Field to the downtown Chi-
cago bus station.
"Bus Travel Guide" can
be ordered from Box 3255,
Alexandria, Va. 22302.
The best places to look for
the spirit of America are not
those wearing the often
gaudy Bicentennial label.
One such literary place is
"Desert and Plain, the
Mountains and the River: A
Celebration of Rural Amer-
ica" by Berton Roueche and
David Plowden (Dutton,
$12.95). Roueche's marvelous
prose and Plowden's good
photographs tell the story of
America's rural backbone. It
o is a collaboration which em-
phasizes that the land has
shaped the people as surely
as the people have shaped
the land.
Significant Words Made Ou
The Los Angeles Times
On our country's birthday, we
celebrate 200 years of great men
and great events. Accordingly, we
thought'it apropos to salute our na-
tion's great past with a quiz de-
signed to recall the truly signifi-
cant moments in our history.
As that commercial says, "And
that was the way it was." Ameri-
can history as it might be viewed
from rereading back issues of the
Sporting News. Winner gets a
three - cornered hat with a feather
in it for riding on a pony.
Q. What was "the shot heard
round the world ?"
A. It was either the double -eagle
Gene Sarazen made on the 13th
hole at the Masters in 1935 or the
home run Bobby Thomson hit off
Ralph Branca in the Polo Grounds
in 1951.
Q. Who was "the Minute Man ?"
A. Floyd Patterson,
Q. Who said: "We have met the
enemy and they are ours ?"
A. The owners of the 1919 Chi-
cago Black Sox.
Q. Who said: "There is Jackson,
standing like a stonewall ?"
A. This is wrongly attributed to a
soldier at the battle of Bull Run. It
was actually said by an Oakland
Athletics pitcher in the 1973 World
Series when a New York Mets bat-
ter hit a triple over right- fielder
Reggie Jackson's head.
Q. Who said: "I have not yet be-
gun to fight ?"
A. Antonio Inoki, the Japanese
crawler.
Q. Who freed the slaves?
A. A baseball arbitrator named
Reitz.
Q. Name the three greatest in-
ventions of the past 150 years.
A. Instant replay, the zone de-
fense and the ROZELLE Rule.
Q. Who said: "Go west, young
man, go west ?"
A. I don't know. But Horace
Jim
r Murray
Stoneham is looking for him.
Q. Who said: "I only regret I
have but one life to lose for my
country?
A. A whole bunch of guys in the
National Football League. That's
why they joined the National
Guard.
Q. "Find out what he drinks and
give it to the rest of my generals"
was said by whom?
A. Popularly supposed to have
been said by Lincoln or Grant, it
was actually said by an NFL coach
after Joe Namath won the 1969 Su-
per Bowl.
Q. Who said: "Retreat, hell! I'm
advancing in another direction! "?
A. Roy Riegels.
CITIZEN SMITH
CAM
Q. Who is "The Man Wit
Country ?"
A. Vida Blue.
Q. Who warned this
against "entangling forei
liances ?"
A. The United States Lav
nis Association.
Q. Who said: "My paramc
ject is to save the union. If
do that without freeing any
would do it; and if I could i
freeing all the slaves I woul
and if I could do it by freeir
and leaving others alone, I
also do-that?"
A. Popularly believed t
been said by Lincoln to
Greeley, it was really what
Kuhn said to Marvin Mill
Charlie Finley.
Q. Who said: "A man o
have a right to cudgel t
jackass ?"
A. The editor "Marse"
Watterson is widely bell(
fficant Words Made Our Country Great
enemy and they are ours ?"
A. The owners of the 1919 Chi-
cago Black Sox.
Q. Who said: "There is Jackson,
standing like a stonewall ?"
A. This is wrongly attributed to a
soldier at the battle of Bull Run. It
was actually said by an Oakland
Athletics pitcher in the 1973 World
Series when a New York Mets bat-
ter hit a triple over right- fielder
Reggie Jackson's head.
Q. Who said: "I have not yet be-
gun to fight ?"
A. Antonio Inoki, the Japanese
crawler.
Q. Who freed the slaves?
A. A baseball arbitrator named
Reitz.
Q. Name the three greatest in-
ventions of the past 150 years.
A. Instant replay, the zone de-
fense and the ROZELLE Rule.
Q. Who said: "Go west, young
man, go west ?"
A. I don't know. But Horace
,�_
'J/'t
Jim
Murray
—17, —
Stoneham is looking for him.
Q. Who said: "I only regret I
have but one life to lose for my
country ?"
A. A whole bunch of guys in the
National Football League. That's
why they joined the National
Guard.
Q. "Find out what he drinks and
give it to the rest of my generals"
was said by whom?
A. Popularly supposed to have
been said by Lincoln or Grant, it
was actually said by an NFL coach
after Joe Namath won the 1969 Su-
per Bowl.'
Q. Who said: "Retreat, hell! I'm
advancing in another direction! "?
A. Roy Riegels.
CITIZEN SMITH
Q. Who is "The Man Without A
Country?"
A. Vida Blue.
Q. Who warned this country
against "entangling foreign al-
liances ?"
A. The United States Lawn Ten-
nis Association.
Q. Who said: "My paramount ob-
ject is to save the union. If I could
do that without freeing any slave, I
would do it; and if I could do it by
freeing all the slaves I would do it;
and if I could do it by freeing some
and leaving others alone, I would
also do.that ?"
A. Popularly believed to have
been said by Lincoln to Horace
Greeley, it was really what Bowie
Kuhn said to Marvin Miller and
Charlie Finley.
Q. Who said: "A man ought to
have a right to cudgel his own
,jackass ?"
A. The editor "Marse" Henry
Watterson is widely believed to
have said that when rebuked for
criticizing the governor of Ken-
tucky, but it is an actual transcript
of what Charlie Finley said to a
newspaper reporter when he tried
to sell the Oakland A's one by one.
Q. Who said: "I do not choose to
turn?"
A. Usually, Alex Johnson. But
Fred Merkle made the most fa-
mous non -run in history, costing
the New York Giants the 1908 pen-
nant.
Q. Who said: "The only thing we
have to fear is fear itself ?"
A. A batter who had to go up
there on a day Sandy Koufax was
wild and a guy playing the Pitts-
burgh Steelers who want to know
exactly why they called him
"Mean" Joe Greene.
Q. Give us three great American
names of this century.
A. Muhammad Ali, Kareem Ab-
dul-Jabbar and Ahmad Rashad.
Q. What were Custer's famous
last words?
A. "On paper, the Indians fig-
ured to finish last."
Q. What was the Louisiana Pur-
chase?
A. Originally, the 885,000 square
miles purchased from France for
$15 million, most of which was
mortgaged to pay for the $180 mil-
lion, 13 -acre Superdome for the
New Orleans Saints to play in.
And George Halas was The Fa-
ther Of His Country and Vince
Lombardi was born in a log cabin
and learned the T- formation by
firelight and Howard Cosell would
rather be right than be president
and we won World War II for the
Gipper and Bear Bryant said in the
Gettysburg Address: "Winning
isn't everything, it's the only
thing," a speech every schoolboy
knows by heart.
And that's what made our
country what it is today, by God?
Kalpn tSranca in the NOIO urounas
in 1951.
Q. Who was "the Minute Man ?"
A. Floyd Patterson.
Q. Who said: "We have met the
A. Instal whttney det. Caven; wrignt aer.- eie'ur, voae�ee�
Tense and t. Weitenstemer{;aven def. Blaser- Grinnell. Consola-
non singles. Weitenstemer def. Grinnell; Sadden
Q. Who def. Leeds .
man, g0 WE MARTHA WASHINGTON — Championship sin -
A. I dol files: Hultstrad def. Dibelius; Dick def. Butler; Dou-
• b,"-: No results; Consolation singles: Doerr def -
Perkins; Panacotacos def. Kreizenbeck.
CITIZEN SMITH
Walla Walla 11, Porta ..
Eugene 12, Seattle I
Today's Sebcdule
Walla Walla at Boise
Seattle at Bellingham
Grays Harbor at Portland
(Eugene idle)
"I don't think there's any family more into the Bicentennial
thing than you folks!"
nel 6.
-.:ill - Walla W
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, September Ise IM
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, October 13, 1975
Show �
Head
As Bicentennial Act
Plans Theater �
owr� o
Dicent '
ennial GROSS, Neb. (AP) —This
Northeastern Nebraska cotn-
By BERNARD DREW
Gannett News Service
WASHINGTON — Roger L.
Stevens is chairman of the
board of trustees of the John
F. Kennedy Center for the
Performing Arts. He was ap-
pointed by President Ken-
nedy in 1961 and reappointed
by President Johnson in 1966
for a 10 -year term — a great
honor but an unpaid one —
as well as being the produ-
cer for the American Bicen-
tennial Theatre and chief
thinker, planner and work-
horse for the entire oper-
ation here.
There is the Opera House,
the Concert Hall and the Na=
W. o av yv '1"'J — a greal
honor but an unpaid one —
as well as being the produ-
cer for the American Bicen-
tennial Theatre and chief
thinker, planner and work-
horse for the entire oper-
ation here.
There is the Opera House,
-the Concert Hall and the Na-'
tional Theater downtown for
commercial plays. But
closest to Stevens' heart is
the year -long Bicentennial
anniversary at the Eisen-
hower Theater, which is
sponsored by Xerox Corp. to
the tune of $40,000 a play. It
recently opened with Thor-
nton Wilder's "The Skin of
Our Teeth," starring Eliza-
beth Ashley, Alfred Drake,
and Martha Scott.
The series will run into the
summer of 1976, and include
such American classics as
Percy Mac Kaye's "The
Scarecrow",. with William
Atherton and Barbara Bax-
ley; William Gillette's "Too
Much Johnson ", and Jason
Robards; Tennessee Wil-
liams' "Sweet Bird of
Youth," with Irene Worth,
and Kaufmanand Ferbees
"The Royal Family" with
Rosemary Harris. All replac-
ing each other at monthly in-
tervals.
A legendary business fig-
ure, Stevens came out of the
Midwest in the late Forties
with enough money behind
him to purchase the Empire
State Building and to be in-
volved in so many spectacu-
lar real estate operations
that The New Yorker maga-
zine was moved to profile
him. By 1953 he evinced so
strong an interest in the the-
ater that he became a mem-
ber of the Playwrights Com-
pany, along with Robert E.
Sherwood, Elmer Rice and
Maxwell Anderson.
On his own and in partner-
ship, such plays as "The Vis-
it", with the Lunts, "A Man
For All Seasons ", with Paul
Scofield, and "West Side Sto-
ry" are included in the more
than 125 theatrical produc-
tions he has behind him.
the past 15 years, Stevens P
has been centered in Wash-
ington, creating a national
theater out of the Kennedy
Center.
It is too easy — and wrong
— to think of him as Old
Moneybags. It is more than
mere financial astuteness
that has kept him so loyal,
steadfast, and sometimes
solitary a benefactor
through all of the times the
theater has presumably died
and been born again — and it
is more even than love.
A maverick Democrat in a
social, political, and finan-
cial world dominated by Re-
publicans, Stevens is an ele-
gant, charming man, the Ul-
timate Wasp, who moves in
the highest, coldest circles of
power with as much ease as
when he is among the most
radical toilers in the theater.
At lunch at La Grand
Scene atop the Center, we
talked about John F. Whar-
ton's recent book, "Life
Among the Playwrights ".
"All I did was to look at a
few pages and I put it,
away," he grimaced. "I
didn't want to raise my
blood pressure." The book .
recounts playwright Elmer
Rice's resentment against
"Old Moneybags."
"The terrible thing I did
was to raise money for the
s.o.b.'s plays when nobody
else would," Stevens said
wryly. "I knew nothing
about the theater when I
went into it. But all of the
rtlaywrights had all of these
plays lying around that no-
body would finance, and sud-
denly as soon as I guaran-
teed the money, they got on,
one, two, three. I guess
that's hard to forgive."
He smiled and went on:
"Though Bob Sherwood was
a good friend and there are a
few people who remember —
Harold Pinter for one. I gave
him the money so that he
could write 'The Caretaker'
and I've been associated
with all of his plays since.
"And Elizabeth Ashley is
another. I met her when she
was understudy in 'Mary,
Mary' and put her on the
Arts Council when she was
25. I wanted someone in
there with her point of view.
And then two years ago, we
put on 'The Enchanted' here
with her when she hadn't
worked in several years.
And she'll do two more plays
for us during the Bicenten-
nial. Also I was involved in
every play Kim Stanley ever
did, to such an extent that
people thought she was my
girlfriend."
A big celebration was
staged Sunday, and "nearly
everyone from miles around
came," said Phyllis Rowles,
one of the town's residents
and operator of the focal
point of the community, the
tavern, called the Nebraska
Inn.
Sunday's festivities includ-
ed the official raising of the
town's Bicentennial flag, run
up a brand new flag pole in
the -town square, speeches,
singing and a barbeque.
The new, 40-foot flag pole,
which stands beside the old
town pump, is one of the Bi-
centennial projects. In addi-
tion, the town's trash barrels
have been painted red, white
and blue. A new outdoor
privy, a "two - holer," was
erected behind the Town-
house, city hall, and a small
park with picnic tables was
set up.
Mrs. Rowles, a native of
the area, returned last July.
Board and as village treasur-
er, says village business,
what there is of it, is usually
conducted at the end of the
bar in the tavern.
the town was the largest
community in Boyd County
at one time, boasting a popu-
lation of about 500 in the
early part of the century.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Thursday, November 20, 1875
Grave Guard.*.in Doubts Return
Pocahontas for Bicentennial
GRAVESEND En land (UPI) — "There have been many attempts to tween Jamestown and Chief Powha-
g
Pocahontas won't be going home next
year, despite America's Bicentennial
celebrations. At least, that's the word
from the guardian of her grave.
"I think it would not be her wish,"
the Rev. Colin Pilgrim said. "She is on
record as being very reluctant to re-
turn to Virginia."
The Rev. Pilgrim is vicar of St.
George's Church, burial place. of the
Indian princess who played a key role
in the survival of England's first co-
lony in America.
"I don't want to give the idea that
we want to hold onto her for any sel-
fish reasons," he said. "But there is
another factor."
The church burned down in 1727, but
another was built on top of it. All the
bodies buried in the old church were
• put in a common grave, the vicar said.
Compani(.�.�� -_-
Bicentennial Toys
NEW YORK (AP) — The
celebration of the nation's
Bicentennial will be in evi-
dence in toy stores this
Christmas through a wide
array of toys, dolls, games,
handicrafts and hobby kits
with historical and nostalgic
themes, according to a toy
industry spokesman.
Playthings based on
events in American history
have always been staples in
the toy industry, notes Mer-
lin H. Birk, president of Toy
Manufacturers of America,
the industry association.
The difference this year
and next, he explains, is in
the variety and number of
products especially designed
to depict for children the na-
tion's founding and growth.
"Virtually all toys are
scaled -down versions of real -
life concepts and objects,
and these playthings help
children to understand their
world as well as the 'grown-
up' world," Birk points out.
As such, he believes, Bi-
centennial- influenced toys
will provide opportunities for
parents and children to learn
about the changes that have
taken place in America dur-
ing the past 200 years.
The toy industry spokes-
man explains that the Bicen-
tennial toys category in-
cludes playthings tied to a
particular event or era in
history, as well as those sug-
gesting nostalgic themes.
"American history topics
Will be evident in many new
'toys, quiz and board games,
jigsaw puzzles and dolls,'
Birk adds. "Specific ex-
amples would be dolls with
colonial and other period
costumes and games about
the Revolutionary and Civil
wars."
find her bones," he said. "No one has
ever succeeded."
He said he knew of the resolution in-
troduced in the U.S. House of Repre-
sentatives calling for Pocahontas' re-
mains to be returned for the Bicenten-
nial.
"I certainly hope they don't suc-
ceed," one of his parishioners snorted.
"It really is rather an absurd thing to
do."
Legend says Pocahontas threw her-
self on top of Capt. John Smith, leader
of Virginia's Jamestown colony, to pre-
vent her Indian chieftain father from
having him killed.
She was probably in love with Smith
— she called him her "big, whiskery
bear -man that is of my heart" — and
their friendship kept the peace be-
tan's Pamunkey tribe.
Colonists, fearing for their safety
when Smith sailed back to England,
seized her as a hostage.
Pocahontas, thinking Smith was
dead, married a prominent settler,
John Rolfe, and sailed with him to
England, where she became a sensa-
tion.
A stone plaque recalls her burial in
Gravesend on March 21, 1617. She died
just as she was about to sail for Vir-
ginia.
In a pamphlet written for church vis-
itors, the Rev. Pilgrim quoted a mem-
ber of King James I's court as saying
the princess was "sore against" re-
turning to the colonies.
"It seems a most curious thing to say
if she were eager to go back to her own
country," the minister said.
Mormon Choir Sets
Bicentennial Tour
SALT LAKE CITY (UPI)
— The Mormon Tabernacle
Choir will present Bicenten-
nial concerts in Phila-
delphia, Boston and New
York before climaxing its
eastern tour with a July 4th
performance in Washington,
D.C.
The tour opens in Phila-
delphia June 29 with a con-
cert in the new Robin Hpnd
Dell outdoor amphitheater.
The Philadelphia Orchestra
under Eugene Ormandy will
join the choir at the 20,000
seat facility.
June 30, the choir will give
an evening concert in Hynes
Veterans Auditorium. The
following day the 375 -voice
group will perform at the
convention of International
Million Dollar Round Table
Club.
That evening the choir will
perform at New York's Car-
negie Hall. July 2 will find
the choir in Washington,
D.C., for an evening per-
formance in Capitol Center.
July 3, a dedicatory serv-
ice for the Washington
Temple Visitors Center in
Kensington, Md., will fea-
ture the Tabernacle Choir.
The climax of the tour will
be Sunday, July 4, when the
choir will join a morning
devotional service in the
Capitol Center with Presi-
dent Spencer W. Kimball of
the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter -day Saints (Mormon)
presiding. Later that morn-
ing, the choir will present its
weekly radio and television
broadcast, "Music and the
Spoken Word" from the
Capitol Center.
Choir director Dr. Jerold
D. Ottley will conduct the
tour concerts with Dr. Alex-
ander Schreiner and Dr.
Robert Cundick as organists.
The Mormon choir first
visited New York City in 1911
and returned for concerts in
1958 and 1964. The same
tours in 1911 and 1958 also in-
cluded performances in
Philadelphia. The last time
the choir performed in Bos-
ton was in 1958.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Wednesday, October 1, 1975
Bicentennial Gro_ . .
, Big Business
By DON McLEOD
Associated Press Writer
WASHINGTON —The Peo-
ples Bicentennial Com-
mission is raising a rhubarb
among celebrants of the na-
tion's 200th birthday by ar-
guing with them about the
true significance of the
American Revolution.
This energetic group of
radical flag wavers has
aroused the ire of the U.S.
Chamber of Commerce, as
well as of the government's
official Bicentennial promo-
ters, Ronald Reagan and
conservatives in general. It
has done so mainly because
of its attacks on big corpo-
rations.
The PBC also has aroused
the ire of the far left. That's
because it still extols the vir-
tues of democratic in-
stitutions and a free market
economy despite its revolu-
tionary fervor.
But labor unions, civic
groups, school systems,
churches and others recep-
tive to a populist approach
have made the PBC a major
influence in the celebration.
The Peoples Bicentennial
Commission, a private group
with no official status, has
provided Bicentennial mate-
rials to 5,000 schools, 2,000
library systems and 65,000
churches. It has six books
out by major publishers,
with three more planned this
year.
At last count, 984 com-
mercial radio stations were
playing PBC's "The Voices
of '76" series and 145 tele-
vision stations were showing
the TV version. PBC has a
film and a multimedia show
touring the country and an
itinerant theater company.
Largly because the federal
government and various pri-
vate organizations have pro-
vided little direction for the
Bicentennial celebration,
PBC has been able to step
into the vacuum and fill the
demand for program mate-
rial.
Jeremy Rifkin, a young
economist who started PBC
four years ago on an $800
shoestring, says a budget of
up to $300,000 is expected for
1976, the big Bicentennial
year.
Next year, PBC will con-
duct a national campaign
molded on a presidential
campaign. Speakers will ap-
pear in primary states, pro-
moting a platform but no
candidate. Television time
will be bought for com- .
mercials just as in a real
election drive.
The climax will be a rally
in Washington next July 4
similar, the PBC hopes, to
the 1963 civil rights march
and rally led by Martin Lu-
ther King Jr.
Program and educational
materials published by PBC
bring in $8,000 to $10,000 a
month. PBC has 10,000 mem-
bers who pay $15 annual
dues each. Rifkin says 2,000
new members sign up each
month.
The basic product is study
and program material used
by a great variety of organ-
izations seeking guidance for
programs commemorating
the Revolution and inde-
pendence.
As befits an organization
which grew out of the anti-
war movement, PBC in its
ideological phase rests heav-
ily on the radical side of the
Revolution, particularly such
leaders as Sam Adams and
Thomas Paine.
_ THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Thursday, November 27, 1975
Bicentennial, Women's Movement Influence Yule Dolls
By G.G. LaBELLE
Associated Press Writer
NEW YORK (AP) — Ms.
Bicentennial, made in Hong
Kong, garbed in red pants,
white blouse and blue blazer,
seems to embody -the spirit
of children's Christmas toys
as the nation nears its 200th
year.
In toy shops across the
land, now gearing up for
their busiest season; this Ms.
is joined by an increasing
number of dolls wlfo teem to
bear the stamp of women's
liberation and by even more
toys being marketed just in
time for the Bicentennial.
The Barbie doll — whose
manufacturer, Mattel, says
"has always been a very in-
dependent kind of a figure"
— has her own cabin cruiser
this year. Dyna -mite, who
joined Barbie as an adult -
like doll four years ago, now
has an outfit with the wom-
en's liberation symbol as its
pattern.
On the Bicentennial mar-
ket, there is a series of Colo-
nial Belles, made in Taiwan,
— -1981. 1:'11:
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OW ,[H,L HOA VIVO `LN(10�I(T Z� NT
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•31NO d VNIO 93OOWI7 S�aTllO,fi �H L
Ta 7r"1ind91 ysow 3 ,Aa UoHA
,lN1,NC10 from the
ur rood, fun and fairytales."
"the women who helped to
make our nation great "; a
series of Star Spangled
Dolls' dolls of Uncle Sam,
Abraham Lincoln, George
Washington, John Paul
Jones and Nathan Hale,
among others.
These dolls represent what
Ted Erickson of the Toy
Manufacturers of America
trade group sees as two ma-
jor themes in toys for the
Christmas season: the Bi-
centennial and the doll being
ever more liberated from its
chubby, baby image. Erick-
son also says that in the nos-
talgia accompanying the Bi-
centennial there is new in-
terest in the military toys
whose sales plummeted in
reaction to the Vietnam
War.
Erickson noted that the
military toys are all de-
signed with World War I1,
and not Vietnam, in mind.
"It's a look back at Amer-
ica's last just war," Erick-
son said, and as if mirroring
his comment, a series of Mil-
itary Legends dolls extends
from Gen. U.S. Grant to
Gen. Douglas MacArthur —
but not to Gen. William
Westmoreland, best known
for the Vietnam conflict.
The military dolls are part
of a new dolls for boys trend
started by GI Joe, but Erick-
son noted that there's one
step toy makers feel the
American public is not ready
for yet: traditional baby
dolls that weep and wet mar-
keted for boys.
"I don't think the majority
of American fathers are
ready for their 3- year -old
- -A%OW i7iiVr r Ws 01M
MWT V 0uaa��u�l�
uraaaQ `xvpuns'aslog `NVWS31V3S OHVal 3Hd.
is
9161'IZ q
of volunteei-
mateBicenteni,._......y6%,'Y-
They came from the 50 states, from
large cities and small towns, written in
the trembly letters of octogenarians
ists. The six will be announced Jan. 18
at the National Football League Super -
bowl game and publicized in Ander-
son's column and in Time, Newsweek,
— c.. ;ae —i nthPr magazines.
sons to take up motherly
chores," he said.
Indeed, even the liberated
woman -like dolls seem to be
still more oriented toward
traditional female beauty
than toward the world of
working women.
Dyna -mite, with her wom-
en's liberation symbol
clothes, can be bought with
a Health spa that includes a
hip vibrator and reducing
wheel. There is not Betsy
Ross to go along with Paul
Revere and Patrick Henry
among Bicentennial dolls.
Still, Tiffany Taylor, long
legged and buxom in hei
golden swim suit, and Derr)
Dering, the female counter•
part to the Evel Knievel dol
that the Ideal Toy Co. says
was created to "show that a
female can be adventurous
too," are not the dolls of 2(
years ago.
Nor do the Super Gals
Supergirl, Catwoman, Bal
girl and Wonderwoman, ii
her star - spangled tights -
seem like the cuddly crea
tures of the past.
Bice
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Thursday, November 27 1975
.new. -rurke Lettover,
<<.
y
By G.G. LaB
Associated Pre
NEW YORK (,
Bicentennial, ma
Kong, garbed in
white blouse and
seems to embody
of children's Chr
as the nation nea
TRAVELOG
Denmark Send.
B irth(&7 Wlishes
By PAT THORNTON
The Idaho Statesman
A delightful New Year's card arrived on our desk
from Axel Dessau, director of the Danish National
Tourist Office. The card, done in cartoon -style and
red, white and blue, depicts the Statue of Liberty
greeting a Viking ship and says simply: "Denmark,
Oldest Kingdom in the World, sends best wishes to a
great young friend — The United States of America
on your 200th birthday." A nice gesture from the
land "famous for food, fun and fairytales."
■
n
i
DENNIARK- OldestlQngdom inthel d serds best wishes to a greatyowig friend
THE UNTIED STATES Of 40EIZICA on your XOt h birthday.
NOW THAT 1976 is here, seems everybody in the
tourist industry is hopping on the Bicentennial band-
wagon. In South Dakota, for instance, Americans
from all 50 states and the five U.S. territories have
been invited to a massive 111 -day celebration at the
first designated national Bicentennial focal point —
Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black
Hills. The National Park Service and the State of
South Dakota are joining forces for the observance
from May 21 through Sept. 8, during which two days
have been set aside to honor each state and terri-
tory. Idaho will be feted June 22 and 23.
Twenty -three members of the Greater Miami Hotel
and Motel Association are also celebrating the Bicen-
tennial by extending a special courtesy discount to
all visitors from the 50 states as well as neighboring
countries and seven geographical areas of the world
for a specific time period during the 52 weeks of 1976.
Each guest showing "any reasonable proof of resi-
dency" will be extended a 10 per cent room discount.
Participating members will display the Idaho flag
and /or plaque during the week of March 21 to 27.
The joyous gathering of
family and friends for an
abundance of festive foods is
a holiday tradition; but what
happens when the holiday
has passed and family and
friends have left?
To the imaginative cook,
leftover turkey is the start-
ing point of all kinds of de-
licious dishes, often more
flavorful than the original
bird.
When you're in 'a hurry,
simply dice cooked leftover
turkey and heat it in con-
densed Cheddar
STATESMAN-
Famill
Thursday,
SECTION C
nience, Turkey Pot Pie with ul
Stuffing is just the thing. w
Small white onions, sliced A
celery and diced carrots are is
cooked in water until tender, S
then blended with condensed or
condensed crr THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, December 21, 1975
Bicentennial Slogans
Flood Columnist's Office
The Washington Post
WASHINGTON — "I Get High on
Apple Pie." "The American Eagle
Doesn't Need Any Fuel to Fly."
"Blood, Sweat 'n' Tears to Make 200
Years." "Renegotiate Our Contract
With Destiny." .. From Minutemen to
Spacemen."
Slogans — more than a million of
them — have poured into a red brick
mansion in Washington, where dozens
of volunteers are searching for the ulti-
mate Bicentennial rallying cry.
They came from the 50 states, from
large cities and small towns, written in
the trembly letters of octogenarians
and the awkward hand of children.
Homemade bumper sticker slogans,
slogans on needlepoint, painted red,
white and blue slogans, simple typed
slogans on lined paper.
"Slogans USA," the contest spon-
sored by columnist Jack Anderson, has
produced an unexpected outpouring of
patriotic response. It is, says American
Revolution Bicentennial Administrator
John W. Warner, "the best evidence
we have of how the whole Bicentennial
is sweeping the nation."
It all started with Watergate, Ander-
son said. "It's like the wife who cat-
ches her husband playing around."
"After the initial shock, she decides
she still loves him and she wants to say
so. After Watergate, America was
down in the dumps, shellshocked, but
people still had a basic faith in their
country and they wanted to express
it."
So Anderson wrote a column in Sep-
tember 1974 calling on Americans to
send him a Bicentennial slogan. "Put-
ting into words our feelings about
America may help us to shake off the
dirt of Watergate and think constructi-
vely about our country," he wrote.
Slogans began to pour in at the rate
of 10,000 a week and continued steadily
through Monday's deadline. Now vol-
unteers from the Jaycees, the Ameri-
can Legion and the Federation of
Women's Clubs are screening them for
the 100 best entries.
These will be sent to the heads of the
55 state and territorial Bicentennial
commissions who will choose six final-
ists. The six will be announced Jan. 18
at the National Football League Super -
bowl game and publicized in Ander-
son's column and in Time, Newsweek,
TV Guide and other magazines.
Anyone can vote for the final slogan
by sending in a postcard ballot. The
winner will receive a 1976 station
wagon, a 30 -day tour of the U.S. as
guests at Holiday Inns and $5,000 in ex-
penses from the Copernicus Society, a
Polish- American group, which under-
wrote the contest.
Many of the slogans are from chil-
dren — whole elementary school
classes have sponsored contests.
"America is like frosted flakes, it's
great," wrote Charles Jerich, a Chesw-
ick, Pa., sixth grader. From Mary
Kiess, Bucyrus, Ohio: "Psst! Our
Country Means Freedom — Pass It
On!"
"To some cynics, this may appear
maudlin," said Anderson, a devout
Mormon who began his newspaper ca-
reer at age 12.
"Sophisticates consider it popular to
deride the Bicentennial. But beneath
the veneer, people love this country. In
spite of the abuses of the CIA and the
FBI, they haven't lost faith."
Art Buchwald
Indians Divided
1 On Bicentennial
WASHINGTON — The American In-
dians seem to be divided over whether
or not to participate in the Bicenten-
nial celebration next year.
Some tribes are going along with the
festivities because they have decided
it's good for their jewelry business. But
others are boycotting them on the
grounds that the Indians really have
nothing to celebrate.
Chief Hard Nose of the Kalorama In-
dians, whose forefathers once hunted
buffalo and bear where the Watergate
now stands, told me his people have no
interest in celebrating the 200th Anni-
versary of the United States.
"Why should we celebrate an anni-
versary that was the start of us losing
everything on this continent ?"
"How can you say that ?" I asked.
"You've got a Bureau of Indian Af-
fairs."
"Before you people formed a
country, we had clean air, fresh water,
and blue skies. And we had an ozone
layer to keep us from getting skin can-
cer. Now you've messed things up so
badly it isn't even safe to eat chicken
eggs."
"But, Chief, look what we gave to
your continent: railroads, highways,
suburbs, shopping centers and trading
stamps. Where would the American In-
dian be today without the white man ?"
"We'd be living in Palm Springs,
Miami and Beverly Hills."
"Ah, but what kind of life would you
be living ?" I asked. "You'd still be in
tents sleeping on buffalo hides and fish-
ing in streams and dancing around
fires. What type of existence is that ?"
"It's better than selling souvenirs on
the rim of the Grand Canyon," Chief
Hard Nose said. "Frankly, I don't
know what you people are celebrating
anyway. Look what you've done to
New York! When we sold you Manhat-
tan Island for $24, New York bonds
were worth their weight in beads. Ev-
ery tribe with a pension fund fought to
buy them. Now you can't give them
away.
"When the settlers first arrived,
there were trees and hills and streams
from Wall Street up to Columbia Uni-
versity. You could ride a horse from
the Hudson River to the East River in
10 minutes. Now it takes an hour to get
from First Avenue to the West Side
Highway. What kind of progress is
that ?"
"New York isn't America," I pointed
out to Chief Hard Nose. "Look at De-
troit and Newark and Wilmington,
Delaware. The Indians never could
have developed those places on their
own. When we celebrate our 200th An.
niversary, we're celebrating it for all
Americans, and that includes you In-
dians. We couldn't have made it with-
out you."
"Why do you say that ?"
"Don't forget it was on your land
that we found the gas and oil and coal
and from that made this country what
it is today."
"Then how come we don't get any-
thing out of it ?"
"Because we know you are a proud
people who would never accept money
for land that was stolen from you."
Chief Hard Nose said: "Why don't
you try us ?"
"We must forget the past," I told
him. "Your people and our people must
join hands and rejoice in this great Bi-
centennial celebration. You are part of
our culture. Without Indians there
might never have been a movie in-
dustry or John Wayne."
"I forgot about John Wayne," he ad-
mitted.
"And don't forget your people gave
us the names for three professional
football teams. No other ethnic group
has been so honored."
Chief Hard Nose thought for a mo-
ment and then said: "If we join in your
Bicentennial, will you honor the
treaties and promises you made to us
for the last 200 years ?"
"Of course," I promised. "Have we
ever lied to you ?"
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Wednesday, December 17,191
Searchers Find
Misplaced Body
Of Betsy Ross
PHILADELPHIA (UPI) — Searchers
Tuesday found in an old cemetery a
body they are sure is that of Betsy
Ross, the seamstress who legend says
made the first American flag.
It took two days. of digging in Mt.
Moriah Cemetery, where Mrs. Ross
was buried in 1857, to find the coffin
containing her remains. On Monday
other bones were found which experts
ruled out as being those of the woman
who supposedly made the 13 -star flag
at the request of George Washington.
"I'm glad things did work out," said
Dr. Allan Mann of the University of
Pennsylvania. "I didn't want to get
blamed for losing Betsy Ross."
Mann and his grave diggers began
work Monday at the cemetery in south-
west Philadelphia. He was commis-
sioned to move the remains to a
courtyard next to her home, a national
monument, in time for the nation's Bi-
centennial in 1976.
"I must say it was a bit upsetting,"
Mann said. "We dug up a coffin Mon-
day, but that turned out to be her
grandson, or great - grandson."
So the grave diggers were ordered
back to work Tuesday. The second
body, which Mann is sure is Betsy's,
was found after hours of excavating.
"There's no question about this one,"
he said. "All indications point to this
one. It was a great distance away from
the grave marker, but it (the marker)
was put up in 1923 and that's 70 years
after she was moved to the cemetery."
Betsy Ross' body was buried in Mt.
Moriah after the city purchased the
Free Quaker Cemetery in 1857, where
she was originally buried in 1836 fol.
lowing her death at the age of 84.
TOE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Wednesday, December 31, 1975
X. :'.':
1HE LIBERTY BELL: IN GOOD SHAPE
... radiograph used to examine cracks
Crack Creates Problem
...For Liberty Bell Movers
PHILADELPHIA (UPI) — Before the Lib-
erty Bell leaves its historic home at the cli-
max of a massive New Year's Eve party,
authorities are making sure the Bell's fam-
ed crack does not become its undoing.
"1 think we're trying to be super careful,"
said Arthur Miller of the National Park
Service. "We would not have considered
moving the Bell if there were any basic dan-
ger in doing it."
About 50,000 persons are expected to be on
hand when the Bell is wheeled out of Inde-
pendence Hall, where it has been housed for
223 years, and taken 100 yards to a modern,
more spacious pavilion designed to accom-
modate more Bicentennial visitors.
The Park Service and the Franklin In-
stitute, which are supervising the move, in-
sist the Bell will have no trouble completing
the journey, which will be conducted
against a background of fireworks, martial
music, the tolling of bells and a candlelight
procession.
However, authorities said they do not
want to take any chances, because the Bell
has a history of misfortune.
The Bell, brought to Philadelphia from
London in 1752 in commemoration of Penn-
sylvania's 50th anniversary, cracked during
testing. When it was recast, it was found to
have too much copper, which muted the
tone.
On July 8, 1835, the Bell cracked while
tolling for the funeral procession of Chief
Justice John Marshall. It was rung for the
last time on Feb. 23, 1846, commemorating
George Washington's birthday, and cracked
again.
It has not been outside Independence Hall
since 1917, when it was brought out for the
Second Liberty Loan Parade.
A crucial step in the process of preparing
the Bell for its latest move was completed
Monday when it was lifted from its old
wooden frame and hoisted onto a moving
cart.
Electronic sensors were attached to the
bell and monitored by a seismograph during
the hoisting process.
"Everything went perfectly," said Harold
W. Smith, a spokesman for Becton, Dickin-
son and Co., of Rutherford, N.J., which han-
dled the stress testin
.... ............................... g
LIBERTY BELL STANDS IN NEW HOME
... after midnight move in a storm
Liberty Bell Moved
A,. TL_______ 71 tvr -
LIBERTY BELL STANDS IN NEW HOME
... after midnight move in a storm
Liberty Bell Moved
As Thousands Watch
PHILADELPHIA (UPI) - Despite a
heavy downpour and chilling winds,
thousands of people showed up in the
early hours of New Year's Day to see
the Liberty Bell moved into its new
home 100 yards from Independence
Hall where it spent most of the past 223
years.
The new home, a $1- million steel and
glass pavilion, was designed to accom-
modate more Bicentennial visitors.
Ignoring the rain, many persons at-
tending the ceremonies lit candles
when the street lights in the vicinity
were turned off just before the Bell be.
gan its 20- minute journey.
Several workmen towed the Bell be-
hind a procession of dignitaries and the
3rd Infantry Regiment Fife and Drum
Corps dressed in Continental Army uni-
forms.
Its original' yoke was intact on its
new metal frame and the pavilion was
opened officially to visitors after a spe.
cial service.
Since more than 20 million persons
are expected to visit Philadelphia dur-
ing the Bicentennial year, officials felt
that old Independence Hall could not
handle the flow of tourists.
The Bell has had a history of mis.
fortune since it was brought here from
London in 1752 to commemmorate
Pennsylvania's 50th anniversary.
During testing, the Bell cracked. It
was repaired and was rung during the
first public reading of the Declaration
of Independence on July 8, 1776.
It again cracked while tolling the fu-
neral procession for Chief Justice John
Marshall on July 8, 1835. The crack
widened when the Bell tolled for the
last time, in 1846, on the anniversary of
George Washington's birth.
There was further concern about ti-
move because the Bell had not left h -
dependence Hall since it was taken
through the streets of Philadelphia dur-
ing a Liberty Loan parade in 1917.
Until then, it had not left the hall
since 1777 when it was taken briefly to
Allentown, Pa., to protect it from in-
vading British forces.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, January 2, 1976
Rose Parade's Salute to America
Kicks Off Bicentennial Festival
PASADENA, Calif. (UPI) — Witb a
salute to its heritage and a prayer for
peace, America kicked off its year -long
200th birthday celebratim, • Thursday
with flowers, floats and pretty girls
proclaiming, "America, Let's Cele-
brate!"
Under bright skies, the 87th annual
Tournament of Roses, a 51/2 mile, two-
hour spectacular of color, ingenuity
and nostalgia, passed before an esti-
mated 1.5 million spectators packed
solid along the parade route. Another
100 to 150 million saw it on nationwide
television.
Singer Kate Smith, whose rendition
of "God Bless America" has became
almost synonymous with patriotism,
led the parade as grand marshal, the
third female so honored in the tourna-
ment's history.
"I hope and pray to God that we can
have peace throughout the world," she
said.
The parade was officially designated
as the inaugural event of America's Bi-
centennial Year and many of the pa-
rade's 61 floats stressed the nation's
heritage.
The Credit Union National Associ-
ation won the Sweepstakes with a turn -
of- the - century "Sunday Band Con-
cert." Glendale, Calif., won the Theme
Prize with "America, Let's Show Our
Colors," a sculptured American patriot
proudly waving a 13 -star Old Glory.
"Let's Have an Old- Fashioned Rose
Parade," featuring five 1906 automo-
biles won the Grand Prize for Occiden-
tal Life Insurance Co. of California.
Other major prize winners were In-
ternational House of Pancakes, the city
of Arcadia, Calif., and Bank of Amer
Bicentennial Sparks
Travel Agency Boom
The Associated Press
Americans will travel more in 1976,
both domestically and overseas, and
the Bicentennial has brought booming
tourism to Williamsburg, Va., Boston,
Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., an
Associated Press check showed Friday.
The AP sampled travel agents, tour-
ing clubs, airlines and trade publica-
tions in more than 20 cities to find out
if Americans, in celebrating the na-
tion's 200th birthday, would visit the
areas where the Revolution began.
Some say it is too early to tell how
big the boost will be but travel to
Washington and New England began to
pick up sharply in 1975.
Travel experts predict foreign travel
would be up slightly over a down year
in 1975. Abroad, Europe is still in reces-
sion and tourist officials there said any
increased travel to America would
probably result from cheaper package
trips instead of Bicentennial interest.
The U.S. Travel Data Center, a pri-
vate firm that researches trends for
ica which won the Bicentennial Trophy
for the float most o(fOctively represent-
ing the three -year American Revolu-
tion Bicentennial celebration.
Bank of America's 72- foot -long float
was a floral replica of a 4 -4 -0 American
Standard steam locomotive pulling a
flat car bearing the Liberty Bell.
Mexico won the International Trophy
with "Congratulations" to its northern
neighbor and Calgary, Alta., Canada,
won the Ambassador's Award with
"Let's Celebrate Friendship."
A marching re- enactment of "The
Spirit of '76," George Washington on
horseback and soldiers. {Il Revolution-
ary uniforms, gave a Bicentennial
opening to the parade which concluded
with four horsedrawn replicas of
prairie schooners and Conestoga
wagons.
the travel industry, has just completed
a survey of 1,545 persons for the Ameri-
can Bicentennial Commission. It shows
that travel to non - Bicentennial vaca-
tion areas such Disney World and h* 10 Mom Delivers
Miami Beach will ll be up substantially
while travel to historic cities on the
East Coast will be up significantly.
The industry survey predicted for- • • h travel would up slightly a
that a- st Baby In ' 76
that Americans woull d take longer va-
cations.
The AP sampling detected similar ERQN, Ohio (UPI) —
trends but also indicated many would.
Lyme Hess, Barberton,
be travelers would wait until the last
to the world at four sec -
minute to decide where they would go
er midnight New Year's
and.then travel by car.
her mother believes she's
In Philadelphia, Eugene Posner,
cial because she may be
president of the Convention and Tour-
ntry's first Bicentennial
ist Bureau, predicted 19.5 million vis-
itors in 1976, compared to five million
't realize what it meant at
in 1975 and an average two,million be-
tid Vicky Hess, 24, from
fore that.
"We are jammed over July Fourth
berton Citizens' Hospital
and in early August but we still have
Vt even think about her
plenty of rooms at other times," he
first baby of the Bicen-
said.
Colonial Williamsburg appeared to be
the most popular Bicentennial spot on
the East Coast, but press director
Hugh DeSamper said "we're not ac-
tually trying to draw more people than
usual."
He said Williamsburg estimated vis-
itors in 1975 totaled 1.5 million, about a
12 per cent increase over 1974.
The D.C. Bicentennial Commission
and a White House task force both esti-
mate visitors to the nation's capital in
tennial year. She's very special.
After all, this is the 200th year of
the country and that makes her the
first Bicentennial baby."
Brenda Lynne is the second girl
in the Herbert Hess fa x. She
weighed six pounds 41/2 0
"She was a day ea Mrs.
Hess said. "I think she's, first
one born in the Akron ar+iplt. But
she came just as anytAotheti- would
expect. My husband is really ex-
cited. He was up here already this
morning holding her."
third female so honored in the tourna vtner major prize winners were (n with four horsedrawn replicas of
ment's history. ternational House of Pancakes, the city prairie schooners and Conestoga
"I hope and pray to God that we can of Arcadia, Calif., and Bank of Amer wagons.
Bicentennial Sparks
Travel Agency Boom
The Associated Press
Americans will travel more in 1976,
both domestically and overseas, and
the Bicentennial has brought booming
tourism to Williamsburg, Va., Boston,
Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., an
Associated Press check showed Friday.
The AP sampled travel agents, tour-
ing clubs, airlines and trade publica-
tions in more than 20 cities to find out
if Americans, in celebrating the na-
tion's 200th birthday, would visit the
areas where the Revolution began.
Some say it is too early to tell how
big the boost will be but travel to
Washington and New England began to
pick up sharply in 1975.
Travel experts predict foreign travel
would be up slightly over a down year
in 1975. Abroad, Europe is still in reces-
sion and tourist officials there said any
increased travel to America would
probably result from cheaper package
trips instead of Bicentennial interest.
The U.S. Travel Data Center, a pri-
vate firm that researches trends for
the travel industry, has just completed
a survey of 1,545 persons for thr Ameri-
can Bicentennial Commissioi
that travel non- i n
lion areas such D
as Disney
Miami Beach will be up su 0
while travel to historic cit.
East Coast will be up signific
The industry survey pre(
eign travel would be up sl
that Americans would take
cations.
The AP sampling detecte BAR
trends but also indicated ma Brenda
be travelers would wait unt came i
minute to decide where they onds a
and.then travel by car. Day an
In Philadelphia, Eugene very sp
president of the Convention the co
ist Bureau, predicted 19.5 m baby.
itors in 1976, compared to fiv "I did
in 1975 and an average two .rr first,"
fore that. her Ba
"We are jammed over Jul, bed.
and in early August but we : "I di
plenty of rooms at other tir being t
said.
Colonial Williamsburg appeared to be
the most popular Bicentennial spot on
the East Coast, but press director
Hugh DeSamper said "we're not ac-
tually trying to draw more people than
usual."
He said Williamsburg estimated vis-
itors in 1975 totaled 1.5 million, about a
12 per cent increase over 1974.
The D.C. Bicentennial Commission
and a White House task force both esti-
mate visitors to the nation's capital in
1976 will total 17.2 million compared to
14 million in 1974, a 22 per cent hike.
In Boston, some hotels are already
booked solid for the Fourth of July and
the rest are looking forward to a big
year.
John Davis Slade of Sheraton's chain
cited a "very big demand. We are look-
ing forward to a banner year. Every-
one wants to come to Boston."
Kenneth. Roberts, spokesman for the
city's "Boston 200" agency, said six
million to 6.5 million visitors were an-
ticipated in 1976, up from about 3.5 mil-
lion this year.
He said nearly half would stay with
friends, the rest in hotels and the aver-
age stay would be about three days.
Other sources estimated visitors would
spend about $200 during a long week-
end stay.
"Washington and Williamsburg vir-
tually are off the charts with triple the
bookings there for 1976," said John
Stachnik, president of Forlow Tours in
Chicago. He said his company booked
9,000 students for the two cities for this
spring compared to 3,100 in spring 1975.
hio Mom Delivers
F irst Baby in 76
BEft)N, Ohio (UPI)
Lynne . Hess, Barberton,
nto the world at four sec -
fter midnight New Year's
I her mother believes she's
ecial because she may be
untry's first Bicentennial
n't realize what it meant at
said Vicky Hess, 24, from
rberton Citizens' Hospital
did even think about her
he first baby of the Bicen-
tennial year. She's very special.
After all, this is the 200th year of
the country and that makes her the
first Bicentennial baby.
Brenda Lynne is the second girl
in the Herbert Hess fa y. She
weighed six pounds 41 o
"She was a day ea r Mrs.
Hess said. "I think she's,,W first
one born in the Akron argR. But
she came just as any mothe+ would
expect. My husband is really ex-
cited. He was up here already this
morning holding her."
'76 Vote
Corralled
By Horse
11
WASHINGTON (AP) — The
horse won.
He beat out cats, dogs, gophers,
fleas — even the nation's symbol,
the bald eagle — in a race to be-
come America's Bicentennial ani-
mal.
In balloting sponsored by the
Humane Society of the United
States, the horse outpaced white -
tailed deer, buffalo, grizzly bears,
whales, • wolves, cattle, coyotes,
beavers, wild turkeys, passenger
pigeons, mules and salmon — in
that order.
The ballots were cast by 75,000
youngsters at schools, various
Humane Society chapters and even
a few county fairs which set up
special voting booths.
Those too young to write drew
pictures of their favorite animals.
The votes were counted by other
youngsters, members of the
Humane Society's junior member-
ship division.
Roger Caras, society vice presi-
dent, announced the winner
Friday. He said the election was in-
tended "to highlight the many con-
tributions that animals have made
to the development of our great na-
tion."
The horse might stand unchal-
lenged as the animal to be honored
in this Bicentennial year. The
American Revolution Bicentennial
Administration says it hasn't
named an animal and doesn't plan
to.
The horse got 20,289 votes — 943
more than the bald eagle, whose
likeness adorns the presidential
seal and currency. The turkey,
which Benjamin Franklin wanted
to be the national symbol, came in
11th with only 1,433 votes.
Several youngsters included let-
ters with their ballots.
Randy Rubin, 9, of Staten Island,
N.Y., was upset. "I think the eagle
should win because he is for our
Bicentennial Engine.. .
CHICAGO AND NORTH WESTERN locomotive
No. 1776, sporting a red - white- and -blue bicen-
tennial paint scheme, will operate on the railroad's
Western division during January, 1976. The 1,800
horsepower GP -18 diesel will be used on freight
trains all across the division during that month,
then will go on to one of the seven other North
Western divisions on the road's 10,200 -mile
system. The Western division, with headquarters
in Chadron, Nebraska, comprises C &NW trackage
in Wyoming, North Dakota, western South Dakota,
and western Nebraska.
The spz'rr'c of °76
Uncle Sam's top hat is bursting with flowers and
patriotic spirit! Incorporate the beauty of flowers
into.your Bicentennial celebration with this easy -
to -make floral arrangement. The arrangement
pictured may be made inexpensively in any com-
bination of the colors red, white and blue with al-
most any type of patriotic accessories. Uncle
Sam's top hat is made from a tin can and a circle
cut from heavy cardboard, then decorated with
colored construction paper and ribbon. Six blue
carnations and huckleberry greenery are ar-
ranged in a block of floral foam that has been
saturated and secured inside of the container.
'76 Vote
Corralled
By Horse
WASHINGTON (AP) — The
horse won.
He beat out cats, dogs, gophers,
fleas — even the nation's symbol,
the bald eagle — in a race to be-
come America's Bicentennial ani-
mal.
In balloting sponsored by the
Humane Society of the United
States, the horse outpaced white -
tailed deer, buffalo, grizzly bears,
whales, • wolves, cattle, coyotes,
beavers, wild turkeys, passenger
pigeons, mules and salmon — in
that order.
The ballots were cast by 75,000
youngsters at schools, various
Humane Society chapters and even
a few county fairs which set up
special voting booths.
Those too young to write drew
pictures of their favorite animals.
The votes were counted by other
youngsters, members of the
Humane Society's junior member-
ship division.
Roger Caras, society vice presi-
dent, announced the winner
Friday. He said the election was in-
tended "to highlight the many con-
tributions that animals have made
to the development of our great na-
tion."
The horse might stand unchal-
lenged as the animal to be honored
in this Bicentennial year. The
American Revolution Bicentennial
Administration says it hasn't
named an animal and doesn't plan
to.
The horse got 20,289 votes — 943
more than the bald eagle, whose
likeness adorns the presidential
seal and currency. The turkey,
which Benjamin Franklin wanted
to be the national symbol, came in
11th with only 1,433 votes.
Several youngsters included let-
ters with their ballots.
Randy Rubin, 9, of Staten Island,
N.Y., was upset. "I think the eagle
should win because he is for our
freedom. The eagle wanted Amer-
ica to be strong, and I hope we i
are."
Todd Dyleski, 10, of Atlanta, Ga.,
wanted the buffalo to win. Reason?
"Since it is almost extinct and be-
fore it is extincted (sic) it should
be the national animal because it
didn't get much credit for all it
did."
The buffalo placed fourth with
6,606 votes.
Surrae Holloway, 11, of Cara -
polis, Pa., voted for the winner.
"When they had horses," she said,
"they didn't have to get gas or
change their tires."
CHICAGO AND NORTH WESTERN locomotive then will go on to one of the seven other North
No. 1776, sporting a red - white- and -blue bicen- Western divisions on the road's 10,200 -mile
tennial paint scheme, will operate on the railroad's system. The Western division, with headquarters
Western division during January, 1976. The 1,800 in Chadron, Nebraska, comprises C &NW trackage
horsepower GP -18 diesel will be used on freight in Wyoming, North Dakota, western South Dakota,
trains all across the division during that month, and western Nebraska.
The Spirit of '76
Uncle Sam's top hat is bursting with flowers and
patriotic spirit! Incorporate the beauty of flowers
into your Bicentennial celebration with this easy -
to -make floral arrangement. The arrangement
pictured may be made inexpensively in any com-
bination of the colors red, white and blue with al-
most any type of patriotic accessories. Uncle
Sam's top hat is made from a tin can and a circle
cut from heavy cardboard, then decorated with
colored construction paper and ribbon. Six blue
carnations and huckleberry greenery are ar-
ranged in a block of floral foam that has been
saturated and secured inside of the container.
Freedom Train HeL s',South
The American Bicentennial Freedom Train steams south through
the Cascade Mountains near Chemult, Ore., on its way to Cali-
fornia. The train, which left Oregon Sunday, has toured 45 cities,
including Boise, since April. Before heading east again it will visit
cities in California and Nevada. (AP Photo)
HZstOtiC
Musiciai s
JReassembk
NEW YORK (AP) - The Bicentennial project
of the Bucks of America,
a division of Paral-
lelodrome Ltd., will be to
put together a marching
and concert orchestra of
58 talented black musi-
cians;" ages 18 tdV. The
musicians ar(1 ing se-
lected from : states
which were ` Woriginal
13 colonies.
They will 'perform un-
der the Bucks of America
Banner, which is being
recreated for the occa-
sion. At the close of the
Revolutionairy War, John
Hancock presented the
banner to a company of
black troops for their
"courage and devotion
during the struggle." The
banner has been pre-
served by the Massachu-
setts Historical Society.
.I�
s -4V „vti
' ct
X
t �
0
Boise, Idaho, Monday, Fehruary 23, 1976
George Washington'
Might Disapprove
Of Bicentennial
FORT MYERS, Fla. (AP) — One
of George Washington's biogra-
phers says the first president
would have been dismayed at the
way the nation's 200th birthday
party is being conducted.
On the occasion of Washington's
244th birthday Sunday, retired
Army Gen. William H. Wilbur said
the politics - charged, election -year
atmosphere of the American Bicen-
tennial probably would be very dis-
appointing to Washington.
"Washington was hoping to es-
tablish a government of harmony
that would enact laws in the best
interest of the country," Wilbur
said. "The politicization of Amer-
ica would be very disappointing to
1i j
�r
ns .,.
b(
r
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Saturday
Colonial '76 Spirit Revived at St. Michael's Evensong
By PAT WYNN
The Idaho Statesman
A call to rethink the meaning of
life, liberty and pursuit of happi-
ness in 20th Century terms was giv-
en by the vicar of America's vener-
able Old North Church in Boston,
during a special Colonial Service
last Sunday evening in St. Mi-
chael's Episcopal Cathedral.
The Rev. Dr. Robert Golledge,
speaking to a full sanctuary of
people at the service of Evensong,
said the best birthday present this
country could receive is to "under-
take and reinstate what America
will be in 1976 — with the same dar-
ing and foresight of the founding
fathers."
The Rev. Golledge presented a
brief history about the 253 - year -old
church explaining the edifice
stands for religious freedom to the
one -half million visitors who see it
annually. It was from the church
steeple that the sexton (Robert
Newman) hung the lanterns as a
signal that a British force was
moving up the Charles River to
Cambridge.
The colorful service at St. Mi-
chael's emphasized the Colonial
Spirit in a tribute to the nation's
Bicentennial. Replicas of the lan-
terns were posted at the altar. Ush-
ers were dressed in the mode of
the early patriots — silver wigs,
knickers and coats with tails.
The processional to the national
hymn, "God of Our Fathers,"
opened the service with the com-
bined Episcopal choirs, the Boise
High School acappella chorus, Lt.
Gov. John Evans, and the church
officials including Dr. Golledge, fil-
ing in through the congregation.
The Boise High choir, directed by
Howard Low sang, "The Last
Words of King David" by Thomp-
son and "Give Me Your Tired,
Your Poor" by Irving Berlin during
the program.
DR. ROBERT GOLLEDGE AT PULPIT
... Vicar of Old North Church
%I— - ___ .
BOISE HIGH CHOIR ENTERS CHURCH
... Howard Low and wife, Mona, foreground
The Order for Evening Prayer
was patterned after America 200
years ago. In keeping with the au-
thenticity of the patriots, all Pray-
ers for the Kings Majesty and
Royal Family were stricken from
the service. A black "x" was
struck across each respective read-
ing.
In his remarks, Dr. Golledge
talked about morality stating "that
despite the religious diversity of co-
lonial times there was a wide-
spread moral consensus that dic-
tated how people should act. I call
it 'Colonial Conscience,' " he
said. "It was enforced by the
strongest influence there is — pub-
lic opinion. Today, there is no such
moral conscience in our land — it's
all right to cheat a little bit here
and there, put slugs into pay tele-
phones ..."
Dr. Golledge said technological
advances in this country has
caused the moral slippage he sees
today. However, he said, that the
higher the culture develops, the
more need there is for control or
regulations on how people use their
leisure. "This leads us on a collision
course to facism or anarchy in this
land."
"We've lowered the standards of
our super -egos, behavior and re-
sponsibilities. The result is we no
longer hold to what is right or
wrong," he said.
Golledge continued by saying
there is an erosion of the moral
values by people who seem to ad-
here to the theory — "If it doesn't
matter what you do — maybe you
don't matter either."
He concluded his sermon by stat-
ing that America's churches should
give up the emphasis on maintain-
ing building programs and begin to
uphold the pattern of Jesus Christ,
not in the rigid Puritanical man-
ner, but in the loving, under-
standing, sympathetic manner of
Jesus Himself."
DAVID J. STEVLINGSON,
... leads procession at Bic
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Saturday, February 28, 1976
dal '7 6 Spirit Revived at St. Michael's Evensong Service
nan
neaning of
of happi-
is was giv-
ca's vener-
in Boston,
ial Service
n St. Mi-
�ra 1.
Golledge,
ictuary of
Evensong,
resent this
to "under -
t America
will be in 1976 —with the same dar-
ing and foresight of the founding
fathers."
The Rev. Golledge presented a
brief history about the 253 - year -old
church explaining the edifice
stands for religious freedom to the
one -half million visitors who see it
annually. It was from the church
steeple that the sexton (Robert
Newman) hung the lanterns as a
signal that a British force was
moving up the Charles River to
Cambridge.
The colorful service at St. Mi-
chael's emphasized the Colonial
Spirit in a tribute to the nation's
Bicentennial. Replicas of the lan-
terns were posted at the altar. Ush-
ers were dressed in the mode of
the early patriots — silver wigs,
knickers and coats with tails.
The processional to the national
hymn, "God of Our Fathers,"
opened the service with the com-
bined Episcopal choirs, the Boise
High School acappella chorus, Lt.
Gov. John Evans, and the church
officials including Dr. Golledge, fil-
ing in through the congregation.
The Boise High choir, directed by
Howard Low sang, "The Last
Words of King David" by Thomp-
son and "Give Me Your Tired,
Your Poor" by Irving Berlin during
the program.
F Old North Church
BOISE HIGH CHOIR ENTERS CHURCH
... Howard Low and wife, Mona, foreground
The Order for Evening Prayer
was patterned after America 200
years ago. In keeping with the au-
thenticity of the patriots, all Pray-
ers for the Kings Majesty and
Royal Family were stricken from
the service. A black "x" was
struck across each respective read-
ing.
In his remarks, Dr. Golledge
talked about morality stating "that
despite the religious diversity of co-
lonial times there was a wide-
spread moral consensus that dic-
tated how people should act. I call
it 'Colonial Conscience,' " he
said. "It was enforced by the
strongest influence there is — pub-
lic opinion. Today, there is no such
moral conscience in our land — it's
all right to cheat a little bit here
and there, put slugs into pay tele-
phones..."
Dr. Golledge said technological
advances in this country has
caused the moral slippage he sees
today. However, he said, that the
higher the culture develops, the
more need there is for control or
regulations on how people use their
leisure. "This leads us on a collision
course to facism or anarchy in this
land."
"We've lowered the standards of
our super -egos, behavior and re-
sponsibilities. The result is we no
longer hold to what is right or
wrong," he said.
Golledge continued by saying
there is an erosion of the moral
values by people who seem to ad-
here to the theory — "If it doesn't
matter what you do — maybe you
don't matter either."
He concluded his sermon by stat-
ing that America's churches should
give up the emphasis on maintain-
ing building programs and begin to
uphold the pattern of Jesus Christ,
not in the rigid Puritanical man-
ner, but in the loving, under-
standing, sympathetic manner of
Jesus Himself."
Statesman Photos by Mike Slowik
DAVID J. STEVLINGSON, VERGER, OF BOISE
... leads procession at Bicentennial program
American Scientists Told
Moms Get Credit for Revolution
By EDWARD SCHUMA-
CHER
The Washington Post
A psychologist analyzing
the American Revolution
has concluded that the colon-
ists did not revolt because of
tea taxes and the like, but
because of their mothers.
Lloyd deMause, director of
the Institute for Psychohis-
tory in New York City, said
colonial mothers were the
most advanced in the world,
abandoning the physical
cruelty still common in Eu-
rope for a newer method of
child- rearing that mixed to-
tal psychological control
with loving. The result was a
compulsive character shared
by the rebelling colonists.
As Mother England in-
creased pressure on her sib-
ling colony, the personality
of the colonists had come to
expect and demand the lov-
ing end of the cycle — a
rebirth — that came with
their mothers' rearing in
childhood. The revolution
thus became a massive
"regression- rebirth fan -
tasv," deMause said.
DeMause presented his
views to the annual conven-
tion of the American Associ-
ation for the Advancement
of ScieFce in Boston.
DeMause said evidence of
the New American person-
ality was reflected in the
popularity of religious reviv-
al in the 18th Century.
"Thousands would rush to
hear preachers play the
mother's role of terrorizer
and allow those assembled
to re- experience the regres-
sion- rebirth fantasy ... that
would purge the badness out
of your soul and leave you to
the glorious merging with
God," he said.
"The American Revolution
was ... a psychotic group
process of repression and
rebirth similar to that of the
Great Awakening, except
that in the Revolution it was
America rather than Christ
which became the symbiotic
mother with which one mer-
ged," he said.
"The economic argument
has always suffered from
the implausibility of the no-
tion that tens of thousands of
men would go charging into
blazing muskets and can-
nons for the sake of $1.20 a
year in British taxes," he
said.
Most Europeans — and
many Tories — were prod-
ucts of ambivalent and often
cruel mothering that created
who were encouraged to
pray with and watch over
their children. American
mothers were drawn from
this stock, and, once isolated
across the Atlantic, changed.
The colony in America had
the lowest girl- infanticide
and child abandonment rates
in the world, deMause said.
Moreover, America was the
first to set up mass public
schooling and to campaign
on a large scale for the end
of childbeating, outside wet -
nursing, swaddling and mas-
turbation.
The concern and loving
also mixed with total paren-
tal control, however. This
extended even to the first
use of toilet training. Earlier
mothers often gave children
enemas to clean out the
"bad stuff" inside the baby,
deMause said.
"The real turning point in
this group fantasy took place
with the Boston Tea Party,"
deMause said. "The incident
itself was strictly symbolic,
since both Britain and Amer-
ica were filled with hun-
dreds of similar protest riots
and the tea, to boot, be-
longed to an American mer-
chant.
"But the infantile symbol-
ism was quite clear to both
sides — England was jam-
ming food down America's
throats — just as mother
used to jam pap down her
baby's throats until he threw
Lip. This time the columnists
didn't take it lying down.
The Boston Evening Post
termed the tea 'poisoned',
and the Americans spit it
out," deMause said.
His presentation was re-
ceived enthusiastically by
members of the audience.
, Boise, Sunday, February 29, 1976
Philadelphia to Celebrate
Historic Bicentennial Year
PHILADELPHIA, Pa.
shrine is the Liberty Bell,
depicts the history of the Su-
(UPI) — History can come
which was moved on New
preme Court.
alive for American and for-
Year's Eve to a new trans-
Still within walking dis-
eign visitors to Phila-
parent pavilion across the
tance are the Graff House,
delphia's Bicentennial cele-
street from Independence
where Thomas Jefferson
brations.
Hall to make it easier for
lived when he drafted the
For here is where the
more visitors to see and
Declaration of Independence
United States of America
touch it.
and the 18th century Christ
was born on July 4, 1776.
Stop first, however, at the
Church where George Wash -
And Philadelphia and the
Visitors Center on Third and
ington, Jefferson, Benjamin
U.S. government have spent
Chestnut, where guides from
Franklin and other Revolu-
millions of dollars in recent
the Independence National
tionary heroes worshipped
years getting ready for the
Historical Park and the
while in Philadelphia.
200th birthday party.
Philadelphia Convention and
Then there is Franklin's
This City of Brotherly
Visitors Bureau will provide
Court with its own post of-
Love claims to have the
free brochures and the latest
fice where mail is stamped
greatest concentration of
information on what's going
with the famous statesman -
historic buildings, sites and
on.
inventor - author's original
relics in the United States.
postmark and an 18th cen-
Many of them are located
While there, take time to
tury print shop which turns
within walking distance of
see the free movie "Inde-
out Park literature. There
one another in what is often
pendence," directed by John
also is an imaginative under -
called "America's Most His-
Huston and starring Eli
ground museum with a col -
toric Mile."
Wallach, Pat Hingle and
lection of multimedia dis-
And when you have fin-
Patrick O'Neal as founding
plays depicting the life and
ished strolling through the
fathers.
personality of this multifa-
historic area in the old sec-
Within a few short blocks
ceted man. Franklin is bur -
tion of the city, one -fare loop
from the center are a num-
ied in the Christ Church bur -
buses, London -type double
ber of new and restored sites
ial grounds.
deckers, horses and car-
of major interest. There are
riages or old - fashioned
Independence Hall, where
Opening in April will be an
trolleys can take you to oth-
the Declaration of Independ-
exciting new attraction, the
er key areas in the city's Bi-
ence was signed and the
Living History Theater at
centennial celebrations.
Constitution drafted; Car-
Sixth and Race. There will
The city fathers have
penters' Hall where the first
be an admission charge. Us-
scheduled a year -long calen-
Congressional Congress met
ing a special film process,
dar of special attractions
in 1774; the Greek revival
the 200 -year story of life in
and activities, from parades,
Second Bank of the U.S.
the United States will be
fairs and festivals to art and
with its portrait gallery of
seen in 30 multimedia exhib-
flower shows, plays, con-
early American heroes and
its and a film which will be
certs and sports events.
Old City Hall, where an inte-
seen on a 100 -by -94 -foot
The most popular historic
rior sound and light show
screen.
tea taxes and the like, but
because of their mothers.
Lloyd deMause, director of
the Institute for Psychohis-
tory in New York City, said
colonial mothers were the
most advanced in the world,
abandoning the physical
cruelty still common in Eu-
rope for a newer method of
child- rearing that mixed to-
tal psychological control
with loving. The result was a
compulsive character shared
by the rebelling colonists.
As Mother England in-
creased pressure on her sib-
ling colony, the personality
of the colonists had come to
expect and demand the lov-
ing end of the cycle — a
rebirth — that came with
their mothers' rearing in
childhood. The revolution
thus became a massive
"regression- rebirth fan-
tasy," deMause said.
DeMause presented his
views to the annual conven-
tion of the American Associ-
ation for the Advancement
of ScieFce in Boston.
DeMause said evidence of
the New American person-
ality was reflected in the
popularity of religious reviv-
al in the 18th Century.
"Thousands would rush to
hear preachers play the
mother's role of terrorizer
and allow those assembled
to re- experience the regres-
sion- rebirth fantasy ... that
would purge the badness out
of your soul and leave you to
the glorious merging with
God," he said.
"The American Revolution
was ... a psychotic group
process of repression and
rebirth similar to that of the
Great Awakening, except
that in the Revolution it was
America rather than Christ
which became the symbiotic
mother with which one mer-
ged," he said.
"The economic argument
has always suffered from
the implausibility of the no-
tion that tens of thousands of
men would go charging into
blazing muskets and can-
nons for the sake of $1.20 a
year in British taxes," he
said.
Most Europeans — and
many Tories — were prod-
ucts of ambivalent and often
cruel mothering that created
a depressive character, one
that generally accepted pun-
ishment without rebelling,
he said.
The practice of killing girl
babies or breast feeding
them for shorter times than
boys was slowly dying, but it
was still common to . rap
children in painfully tight
swaddling or ship them out
as infants to wetnurses.
Change came first to the
English middle- class, par
titularly Puritan mothers
and child abandonment rates
in the world, deMause said.
Moreover, America was the
first to set up mass public
schooling and to campaign
on a large scale for the end
of childbeating, outside wet -
nursing, swaddling and mas-
turbation.
The concern and loving
also mixed with total paren-
tal control, however. This
extended even to the first
use of toilet training. Earlier
mothers often gave children
enemas to clean out the
ica were filled with hun-
dreds of similar protest riots
and the tea, to boot, be-
longed to an American mer-
chant.
"But the infantile symbol-
ism was quite clear to both
termed the tea 'poisoned',
and the Americans spit it
out," deMause said.
His presentation was re-
ceived enthusiastically by
members of the audience.
, Boise, Sunday, February Z9, 1976
Philadelphia to Celebrate
Historic Bicentennial Year
PHILADELPHIA, Pa.
shrine is the Liberty Bell,
depicts the history of the Su-
(UPI) — History can come
which was moved on New
preme Court.
Still within walking dis -.
alive for American and for-
Year's Eve to a new trans-
eign visitors to Phila-
parent pavilion across the
tance are the Graff House,
delphia's Bicentennial cele-
street from Independence
where Thomas Jefferson
brations.
Hall to make it easier for
lived when he drafted the
For here is where the
more visitors to see and
Declaration of Independence
United States of America
touch it.
and the 18th century Christ
was born on July 4, 1776.
Stop first, however, at the
Church where George Wash -
And Philadelphia and the
Visitors Center on Third and
ington, Jefferson, Benjamin
U.S. government have spent
Chestnut, where guides from
Franklin and other Revolu-
millions of dollars in recent
the Independence National
tionary heroes worshipped
years getting ready for the
Historical Park and the
while in Philadelphia.
200th birthday party.
Philadelphia Convention and
Then there is Franklin's
This City of Brotherly
Visitors Bureau will provide
Court with its own post of-
Love claims to have the
free brochures and the latest
-fice where mail is stamped
greatest concentration of
information on what's going
with the famous statesman -
original
historic buildings, sites and
on.
inventor - author's
relics in the United States.
postmark and an 18th cen-
Many of them are located
While there, take time to
tury print shop which turns
within walking distance of
see the free movie "Inde-
out Park literature. There
one another in what is often
pendence," directed by John
also is an imaginative under -
called "America's Most His-
Huston and starring Eli
ground museum with a col -
toric Mile."
Wallach, Pat Hingle and
lection of multimedia dis-
And when you have fin-
Patrick O'Neal as founding
plays depicting the life and
ished strolling through the
fathers.
personality of this multifa-
historic area in the old sec-
Within a few short blocks
ceted man. Franklin is bur -
tion of the city, one -fare loop
from the center are a num-
ied in the Christ Church bur -
buses, London -type double
ber of new and restored sites
ial grounds. _
deckers, horses and car-
or old- fashioned
of major interest. There are
Independence Hall, where
Opening in April will be an
riages
trolleys can take you to oth-
the Declaration of Independ-
exciting new attraction, the
er key areas in the city's Bi-
ence was signed and the
Living History Theater at
centennial celebrations.
Constitution drafted; Car-
Sixth and Race. There will
The city fathers have
penters' Hall where the first
be an admission charge. Us-
scheduled a year -long calen-
Congressional Congress met
ing a special film process,
dar of special attractions
in 1774; the Greek revival
the 200 -year story of life in
and activities, from parades,
Second Bank of the U.S.
the United States will be
fairs and festivals to art and
with its portrait gallery of
seen in 30 multimedia exhib-
flower shows, plays, con-
early American heroes and
its and a film which will be
certs and sports events.
Old City Hall, where an inte-
seen on a 100 -by -94 -foot
The most popular historic
rior sound and light show
screen.
https: / /www.priceline.com/dashboard/ ?offer- token =OCD 14949661 C8EC5A89B2772A83A... 3/2/2016
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, February 29, 1976
Martians Expected to Drop By
To Jom*lfficentennial Celebration
WASHINGTON (AP) — If psychic
Irmgard Lincoln is correct, the Mar-
tians are coming. They'll be here in
time for the nation's Bicentennial.
"We ill have them here on the 4th
Of July4, ery definitely," says Lincoln
who claims she has been in telepathic
contact for years with our neighbors on
the red planet.
Lincoln called a news conference to
display some color pictures she took
recently at the Capitol. Sunsetty, rou-
tine snapshots except for a few that
show something in the sky.
That something, she says, is a space-
ship, the Martians' way of giving her
the proof she needs to show that she is
not just another crackpot.
She said she's tried to alert the Pres-
ident, but failed. She contacted Jack
Ford, the President's son, who only ac-
knowledged receiving her letter. She
wrote to William Baroody, assistant to
the President for public liaison, and got
no answer. Ditto Secretary of State
Henry A. Kissinger. Ditto Nancy Kis-
singer, his wife.
Lincoln is president of the Cosmic
Academy, headquartered in one room
of the National Press Club Building.
She lectures about the relationship of
earth and universe, and says she was
Irmgard
Lincoln
given the task of preparing mankind
for the peaceful Martian visit.
Lincoln, who appeared to be in her
mid -50s, said that she was reincarnated
from an earlier life that ended in 1832.
Her speech is heavily accented with
German. She said she came to the
United States in 1964.
She says a fleet of cosmic ships will
make the 30- minute trip from Mars
sometime in the next few weeks — but
at least by July 4 . The Martian ships
go faster than ours, which take nearly
a year for the distance, because they
use electromagnetic power, she says.
"We will be contacted and be invited
into the ships," Lincoln says. "We will
see them, they will see us."
The Martians are coming "in order
to help earth realize brotherhood and
love," she said. The president of Mars
is John Hanson, who was the first pres-
ident of the United States, preceding
George Washington by eight years, ac-
cording to Lincoln.
Lincoln says she has never been
aboard an otherplanet ship, but she has
been in constant touch telepathically.
The reason for a Bicentennial visit,
she says, is because a "cluster of cos-
mic masters gathered 200 years ago to
create this country. The United States
was created by the Great Masters of
the Universe."
t
,.a.
l
1 ngiH
aF............
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, April 11, 1976
1976 Passports Carry Emblem of Bicentennial
NEW YORK (UPI) - An
estimated 23 million Ameri-
cans are expected to travel
abroad in 1976. For many, it
will be their first trip outside
the United States and, for
most foreign countries, they
will need passports.
The passport is an official
government document which
requests all "whom it may
concern to permit the citi-
zens of the United States
named herein to pass with-
out delay or hindrance and
in case of need to give said
citizens all lawful aid and
protection."
Each passport is num-
bered and includes a photog-
raph, vital statistics and the
signature of the person to
whom it was issued. Any
unofficial alteration, addi-
tion or mutilation of the
identification data mares
the passport invalid.
Passports issued since
Jan. 1 have a new look both
inside and out. Passport Of-
fice Director Frances G.
Knight said they were de-
signed to commemorate the
200th anniversary of the
United States.
The new cover is a more
durable leather- grained vi-
nyl than the older one, of a
darker blue, to correspond in
color with the field of the
U.S. flag. The lettering and
the Great Seal are stamped
in silver- colored aluminum
instead of gold and carry the
inscription "Bicentennial
1776. 1976" and the Bicenten-
nial Seal on the front and
back covers, respectively.
Inside pages bear a Liber-
ty Bell pattern in red and
blue ink and a grid pattern
has been printed on visa
pages to encourage the or-
1 Sloo-in
•
Focuses on Freedom
LITCHFIELD, Conn. (UPI) — "Do
you think you can get away Monday to
meet with the President ?" Ellen Har-
ness was asked last week. Her phrase,
"Freedom's Way — U.S.A.," has been
chosen as the official Bicentennial slo-
gan.
The caller was nationally syndicated
columnist Jack Anderson. "It's an of-
nial Administration.
Harness and her husband, Burton,
plan to be in Washington today at
noon, to be the guests of President
Ford at a reception in their honor.
They will be given a 1976 station wagon
and $5,000 to spend on a month -long
cross - country trip.
Harness said the idea for her slo¢an
derly entry of admission and
exit stamps.
And for the first time, sec-
tions of the text are printed
in both English and French
to conform with new inter-
national standards.
The special 1976 Bicenten-
nial passports will have the
same five -year 'validity as
the older issues. Knight
said that its general format
will be retained in ,future
passports, except for the eli-
mination of the Bicdf ennial
inscriptioruand seal.
Reflecting recent . devel-
opments, Cambodia and
South Vietnam have been
added to Cuba, North Korea
and North Vietnam as
countries which require spe-
cific authorization from the
Department of State for a
visit.
Getting a passport is
simple. All that is usually
needed are a completed ap-
plication, two full -face pho-
tographs taken within the
past six months, a certified
copy of your birth certificate
if born in the United States
or naturalization papers if
foreign born. First -time ap-
plicants pay $13, which in-
cludes a $3 execution fee.
If applying for the first
time, applicants must ap-
pear in person and establish
proof of identity through ac-
ceptable documents or the
testimony of a U.S. citizen
who has known the applicant
for at least two years.
There is no charge for the
applications, which can be
obtained from U.S. Passport
Offices, designated post of-
fices and authorized clerks
of federal and state courts.
The U.S. Passport Office
now issues about 2.5 million
passports yearly.
zens of the United States
named herein to pass with-
out delay or hindrance and
in case of need to give said
citizens all lawful aid and
protection."
fice Director Frances G.
Knight said they were de-
signed to commemorate the
200th anniversary of the
United States.
The new cover is a more
Inside pages bear a Liber-
ty Bell pattern in red and
blue ink and a grid pattern
has been printed on visa
pages to encourage the or-
• •, . Slooran
0
Freedom-
LITCHFIELD, Conn. (UPI) — "Do
you think you can get away Monday to
meet with the President ?" Ellen Har-
ness was asked last week. Her phrase,
"Freedom's Way — U.S.A.," has been
chosen as the official Bicentennial slo-
gan.
The caller was nationally syndicated
columnist Jack Anderson. "It's an of-
fer I really can't turn down," said Har-
ness, a claims supervisor in Water-
bury.
Her slogan was picked from among
more than one million submitted to An-
derson in a national contest sponsored
by the American Revolution Bicenten-
nial Administration.
Harness and her husband, Burton,
plan to be in Washington today at
noon, to be the guests of President
Ford at a reception in their honor.
They will be given a 1976 station wagon
and $5,000 to spend on a month -long
cross - country trip.
Harness said the idea for her slogan
came to her a year ago, as she was
driving to work. She was thinking
about a conversation she'd had about
government controls elsewhere in the
world.
"I began to think of the number of
freedoms we enjoy," she said.
swfff-t"a Its,general format
will be retained in,,fyture
passports, except for the eli-
mination of the BicePennial
inscription. and seal.
Reflecting recent devel-
opments, Cambodia and
tograpns taken wltnin the
past six months, a certified
copy of your birth certificate
if born in the United States
or naturalization papers if
foreign born. First -time ap-
plicants pay $13, which in-
ootalnea from U.5. Passport
Offices, designated post of-
fices and authorized clerks
of federal and state courts.
The U.S. Passport Office
now issues about 2.5 million
passports yearly.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, Apt
Sm-all o wn U. . A. to
By DAVID LAMB
The Los Angeles Times
ALEXANDRIA, Va. - It has been
10 years and many apathetic yawns
since President Johnson set up the
commission to organize a lavish party,
including at $1.5 billion world's fair in
Philadelphia, for the nation's 200th
birthday.
America's spirit was more confident
in those days, her tastes more grand -
oise. Today, only a few months short of
that birthday, the celebration is taking
a very different form than originally
planned. It is one that provides some
small measure of a nation's changing
mood and direction.
The exposition was scrapped, victim
of a people grown economically
cautious, even frightened. The lavish
plans died in the sullen self -doubt of
the early 1970s and were replaced by
far more modest community projects,
done mostly with volunteer labor and
with little or no federal aid.
Perhaps most significant, much of
the apathy and cynicism that accom-
panied the Bicentennial only a year or
so ago also has died as thousands of
towns from Alexandria to Yucania, Ca-
lif., from Owls Head, Maine, to Eros,
La., began paintil, sawing, writing
and hammering. a 3 at more than
30,000 projects. ' "I - .
"This has brought , t1e community
closer together than : \ything we've
done for years," said Nici Self in Cen-
tennial, Wyo. The 100 residents there
have acquired and repaired a second-
hand ambulance - the town's first -
and transformed the abandoned Union
Pacific depot into a museum and
cleaned up an unslightly 40 -acre gar-
bage dump as Bicentennial projects.
The Bicentennial, these people say,
has awakened an awareness of what
unselfish efforts can accomplish in
projects as diverse as turning an aban-
doned church into a community center
in Anderson, Iowa, pop. 49 to building a
landing pad for flying saucers in Lake
City, Pa., pop. 2,300.
There have been several UFO "sit -
ings" in Lake City. So the residents
contributed $6,000 - no federal money
is involved - and on a secluded one-
t
acre site, donated by local business-
in@
man Jim Meeder, they are building
bei
what must be the nation's first landing
th1
pad for flying saucers,
do'
In historic Alexandria, just across
sql
the Potomac River from Washington
ga'
and the home of Robert E. Lee, the lo-
cal Bicentennial Commission reno-
Bi`
vated an old torpedo factory on the
frc
banks of the river with a $140,000 loan
1311
from the city. Now a tourist attraction,
fe!
the factory is rented to 190 artists and
-
the loan will be paid in three years.
thi
nd out. Passport Of-
rector Frances G.
said they were de-
o commemorate the
anniversary of the
hates.
ew cover is a more
l
back covers, respectively.
Inside pages bear a Liber-
ty Bell pattern in red and
blue ink and a grid pattern
has been printed on visa
pages to encourage the or-
a
nial Administration.
Harness and her husband, Burton,
plan to be in Washington today at
noon, to be the guests of President
Ford at a reception in their honor.
They will be given a 1976 station wagon
and $5,000 to spend on a month -long
cross - country trip.
Harness said the idea for her slogan
came to her a year ago, as she was
driving to work. She was thinking
about a conversation she'd had about
government controls elsewhere in the
world.
"I began to think of the number of
freedoms we enjoy," she said.
said that its general format
will be retained in,, future
passports, except for (he eli-
mination of the BicAlennial
inscription.and seal.
Reflecting recent ' devel-
opments, Cambodia and
tographs taken within the
past six months, a certified
copy of your birth certificate
if born in the United States
or naturalization papers if
foreign born. First -time ap-
plicants pay $13, which in-
�rr..� -a��, lo, _111111 4011 OC
obtained from U.S. Passport
Offices, designated post of-
fices and authorized clerks
of federal and state courts.
The U.S. Passport Office
now issues about 2.5 million
passports yearly.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, April 16, 1976
vn U.S.A. Takes Neighborly Approach to Bicentennial
a very different form than originally
planned. It is one that provides some
small measure of a nation's changing
mood and direction.
The exposition was scrapped, victim
of a people grown economically
cautious, even frightened. The lavish
plans died in the sullen self -doubt of
the early 1970s and were replaced by
far more modest community projects,
done mostly with volunteer labor and
with little or no federal aid.
Perhaps most significant, much of
the apathy and cynicism that accom-
panied the Bicentennial only a year or
so ago also has died as thousands of
towns from Alexandria to Yucania, Ca-
lif., from Owls laud, Maine, to Eros,
La., began paintiT* sawing, writing
and hammering a a) at more than
30,000 projects.
"This has brought tle community
closer together than �-5ything we've
done for years," said Nici Self in Cen-
tennial, Wyo. The 100 residents there
have acquired and repaired a second-
hand ambulance — the town's first —
and transformed the abandoned Union
Pacific depot into a museum and
cleaned up an unslightly 40 -acre gar-
bage dump as Bicentennial projects.
The Bicentennial, these people say,
has awakened an awareness of what
unselfish efforts can accomplish in
projects as diverse as turning an aban-
doned church into a community center
in Anderson, Iowa, pop. 49 to building a
landing pad for flying saucers in Lake
City, Pa., pop. 2,300.
There have been several UFO "sit -
ings" in Lake City. So the residents
contributed $6,000 — no federal money
is involved — and on a secluded one -
acre site, donated by local business-
man Jim Meeder, they are building
what must be the nation's first landing
pad for flying saucers.
In historic Alexandria, just across
the Potomac River from Washington
and the home of Robert E. Lee, the lo-
cal Bicentennial Commission reno-
vated an old torpedo factory on the
banks of the river with a $140,000 loan
from the city. Now a tourist attraction,
thL factory is rented to 190 artists and
the loan will be paid in three years.
In Ellaville, Ga., pop. 1,400, a farm-
ing area of cotton, peanuts and soy
beans, the people have raised more
than $1,000 to paint the outside of
downtown stores through a street
square dance, a charity basketball
game and the sale of doughnuts.
To a large extent the new form the
Bicentennial is taking — having moved
from grand national observances
planned in Washington to projects and
festivities undertaken at the local level
— reflects the change in attitudes i»
the United States over the past decade.
Serious, Silly Ceremonies Mark 200th
The Associated Press boasted of plans for the longest this, centuries ago," President Ford said where people still think the way they
W'th 'd ' th ; t d h the largest that and. the first of the in urging the bell- ringing. used to and still have pride."
i pri e m ear pas an ope
for their future, Americans kicked
off their nation's 200th birthday par-
ty — a multimillion - dollar Bicenten-
nial extravaganza as diverse as the
country's heritage.
Five Bicentennial wagon trains
neared Valley Forge; Pa., Friday;
and a fleet of ships, led by 17 square -
riggers, was en route from Newport,
R.I., to New York City for "Oper-
ation Sail," a Sunday display of nav-
al vessels unmatched in decades.
Much of the attention was focused
on the East Coast cities that played
a key part in the United States'
early history —Boston, Philadelphia,
New York and Washington.
But the spirit of independence and
individuality was, perhaps, best dis-
played in the thousands of events —
some sober, some silly — in towns
and cities across the country start-
ing Friday and running through
Monday, July 5, the official holiday.
There was something for every-
one: re- creations of revolutionary
events and dedication of a landing
site for flying saucers. Sports and
speeches. Parades and parties. Fire-
works and Frisbees. Organizers
other.
The White House said more than
10,000 persons would be sworn in as
naturalized U.S. citizens in special
Bicentennial ceremonies in more
than a dozen cities on July 4. Some
7,000 persons are expected to take
the oath in Miami on July 4. Another
3,000 will take oaths on other days
over the weekend and next week -
The government estimated that as
of late Thursday, federal ex-
penditures for the Bicentennial total-
ed $400 million, including $51.8 mil-
lion to the American Revolutionary
Bicentennial Commission.
A key event will be the pealing of
bells, starting at 2 p.m., supposed to
be the exact moment the Liberty
Bell in Philadelphia announced the
Declaration of Independence. The
Liberty Bell itself is too fragile to be
struck, but members of the Pennsyl-
vania Society will make do with a
ring of the Centennial Bell.
Other bell- ringers across the
country will follow suit. "Let every
American resolve that this nation,
under God, will meet the future with
the same courage and dedication
Americans showed the world two
_.�y and said the French
>WS31`d1S OH`d41 3Hl nave not forgotten the Ameri-
..I contribution in defense of
There were some discordant
notes: protests in several cities, la-
bor troubles in Philadelphia and De-
troit, smaller -than expected crowds
in some areas, worries about fatal
accidents.
But the over -all mood of the
country as the year -long parade of
Bicentennial events neared a July 4
climax was one of exuberance.
The Bicentennial Wagon Trains —
some 2,000 persons in 200 covered
wagons representing all 50 states —
planned to camp Saturday afternoon
at Valley Forge, where George
Washington wintered with his
troops. Ford, in one of six speeches
scheduled for the five -day period
that started Thursday, planned a
Sunday visit to Valley Forge to sign
a bill making the area a national
park.
One group of wagons reached
Philadelphia on Friday after a cross -
country trek that started in Cali-
fornia. "I wanted to see the country
and I wanted to do something for
it," said Tom Gabel, 17, of Redlands,
Calif., who was a blacksmith on the
journey. "You know," he com-
mented, "it's still America, a place
Philadelphia officials, however,
were a little worried. Attendance
was below expectations. Visitors to
Independence Hall, where the Dec-
laration of Independence was signed
July 4, 1776, found there was no
waiting line Friday morning. Nor-
mally, there's a 10- minute wait.
The number of marchers signed
up for the city's official parade on
Sunday was 35,000 rather than the
expected 70,000, and some officials
expressed concern that planned pro-
test parades and warnings of huge
crowds had scared people off. The
union representing garbage collec-
tors and some other city employes
called a strike.
The festivities in the nation's capi-
tal officially begin today with the
American Bicentennial Grand Pa-
rade down Constitution Avenue. It
won't be the nation's largest parade
— Los Angeles is claiming it's eight -
hour march will win that honor.
The President's Bicentennial
schedule started two days earlier at
the Capitol, with the opening of a
Centennial safe, a sort of time cap-
sule sealed in 1876.
ejulaEl se awes
SE)GUILUON 03;�
country's heritage. ^` y Bicentennial ceremonies in more
Five Bicentennial wagon trains than a dozen cities on July 4. Some
neared Valley Forge, Pa., Friday; 7.000 persons are expected to take
and a fleet of ships, led by 17 square- the oath in Miami on July 4. Another
riggers, was en route from Newport, 3,000 will take oaths on other days
over the weekend and next week.
R.I., to New York City for f nay- The government estimated that as
al ve Sail," a Sunday display of nay- of late Thursday, federal al vessels unmatched in decades. ex-
penditures for the Bicentennial total -
Much of the attention was focused ed $400 million, including $51.8 mil-
on the East Coast cities that played lion to the American Revolutionary
a key part in the United States' Bicentennial Commission,
early history — Boston, Philadelphia, A key event will be the pealing of
New York and Washington. bells, starting at 2
But the spirit of independence and be the exact moment the supposed
Liberty
individuality was, perhaps, best dis- Bell in Philadelphia announced the
played in the thousands of events — Declaration of Independence. The
silly — in towns Liberty Bell itself is too fragile to be
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Tuesday, May 18, 1976 nuntry start- struck, but members of the Pennsyl-
French Leader Arrives
For Bicentennial Vi'sit
WASHINGTON (AP) — French
President Valery Giscard d'Estaing
opened a six -day Bicentennial visit
in Washington Monday, celebrating
the key role France played in help-
ing America forge its independence
two centuries ago.
He crossed the Atlantic at 1,350
miles per hour aboard the Concorde
supersonic transport.
Giscard received a ceremonial
welcome at the White House, talked
with President Ford, and in the af-
ternoon went to Arlington National
Cemetery and placed a wreath of
flowers at the Tomb of the Unknown
Soldier.
Giscard also was driven to the
-grave of President John F. Kennedy,
whose memory is cherished in
France. In a personal gesture, the
French president placed a bouquet
of flowers at the site.
After Giscard's discussions with
Ford, the White House issued a
statement saying that the two presi-
dents agreed that "relations be-
tween the United States and France
are excellent."
Discussions covered the world eco-
nomic situation and trends and also
a review of a number of inter-
national issues, including East -West
relations and the African situation,
the statement said.
In the earlier welcoming ceremo-
nies, both presidents recalled the
long alliance of their two countries.
After his arrival was signalled by
a 21 -gun salute, Giscard stepped to
the podium on the White House lawn
and stressed the timelessness of the
concepts which initially brought the
two countries together.
"The France of 1976 is as much
committed to the struggle in defense
of liberty as she was at your side
two centuries ago," he said.
He called the Bicentennial "a fes-
tival of liberty" and said the French
people have not forgotten the Ameri-
can contribution in defense of
France's own liberties.
He said the unifying principles of
Franco - American relations, the inde-
pendence of peoples and the freedom
of men, remain at the heart of world
problems 200 years after the Ameri-
can Revolution.
in some areas, worries about fatal
accidents.
But the over -all mood of the
country as the year -long parade of
Bicentennial events neared a July 4
climax was one of exuberance.
The Bicentennial Wagon Trains —
some 2,000 persons in 200 covered
wagons representing all 50 states —
planned to camp Saturday afternoon
at Valley Forge, where George
Washington wintered with his
troops. Ford, in one of six speeches
scheduled for the five -day period
that started Thursday, planned a
Sunday visit to Valley Forge to sign
a bill making the area a national
park.
One group of wagons reached
Independence Hall, whe
laration of Independence
July 4, 1776, found thi
waiting line Friday me
malty, there's a 10 -minut
The number of mart
up for the city's officia
Sunday was 35,000 rath
expected 70,000, and so
expressed concern that
test parades and warni
crowds had scared peo,
union representing garl
tors and some other ci
called a strike.
The festivities in the It
tal officially begin tod:
American Bicentennial
ride down Constitution
ton's tat
claimh
vin that
nt's I
two da,
i the o
a sort c
i.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, April 11, 1976
1976 Passports Carry Emblem of Bicentennial
NEW YORK (UPI) — An
estimated 23 million Ameri.
cans are expected to travel
abroad in 1976. For many, it
will be their first trip outside
the United States and, for
most foreign countries, they
will need passports.
The passport is an official
government document which
requests all "whore it may
concern to permit the citi-
zens of the United States
named herein to pass with-
out delay or hindrance and
in case of need to give said
citizens all lawful aid and
protection."
Each passport is num-
bered and includes a photog-
raph, vital statistics and the
signature of the person to
whom it was issued. Any
unofficial alteration, addi-
tion or mutilation of the
identification data makes
the passport invalid.
Passports issued since
Jan. 1 have a new look both
inside and out. Passport Of-
fice Director Frances G.
Knight said they were de-
signed to commemorate the
200th anniversary of the
United States.
The new cover is a more
durable leather- grained vi-
nyl than the older one, of a
darker blue, to correspond in
color with the field of the
U.S. flag. The lettering and
the Great Seal are stamped
in silver - colored aluminum
instead of gold and carry the
inscription "Bicentennial
1776. 1976" and the Bicenten-
nial Seal on the front and
back covers, respectively.
Inside pages bear a Liber-
ty Bell pattern in red and
blue ink and a grid pattern
has been printed on visa
pages to encourage the
Bicentennmi Mogan
Focuses on Freedom
LITCHFIELD, Conn. (UPI) — "Do
you think you can get away Monday to
meet with the President ?" Ellen Har-
ness was asked last week. Her phrase,
"Freedom's Way — U.S.A.," has been
chosen as the official Bicentennial slo-
gan.
The caller was nationally syndicated
columnist Jack Anderson. "It's an of-
fer I really can't turn down," said Har.
ness, a claims supervisor in Water-
bury.
Her slogan was picked from among
more than one million submitted to An-
derson in a national contest sponsored
by the American Revolution Bicenten-
nial Administration.
Harness and her husband, Burton,
plan to be in Washington today at
noon, to be the guests of President
Ford at a reception in their honor.
They will be given a 1976 station wagon
and $5,000 to spend on a month -long
cross - country trip.
Harness said the idea for her slogan
came to her a year ago, as she was
driving to work. She was thinking
about a conversation she'd had about
government controls elsewhere in the
world.
"I began to think of the number of
freedoms we enjoy," she said.
derly entry of admission and
exit stamps.
And for the first time, sec-
tions of the text are printed
in both English and French
to conform with new inter-
national standards.
The special 1976 Bicenten-
nial passports will have the
same five -year 'validity as
the older issues. Knight
said that its general format
will be retained in,„ future
passports, except for the eli-
mination of, the BicAlennial
inscription. and seal.
Reflecting recent ' devel-
opments, Cambodia and
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, April 16, 1976
r, .>
South Vietnam have been
added to Cuba, North Korea
and North Vietnam as
countries which require spe-
cific authorization from the
Department of State for a
visit.
Getting a passport is
simple. All that is usually
needed are a completed ap-
plication, two full -face pho-
tographs taken within the
past six months, a certified
copy of your birth certificate
if born in the United States
or naturalization papers if
foreign born. First -time ap-
plicants pay $13, which in-
cludes a $3 execution fee.
If applying for the first
time, applicants must ap.
pear in person and establish
proof of identity through ac-
ceptable documents or the
testimony of a U.S. citizen
who has known the applicant
for at least two years.
There is no charge for the
applications, which can be
obtained from U.S. Passport
Offices, designated post of-
fices and authorized clerks
of federal and state courts.
The U.S. Passport Office
now issues about 2.5 million
passports yearly.
government aocument wnicn
requests all "whor-) it may
concern to permit the citi-
zens of the United States
named herein to pass with-
out delay or hindrance and
in case of need to give said
citizens all lawful aid and
protection."
rabspor-ts rssueo since
Jan. 1 have a new look both
inside and out. Passport Of-
fice Director Frances G.
Knight said they were de-
signed to commemorate the
200th anniversary of the
United States.
The new cover is a more
1776 -197b" anq the Htcenten
nial Seal on the front and
back covers, respectively.
Inside pages bear a Liber-
ty Bell pattern in red and
blue ink and a grid pattern
has been printed on visa
pages to encourage the or.
Bicentennial Slogan
Focuses on Freedom
LITCHFIELD, Conn. (UPI) — "Do
you think you can get away Monday to
meet with the President ?" Ellen Har-
ness was asked last week. Her phrase,
"Freedom's Way — U.S.A.," has been
chosen as the official Bicentennial slo-
gan.
The caller was nationally syndicated
columnist Jack Anderson. "It's an of-
fer I really can't turn down," said Har-
ness, a claims supervisor in Water-
bury.
Her slogan was picked from among
more than one million submitted to An-
derson in a national contest sponsored
by the American Revolution Bicenten-
nial Administration.
Harness and her husband, Burton,
plan to be in Washington today at
noon, to be the guests of President
Ford at a reception in their honor.
They will be given a 1976 station wagon
and $5,000 to spend on a month -long
cross - country trip.
Harness said the idea for her slogan
came to her a year ago, as she was
driving to work. She was thinking
about a conversation she'd had about
government controls elsewhere in the
world.
"I began to think of the number of
freedoms we enjoy," she said.
same rive -year vanany as
the older issues. Knight
said that its general format
will be retained in :future
passports, except for the eli-
mination of the BicAlennial
inscriptionuand seal.
Reflecting recent devel-
opment? , Cambodia and
neeaeo are a completed ap-
plication, two full -face pho-
tographs taken within the
past six months, a certified
copy of your birth certificate
if born in the United States
or naturalization papers if
foreign born. First -time ap-
plicants pay $13, which in-
r nere 1s no cnarge for the
applications, which can be
obtained from U.S. Passport
Offices, designated post of-
fices and authorized clerks
of federal and state courts.
The U.S. Passport Office
now issues about 2.5 million
passports yearly.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, Ap
Small Town U.S.A. Takes Neighborly Approach to Bic
By DAVID LAMB
The Los Angeles Times
ALEXANDRIA, Va. — It has been
10 years and many apathetic yawns
since President Johnson set up the
commission to organize a lavish party,
including at $1.5 billion world's fair in
Philadelphia, for the nation's 200th
birthday.
America's spirit was more confident
in those days, her tastes more grand -
oise. Today, only a few months short of
that birthday, the celebration is taking
a very different form than originally
planned. It is one that provides some
small measure of a nation's changing
mood and direction.
The exposition was scrapped, victim
of a people grown economically
cautious, even frightened. The lavish
plans died in the sullen self -doubt of
the early 1970s and were replaced by
far more modest community projects,
done mostly with volunteer labor and
with little or no federal aid.
Perhaps most significant, much of
the apathy and cynicism that accom-
panied the Bicentennial only a year or
so ago also has died as thousands of
towns from Alexandria to Yucania, Ca-
lif., from Owls Head, Maine, to Eros,
La., began paintiPPA�, sawing, writing
and hammering, aji at more than
30,000 projects.
"This has brought � tte community
closer together than ;.`lything we've
done for years," said Nici Self in Cen-
tennial, Wyo. The 100 residents there
have acquired and repaired a second-
hand ambulance — the town's first —
and transformed the abandoned Union
Pacific depot into a museum and
cleaned up an unslightly 40 -acre gar-
bage dump as Bicentennial projects.
The Bicentennial, these people say,
has awakened an awareness of what
unselfish efforts can accomplish in
projects as diverse as turning an aban-
doned church into a community center
in Anderson, Iowa, pop. 49 to building a
landing pad for flying saucers in Lake
City, Pa., pop. 2,300.
There have been several UFO "sit -
ings" in Lake City. So the residents
contributed $6,000 — no federal money
is involved — and on a secluded one -
acre site, donated by local business-
man Jim Meeder, they are building
what must be the nation's first landing
pad for flying saucers.
In historic Alexandria, just across
the Potomac River from Washington
and the home of Robert E. Lee, the lo-
cal Bicentennial Commission reno-
vated an old torpedo factory on the
banks of the river with a $140,000 loan
from the city. Now a tourist attraction,
th8 factory is rented to 190 artists and
the loan will be paid in three years.
dck covers, respectively.
said that its general format
will be retained in,_future
tograpns taKen w►tnm the
past six months, a certified
41tl from u.o. rnsspo, L
Offices, designated post of-
inside pages bear a Liber-
passports, except for th.e eli-
copy of your birth certificate
fices and authorized clerks
Bell pattern in red and
mination of the Bic(Pennial
if born in the United States
of federal and state courts.
lue ink and a grid pattern
inscription and seal.
or naturalization papers if
The U.S. Passport Office
been printed on visa
recent deand
foreign born. First-time -time in-
ut 2.5 million
as
ages to encourage the or.
o mefflectiegCam
P
ts pay $
passports yearly.
;an
10M
iusband, Burton,
iington today at
sts of President
in their honor.
976 station wagon
on a month -long
ea for her slogan
ago, as she was
ne was thinking
she'd had about
elsewhere in the
of the number of
she said.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, April 16, 1976
S.A. Takes Neighborly Approach to Bicentennial
rm than originally
:hat provides some
� nation's changing
is scrapped, victim
own economically
htened. The lavish
sullen self-doubt of
I were replaced by
ommunity projects,
101unteer labor and
oral aid.
gnificant, much of
nicism that accom-
panied the Bicentennial only a year or
so ago also has died as thousands of
towns from Alexandria to Yucania, Ca-
lif., from Owls Head, Maine, to Eros,
La., began paint . 114, sawing, writing
and hammering 4ftS at more than
30,000 projects. '
"This has brought , tle community
closer together than �Aything we've
done for years," said Nici Self in Cen-
tennial, Wyo. The 100 residents there
have acquired and repaired a second-
hand ambulance — the town's first —
and transformed the abandoned Union
Pacific depot into a museum and
cleaned up an unslightly 40 -acre gar-
bage dump as Bicentennial projects.
The Bicentennial, these people say,
has awakened an awareness of what
unselfish efforts can accomplish in
projects as diverse as turning an aban-
doned church into a community center
in Anderson, Iowa, pop. 49 to building a
landing pad for flying saucers in Lake
City, Pa., pop. 2,300.
There have been several UFO "sit -
ings" in Lake City. So the residents
contributed $6,000 — no federal money
is involved — and on a secluded one -
acre site, donated by local business-
man Jim Meeder, they are building
what must be the nation's first landing
pad for flying saucers.
In historic Alexandria, just across
the Potomac River from Washington
and the home of Robert E. Lee, the lo-
cal Bicentennial Commission reno-
vated an old torpedo factory on the
banks of the river with a $140,000 loan
from the city. Now a tourist attraction,
th8 factory is rented to 190 artists and
the loan will be paid in three years.
In Ellaville, Ga., pop. 1,400, a farm-
ing area of cotton, peanuts and soy
beans, the people have raised more
than $1,000 to paint the outside of
downtown stores through a street
square dance, a charity basketball
game and the sale of doughnuts.
To a large extent the new form the
Bicentennial is taking — having moved
from grand national observances
planned in Washington to projects and
festivities undertaken at the local level
— reflects the change in attitudes i»
the United States over the past decade:
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Saturday, June 26, 1976
Indians Commemorate
Little Big Horn Battle
CROW AGENCY, Mont. (AP)
— A chilly quiet spread across
the sagebrush plains of Sou-
theastern Montana Friday as In-
dians, often speaking in their
native tongues, commemorated
their fallen ancestors on the
100th anniversay of Custer's
Last Stand.
Armed with a National Park
Service permit to meet on lands
they once considered their own
and defended to the death, the
Indians looked into the rising
sun and shivered in unseaso-
nably cool temperatures as they
recalled times past and men-
tioned that things really hadn't
changed.
"We are amazed that in the
supposedly enlightened age of
civilization our people are still
being hunted, herded and killed
under circumstances that chal-
lenge all laws — natural and
constituted — that should pro-
vide justice and equity for
humanity," said Virgil Kills
Straight of the Ogalala- Lakota
Sioux tribes.
The scene was. entirely peace-
ful, in contrast to 100 years ago
when the combined forces of the
Sioux and Cheyenne tribes an-
nihilated the 7th Cavalry force
of Lt. Col. George Custer.
In their most successful
battle, the Indians wrote a chap-
ter of military history that still
is studied by military strate-
gists.
Many of the Cheyennes were
unable to attend the sunrise reli-
gious ceremony because of
heavy rainfall that muddied
roads torn up by new highway
construction between the battle-
field and the Northern Chey-
enne Reservation.
"Like 100 years ago, our
people are under attack and our
leaders are being forced into ex-
ile," said Vernon Bellecourt, di-
rector of international affairs
for the American Indian Move-
ment. He stressed that the In-
dians who died in the coulees
and ravines surrounding the
mass grave for Custer and his
comrades were under attack.
Red Wing Tayac, a Tisca-
taway from Maryland, was the
only Indian who gave his sun-
rise prayer in English. "They've
taken our language, our people
are landless — they've even
tried to take our identity," he
said.
"But the Indians are very te-
nacious people. We still live and
will be here forever."
Chief Frank Fools Crow, a
Sioux medicine man, blessed
the words of Black Elk which
are written in Lakota and Eng-
lish on the outside of the vistor
center at the , battlefield. The
famed warrior said: "Know the
power that is peace.'
"we cannot rectify the mistakes
of the past, but we can resolve
that they not be repeated," said
Hal Stearns of Helena, director
of the Montana Bicentennial Ad-
ministration.
"Custer came into our
country and invaded us for
gold," said Russell Means,
spokesman for an Indian delega-
tion.
"Today we have a more so-
phisticated invasion by the cor-
porate giants. The issue is the
same — mineral wealth. This
time it is coal."
Both Means and Stearns said
the United States has a long
way to go to live up to the prin-
ciples of the American Revolu-
tion.
The mid- morning ceremony,
with an audience of about 800,
came on the 100th anniversary
of "Custer's Last Stand," but
had a Bicentennial theme and
was dedicated to the dead of all
American wars. A centennial
observation was held Thursday.
National Park Service rangers
passed out some raincoats, and
other spectators huddled be-
neath umbrellas.
The sunrise ceremony, honor-
ing warriors who died defending
their lands to the death, was
conducted under the auspices of
a Park Service special -use per-
m it.
About 250 persons attended
the sunrise ceremony, but many
Cheyennes from the nearby
Northern Cheyenne Reservation
were blocked out by heavy rain-
fall that had muddied roads
from the reservation.
I
52
PHOTO REPORT
WASHINGTON
DOLLS UP FOR
THE BICENTENNIAL
FOR AMERICA'S 200th anniversary, the
nation's capital is girding itself for
upward of 17 million visitors this year.
That's about 25 per cent more tourists
than normally visit Washington, and the
city is straining itself to cope with the
influx.
For former visitors, there are new
sights to see. For first -time tourists, the
capital is planning an all-out show.
Pictured on these pages are just a few
of the attractions that Bicentennial offi-
cials have laid on.
It will be easier than ever £or visitors
to wander through the U.S. Capiko1 and
the White House. They will be enter-
tained on the historic Mall; buses will be
provided to transport them between the
monuments to Washington, Jefferson
and Lincoln; Mount Vernon will be
shown in a new, dimension in a sound
and light profit of colonial history, a
gift of the Frenh nation.
'.Millions will visit Arlington National
Cemetery, the resting place of the na-
tion's honored war dead.
Will touring Washington be a problem
this year? Most travel officials say "No."
Hotel reservations are still far from be-
ing fully taken.
Us.a�a PHOTOS
At Eastertime, tourist buses provided a
preview of the Bicentennial season.
Something new is the just- opened first segment of Metro, designed as the world's most
modern subway. It is already a popular attraction for both visitors and residents.
Tour guides will be available to answer questions, rather than
escort visitors, who will be free to wander about on their own.
The Capital's Union Station will become
a visitors' center starting on July 4.
Smithsonian's Air and Space museum opens July 1, but tourists
can already visit lobby, see Lindbergh's plane, early spacecraft.
PHOTO
REPORTT >.
(continued)
Kennedy Center will offer "America on Stage,"
depicting 200 years of theater, dance and music.
The show "Music '761 " will be presented free by
Marriott Corporation on Monument grounds.
The Smithsonian's annual American Folklife Festival will:play all summer. It has
been expand his year to include more ethnic songs, dances and crafts.
Mount Vernon, George Washington's home, which has been visited by
millions, will have something new —a sound - and -light program depicting
the Revolutionary period. It is France's Bicentennial gift to the U.S.
54 U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, May 3, 1976
How American colonists eked out an existence on a farm
can be viewed at Turkey Run Farm in the Virginia sub-
urbs, where young men and women go about the
chores —and at the same time answer visitors' questions.
USN&WR
A Patriotic Mural Adorns Van Windows
Bicentennial Sparks Inget
the Biceniunnial has created a
111,W round of folk art in America.
Pu in t, ,rl tV pes attack their
houses. cars or mailboxes. States
mint nr«" license plates and car
manufacturers create new models.
Seamstresses apply their needles
to tapestries, needlepoint designs
and quilts.
A special flag adorns many patri-
otic homes.
The United States' Tricentennial
will no doubt try to outdo the-Bicen-
tennial.. Relics from this year will
probably command high prices in
the memorabilia market. But for
now the nation's Bicentennial is at
its glory.
Enjoy. Enjoy.
Uncle Sam Holds a Flag
T�SMQN
aho, Sunday, July 4, 1976
Price 50 Cents
U.S. Celebrates
DANDY
(Details, Page 213)
American
200th Birthday
Statesman News Services
Bands, bunting and bells herald
one of the most extravagant birth-
day parties ever as Americans in
nearly every city, town and hamlet
gather this weekend for the United
States' Bicentennial celebration.
"Break out the flags, strike up the
band, light up the sky," said Presi-
dent Ford. Americans were quick to
accept the invitation. The United
States is observing, he said, the
"greatest Fourth of July any of us
will ever see."
Flags by the score and bands of all
sizes will be marching down the
country's main streets today as
thousands of towns hold parades
honoring the 200th birthday cele-
bration.
The nation's capital was the scene
of a three -hour parade Saturday.
More than 500,000 persons watched
the procession depicting the prog-
ress of the nation's first two cen-
turies.
Parade lovers in Southwest Idaho
and Eastern Oregon will have a
choice today, with processions
planned in Boise, Buhl, Grand View
and Mountain Home., Other , area
communities will hold a variety of
events ranging from inspirational
services to water fights and beard -
growing contests. A complete list of
activities scheduled in Southwestern
Idaho and Eastern Oregon appears
on Page 1D.
Boise -area celebrants can plan on
spending their day under cloudy
skies with temperatures in the low
90s. Skies should clear this evening.
While Americans are gathering for
mass celebrations, some also have
taken a few moments to offer their
personal observations on the state of
their nation —both past and future.
One of these is James Hawley Sr.,
the son of Idaho's first governor,
whose reaction to the question "Has,
the promise of the American Revolu-
tion been fulfilled?". appears on this
page.
President Ford will offer his re-
sponse to the progress of the country
in a Bicentennial address today.
Ful fill m en t
Oh, why should it ever be
questioned
In the face of all of the
proof
From the fields and the
forests and factories
In voluminous, self-evi-
dent truth?
To directly answer the
question,
Without a shadow of
guess,
The reply comes in mil-
lions of voices
With a thundering in-
dubitable, "YES."
—James H. Hawley Sr.
In remarks prepared for delivery
in Philadelphia, Ford welcomed the
questioning, examining and criti-
cism of our society because, he said,
"the American adventure is a con-
tinuing process.
"As one milestone is passed anoth-
er is sighted.
"As we achieve one goal —a long-
er life span, a literate population, a
leadership in world affairs — we
raise our sights.
"As we begin our third century
there is still so much to be done."
Looking back to the Declaration of
Independence signed in Philadelphia
two centuries ago, Ford said the doc-
ument "was not a protest against
government, but against the ex-
cesses of government."
In modern society, he said, no indi-
vidual acting alone can secure his
own rights and effect his own safety
and happiness, "so government is
not a necessary evil, but a necessary
good."
Across the nation, the celebration
began to build toward a patriotic
red - white- and -blue crescendo.
In Washington, the Declaration of
Independence went on display for 76
continuous hours.
In New York, the tall ships of an-
other era arrived in the harbor for
one of the most flamboyant displays
of sail since British square- riggers
landed troops there in 1776.
Ironically, one of the first Inde-
pendence Day celebrations was in
Peking, where July, 4 arrived a day
early. The American envoy, Thomas
S. Gates, was host for a reception at
the U.S. liaison office.
At Valley Forge, Pa., 200 wagons
from five separate wagon trains
completed 17,000 miles of cross -
country travel and made camp.
President Ford is scheduled to ar-
rive there today for ceremonies de-
claring Valley Forge a national
park.
The President then will go to Inde-
pendence Hall in Philadelphia for 2
p.m. ceremonies during which the
bell in the tower of Independence
Hall will be rung.
On that signal, bells throughout
the country will peal, saluting the
moment the Declaration was signed
"proclaiming liberty throughout the ..
land."
Ford is then to fly by helicopter to
the deck of the USS Forrestal in
New York Harbor to watci. Oper-
ation Sail, the parade of square -rig-
gers up the Hudson River.
In Philadelphia Saturday, thou-
sands of tourists swarmed to touch
the Liberty Bell and tour Independ-
ence Hall where the Declaration of
Independence was debated and
signed.
American flags fluttered through-
out the city on the eve of America's
200th birthday as Philadelphians pre-
pared for a gigantic salute in the
city where independence was born.
"This is what we need after the
(See "Birthday," Page 3A)
Birthday- - - - - --
(Continued from Page 1A)
misery of Watergate," Joanne Kon-
ing, a resident of suburban Nar-
berth, said Saturday while taking in
the historic sites.
"It's the nice part of. the news.
They are playing up the Bicenten-
nial and the good things now, rather
than the bad," she said.
President Ford will ask all Ameri-
cans today to "join in an extended
period of celebration, thanksgiving
and prayer."
Officials predict that two million
,eople may jam Philadelphia's his -
,ric district. today, making for the
ggest tourist weekend in the city's
history. All of the city's 8,000 police-
men will be on duty to deal with the
crowds, and any possible violence by
two protest groups that plan rdflies
and parades.
The crowd at Independence
Square grew steadily Saturday. By
noon there was a 90- minute wait out-
side Independence Hall, but there
was still plenty of elbow room on the
sidewalks and grassy malls at the
national park.
The weekend holds meaning
beyond nostalgia for at least 10,000
persons who will become American
citizens in naturalization ceremonies
around the country.
More Bicentennial
Stories, Page 4A
Amid the floats and the flags and
the' frivolity there were also discor-
dant notes.
An explosion that authorities said
was touched off by a bomb, dam-
aged a post office.in Seabrook, N.H.,
less than 24 hours after three other
bombings in the Boston area. Ano-
nymous phone callers to news organ-
izations, saying they represented an
antibusing group, claimed responsi-
bility for the bombings.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, July 4, 1976
In a less menacing form of protest,
300 American Indians encamped
with tepees and tents on a college
athletic field in Washington, D.C.,
after a transcontinental motor trip
they called the "Trail of Self- Deter-
mination."
"We're not a dissident organ-
ization. We're not here to take over
anything or cause any trouble," said
Sid Mills, a Nisqually Indian from
Nisqually, Wash. "We're here to se-
cure a future for the .Indian people
because there is none now." -
On this Fourth of July weekend, it
seemed, the uncommon was com-
monplace.
Boston and Hawaii, for example,
will team up in a continent- spanning
ceremony blending the nation's new-
est science and its oldest history.
A telescope at the Mauna Kea Ob-
servatory in Hawaii will capture the
light emitted by : a star 200 light
years ago, which will trip a sensor
that will flip a switch lighting a
lamp in Boston's Old North Church,
Paul Revere's storied beacon of 1775.
Bob Older, a Californian who
thinks big, aimed to hoist a 67- by -102-
foot flag over his Mojave Desert
ranch, an operation for which he has
laid out $10,000 in poles and cables.
In Salt Lake City, the Norm Fife
family will have a dip in their swim=
ming pool, the botton of which they
painted as a flag. In Miramar, Fla.,
Betty Kapchuck and her children
gift- wrapped their house in red;
white and blue bunting.
In the general conviviality, hands.
across- the -sea was a popular theme.^
Five descendants of the George
Washington family and a descendant
of the British Gen. Lord Cornwallis
attended a dinner and dance in At=
lanta. In Great Britain, more than
100 observances were held or
planned for the weekend in a spirit
of sharing the American victory of
two centuries ago.
mss,
-!3 ... s
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, April 26, 1976
Replica
Enriches
Capitol
SAN DIEGO (UPI) — Bill
Moody worries about ants as he
puts the finishing touches to an
elaborate 28 -foot model of the
U.S. Capitol, covered with •50,000
cubes of sugar and 300 pounds of
sugar coating.
Moody, who has worked as a
cake decorator, has spent
nearly a year on the model
which has been sanctioned as
an official Bicentennial project
by toe local Bicentennial com-
mittee.
Working over a plywood
frame with the help of volun-
teers, he has recreated the Capi-
tol right down to the last win-
dow pane.
He has sent out 3,000 in-
vitations to friends and digni-
taries he hopes will attend the
official unveiling of his Capitol
on May 11 in San Diego's Balboa
Park.
Moody, from Houston, Tex., is
A civilian on leave from
Naval Arctic Research Labora-
tory in Barrow, Alaska. He
came to the Veterans Adminis-
tration Hospital here in 1974 for
surgery.
Moody has made replicas of
other famous buildings, in-
cluding the Lincoln and Jeffer-
son memorials and St. Patrick's
Cathedral in New York City.
The capitol, he says, is his most
ambitious project.
H@ studied drawings from the
Library of Congress and the Na-
tional Geographic magazine,
Moody said. He estimates he
has invested about $5,01004n the
model in addition to a f ona-
tion of sugar.
Besides the sugar, the struc-
ture required 20,000 simulated
pearls, 25,000 rhinestones, two
gallons of glue and five gallons
of white paint.
To thwart any unpatriotic
ants, Ihich Moody considers an
ever - present danger, he is
spraying the area around the
replica with a special com-
pound.
BILL MOODY ADJUSTS TOP OF HIS `SWEET' CAPITOL
... he's assisted by Marine Cpl. Joe Jines
ROBERT NEWMAN
The Life and Times of the
Sexton who, April 18, 1775,
Held Two Lanterns Aloft in
Christ Church Steeple, Bos-
ton.
There are two quotations
forever etched on the memo-
ry tape of the average Amer-
ican:
"My Country 'tis of thee,
Sweet land of liberty, Of
three I sing."
And
"One if by land, two if by
sea, and I on the opposite
shore shall be."
Well, this book, by his di.
rect descendant, Robert
Newman Sheets, is about the
man who held up the two
lanterns in the belfry of the
Boston Christ Church so
that Paul Revere, who was
waiting on the opposite
shore, could ride and give
the alarm that the British
were coming by sea to pun-
ish the rabble who dared
defy the British Crown.
The author writes in the
prologue the account of Sex-
ton Robert Newman, calling
him, "A young man in Bos-
ton's North End who would
risk his life for a cause that
seemed right ... his fortune
was small, his talents un-
usable. His age, during this
immortal action, was 23 and
he was the bread winner for
his mother and stepfather, a
wife and two children."
Newman was active in a
group of malcontents called
the Northend Mechanics. He
also was Sexton of Christ
Church, often called North
Church, or Old North. This
required a trustworthy repu-
tation and, because of this
characteristic, he was cho-
sen to send a coded and vital
message on the movement
of the British troops.
From old journals and
family documents, the au-
thor describes the night of
April 18, 1775, as windy and
cold with a dim moon mov-
ing in and out of the clouds.
The young sexton pre-
tended to retire to his room.
in the upstairs of the family
brick townhouse and waited
anxiously for the signal that
would summon him to his
dangerous duty.
When it came, he made his
silent way from the house to
the church, where his lan-
terns, fastened each to a
leather thong so that he
could sling them quickly
over his shoulder as he made
his climb of 154 steps, 14 sto-
ries high, to the open win-
dows of the belfry.
The view from the top was
expansive and in the chang-
ing moonlight he could view
the sloop Somerset moving
along through the mists of
the Charles River ... it was
al V V &
REVIEWS
indeed two if by sea and
Robert Newman held both
lanterns aloft for Paul Re-
vere to see. It was by this
action that the young sexton
made his commitment,
staked his claim and kindled
the light of liberty from
which there was no turning
back.
Incidentally, the author of
this book, Robert Newman
Sheets, was invited to repeat
the feat of his ancestor and
carry a lantern up the same
winding steps of Old North
Church on April 18, 1975, to
open the Bicentennial Year
in Boston.
After all this, one would
think the remainder of the
Newman biography would be
all downhill. Not so, for the
author - editor has chosen let-
ters exchanged among the
family, many of which have
recently come to light,
which are most titilating and
full of financial dismay.
Robert Newman Sheets is
an accomplished editor and
commentator. He includes in
his book a genealogical
chart, a map of Boston, pho-
tographs of the old Newman
house and those of other
Boston notables of the Revo-
lution, including that of Paul
Revere. The cover carries
the only known likeness of
Robert Newman. He is im-
pressive.
Presently Robert Newman
Sheets is executive director
of the Colorado Council on
the Arts and Humanities. —
Suzanne Dabney Taylor
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MASTER PAINTER ... applies delicate decora-
tions
Porcelain Company
Marks Bicentennial
NEW YORK — Dui ing its
200 -year history as producer
of porcelain, stoneware and
faience dinner and artware,
Royal Copenhagen Porcelain
has held to the aesthetic tra-
dition that the hand in art
can rarely be replaced by
machine.
Despite its size (1,200 em-
ployes) and large output
(more than seven million
pieces annually), the factory
continues to concentrate on
skilled crafts techniques by
highly trained specialists.
Designs are determined by
merit rather than by novelty
and as the company cele-
brates its bicentennial year,
it can number among its
most popular designs some
that date from its founding
in 1775, or have been in pro-
duction for at least a cen-
tury.
"Immortelle" or "Blue
Fluted," the oldest of Royal
Copenhagen's porcelain
services, enjoys a reputation
as the "national tableware
of Denmark." Introduced 200
years ago, its blue- floral-
and -line motif was inspired
by early Meissen ware, an
adaptation of ancient motifs
from China. Today, as then,
every one of the tiny blue
flowers, inspired by a 1761
botanical work after which
the pattern was named, are
painted onto this dinner
service.
Each flower, a different
one for every piece, is drawn
freehand and painted in two
stages by a master painter,
then decorated with gold
trim by another specialist.
The three - dimensional floral
embellishments on serving
pieces are shaped and as-
sembled by hand, so when
completed, each of the
pieces bears two signatures
— that of the painter and
that of the gold decorator.
During the earlier stages
of production, too, there are
many hand -only operations.
Small sculptured ornaments,
handles and such are shaped
by hand. Lace -like borders
and openwork patterns on
plates and decorative serv-
ing pieces are cut by hand.
To many, the Royal Co-
penhagen name is synon-
ymous with underglaze -dec-
orated figurines,. Several of
the family of 600 figurines
were developed in the 1880s.
Animals, birds and people
are depicted in naturalistic
attitudes, and decorated in
the delicate underglaze tech -
nim,a narfnr +ark than by Ar-
How to Celebrate Bicentennial
It's only the first week of
February and already I've
had my first Bicentennial
spit -up.
I've seen the first Bicen-
tennial birth, the Bicenten-
nial toilet seat with stripes
and an eagle, the Minute-
men vitamins, the Uncle
Samwich, the Bicentennial
flea collar, a fire hydrant
dressed up like George
Washington, and just last
week the voice of the man-
ager of a supermarket that
shook the world with: "At-
tention shoppers! Save now
on your bicentennial bread."
I love this country. I really
do.
I love it in prosperity, in
recessions, in wars, in
peace, in triumphs, failures,
victory and despair. I even
love it as it struggles now to
observe its birthday in a way
it thinks a birthday should
be observed. Maybe we just
don't know how.
Unlike England, we've
AT WITS END
At Wit's End
i By Erma Bombeck
never thrown a coronation
before. Unlike Russia, we've
never hosted a show of mili-
tary power in Red Square on
the first day of May. Unlike
China, we've never had the
gang in for a display of na-
tional gymnastics.
We've staged a few small
things like Peter Pan flying
over the castle at Disney
World, a VFW parade in Ty-
ler, Texas, or a Parade of
Roses hosted by Ed
McMahon. But a birthday
party for more than a couple
of hundred million people?
How Will History
Note the Suburbs.?
By ERMA BOMBECK
I don't know what to ac-
cept as truth out of the
pages of history anymore.
The movies have me be-
lieving the Pony Express
broke their bones carrying
Cross - Your -Heart bras to
Rhonda Fleming, and tele-
vision has me convinced we
would have won the battle of
Saratoga had we not broken
for a Supp -Hose commercial
and blown our concentra-
tion.
Everytime I see those
Shell Oil Company squibs on
the Bicentennial telling how
it was, I get a twinge of pan-
ic of how this generation will
be interpreted another hun-
dred years from now.
Hopefully, someone will
put this column in a her-
metically sealed mayonnaise
jar so that observers of this
country in the year 2075 will
know the truth.
"We left the cities in the
early 1950s heading toward a
vast expanse of undeveloped
land ... no water, no sew-
ers, no schools, and a three -
month wait for phone serv-
ice.
"But we were plucky. We
planted trees and crab grass
came up. We planted schools
and taxes came up. We
planted septic tanks and that
wasn't the smartest thing we
ever did.
"The adjustments were
brutal but friendships
sprouted up among the pio-
neers who shared the same
floor plan, the same lamp in
the picture window, the
same monthly prin. and int.
payments, at the same little
bank.
An editor for whom I
worked back in Ohio said to
me once: "Anyone can criti-
cize. But people who write
can't get off that easy. They
have an obligation to offer
some kind of suggestion or
solution to tell people what
they want."
Okay, do you know what
I'd like to see people in this
I'd like to observe an entire
year where everyone in this
country refers to one anoth-
er as Americans. Not as the
Jew who owns the shoestore,
the who
with the Irish accent,
the German girl who goes to
night school, the Japanese
couple on the corner, the
Catholics with all the kids,
the black man who works
the second shift, the Mexi-
can who talks funny, the
Czechoslovakian -born stu-
dent, the Krishna with the
bald head, the Christian Sci-
entist lady ... just Ameri-
cans.
All of us are proud of our
heritage (I get choked up
about all 26 of my blood
lines), but we all came to
this point 200 years ago to
become the most unique
country in the world.
country do to celebrate the We put together a whole
Bicentennial? new human race ... and
made it work.
Beginning now and contin- For that, I don't need a Bi-
uing through 1976- forever, centennial water pik.
"The first winter we lost
more than half of the origi-
nal brave settlers. Several
lost their way in cul -de -sacs
and winding streets with the
same name and couldn't find
their way home. Other poor
devils perished trying to
merge from our exit onto the
freeway to the city. One was
attacked by a fast - growing
evergreen that the builder
planted near his front door.
(We named a school after
him.)
"There wasn't a day that
went by that we weren't
threatened by forces from
the city ... salesmen of
storm doors, Tupperware
ladies, traffic lights, encyclo-
pedia salesmen, lawn mower
pushers and Golden Arches
everywhere.
"It was lonely. In the long
evenings when the sun went
down, these adventurous no-
mads would sit on their
patios and when someone
would sneeze eight houses
down, the entire band of set-
tlers would yell in unison,
'GESUNDHEIT!'
"March 6, 1968 is a date
that will live in infamy. It
was the day a washer repair -
man appeared over the hori-
zon only 12 years after he
was called.
"Yes, these settlers brave-
ly faced TV dinners, new
PTA's, garage sales, car
pools, Sunday drivers, Little
Leagues, horse priviliges,
and lights from the shopping
centers, but they relentlessly
hung in there ... and that's
how it was in the suburbs 100
years ago!"
Boise, Monday, May 24, 1976
Bicentennial Named in SALT LAKE CITY UPI — Utah
Uni-
versity of Utah paleontologist says
he wanted to honor a 19th century
scientist and the American Bicenten-
nial when he named the school's
newest dinosaur find "Marshosaurus
bicen tesim us. "
James H. Madson Jr., Utah Mu-
seum of Natural History curator,
said the meat- eating dinosaur is the
second new theropod from the late
Jurassic Period found at the Cleve-
land -Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in East -
Central Utah.
Marshosaurus bicentesimus is
named for pioneer paleontologist
O.C. Marsh who searched for dino-
saurs in this area 100 years ago, and
for the nation's Bicentennial.
Madsen said Marshosaurus bi-
centesimus is similar to the rela-
tively common AIlosaurus -dhd th6
newty found Stokesosaurus, all lively
in Utah about 150 million years ago.
"He would have been a rugged
character to meet "in a dark alley,
said Madsen. "Marshosaurus bi-
centesimus was about six feet tall
and nine feet long. He was a biped,
with two large back legs, and short
front legs for holding his prey."
Madsen said the dinosaur find is
the first known for the species. "But
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, June 20, 1976
Million - Dollar Floating Arts Center
Takes Cultural Tour of 76 Cities
PITTCRi �ur.`a .r �.... ....
PITTSBURGH (UPI) —The Amer-
ican Wind Symphony Orchestra of
Western Pennsylvania has em-
barked on an historic Bicentennial
cultural tour of 76 cities.
Performing aboard Point
Counterpoint II, a million dollar
floating center for the arts, the Pitts-
burgh -based Wind Symphony's ro-
mantic journey will focus attention
on one of the nation's richest re-
sources, its inland waterways.
The six -month voyage began April
30 along the Mississippi Gulfcoast
and will dock at such diverse spots
as Clearwater, Fla., Cambridge,
Md., Niagara Falls, N.Y. Saginaw,
Mich., and Lake Charles, La., before
ending Oct. 10 in Brownsville, Texas -
New Matamoros, Mexico.
Dancers, artists, craftsmen, com-
posers, poets and sculptors will com-
prise the 65- member entourage that
will present an in- residency program
in each community.
Symposia in the arts, chamber
�+ THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, June 28, 1976
we only have fragments thus far.
We're trying to separate the frag-
ments from other bones of similar,
small Allosaurus and Stokeso-
saurus."
concerts in living rooms, banks,
schools and homes for the elderly
and retarded as well as riverfront
concerts replete with Roman can-
dles will mark the Wind Symphony's
stopover in each area.
Children's performances will be
given daily, and the symphony will
present a concert of sacred music
each Sunday in a house of worship.
After the tour will be used to teach
arts and crafts in river towns.
Million - Dollar Floating Arts Center
Takes Cultural Tour of 76 Cities
PITTSBURGH (UPI) — The Amer-
ican Wind Symphony Orchestra of
Western Pennsylvania has em-
barked on an historic Bicentennial
cultural tour of 76 cities.
Performing aboard Point
Counterpoint II, a million . dollar
floating center for the arts, the Pitts-
burgh -based Wind Symphony's ro-
mantic journey will focus attention
on one of the nation's richest re-
sources, its inland waterways.
The six-month voyage began April
30 along the Mississippi Gulfcoast
and will dock at such diverse spots
as Clearwater, Fla., Cambridge,
Md., Niagara Falls, N.Y., Saginaw,
Mich., and Lake Charles, La., before
ending Oct. 10 in Brownsville, Texas -
New Matamoros, Mexico.
Dancers, artists, craftsmen, com-
posers, poets and sculptors will com-
prise the 65- member entourage that
will present an in- residency program
in each community.
Symposia in the arts, chamber
+ THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, ,lane 28.1976
concerts in living rooms, banks,
schools and homes for the elderly
and retarded as well as riverfront
concerts replete with Roman can-
dles will mark the Wind Symphony's
stopover in each area.
Children's performances will be
given daily, and the symphony will
present a concert of sacred music
each Sunday in a house of worship.
After the tour will be used to teach
arts and crafts in river towns.
Business Drops, Despite More Visitors
Top-rists Bypass
Associated Press
Thousands of tourists, as expected,
are making special Bicentennial
trips to see where George Washing-
ton slept and other historical sites,
but they aren't staying overnight
themselves.
Attendance at major historic sites
is bigger than ever, but hotels in
Philadelphia, Boston and Washing-
ton —three major centers for Bicen-
tennial visits — report business is not
close to expectations and in many
cases is even slower than a year
ago.
"It isn't the decrease in business
itself that hurts," Alan Tremaine,
general manager of the Copley Plaza
Hotel in Boston, said. "It's that we
geared up for more." '
Tremaine said business in Boston's
hotels was down 6 per cent in May
from the same month last year. The
Copley Plaza had expected a 10 to 15
per cent increase.
In Washington, where the number
of visitors to the hestknown national
monuments is up by as much as 28
per cent, hotel business "is consid-
erably off 'since Memorial Day,"
Leonard Hickman, executive vice
president of the city's Hotel Associ-
ation, said. Before then, he said,
business had only been keeping pace
with last year.
At Colonial Williamsburg National
Park in nearby Virginia, which in-
cludes Jamestown, 'Yorktown and
Williamsburg, the number of visitors
is up 25 per cent this year. But the
park's public information officer,
Hugh DeSamper, said, "Rooms are
available virtually every night ex-
cept the July 4th weekend." .
In Philadelphia, "We're finding a
lot of people who just come to see
Independence Hall and the (Liberty)
Bell and then leave town," said Al-
vin Hornstein, director of tourism
for the city's Convention and Tour-
ism Bureau.
Visitors had to wait 90 minutes to
get into Independence Hall last
week, but a reporter who called sev-
eral mid -town hotels Saturday eve -
ning could have booked a room in no
time.
Many explanations have been of-
fered by disappointed hotelkeepers.
The one -day visit theory is backed
up by the heavy attendance at the
most famous attractions.
Record crowds are seeing the Lin-
coln, Washington and Jefferson
monuments in Washington, Inde-
pendence. Hall and the Liberty Bell
i6 Philadelphia, and "Old Iron -
sides," the U.S.S. Constitution, in
Boston. Some other sights that
might be added on the second day of
a tour — the various museums of the
Smithsonian Institution in Washing-
ton, for example — report a drop in
visits from last year.
Another theory is tl
Just as hotels expected I
potential visitors antic
culty booking rooms.
"It's kind of ironic, I
stories about all the pe
may have scared off
people we thought we
Hornstein said. "For r
everyone's been saying
going to ,be jammed. I
people who thought i
stayed away," Hickm1T
There also have been
her of cancellations
agencies, the hotels said
large -scale reservations
vance and canceled at t
ute when they couldn't
grs.
llar Floating Arts Center
tural Tour of 76 Cities
mer- 30 along the Mississippi Gulfcoast
•a of and will dock at such diverse spots
em- as Clearwater, Fla., Cambridge,
nnial Md., Niagara Falls, N.Y., Saginaw,
Mich., and Lake Charles, La., before
Point ending Oct. 10 in Brownsville, Texas -
lollar New Matamoros, Mexico.
?itts- Dancers, artists, craftsmen, com-
; ro- posers, poets and sculptors will com-
ntion prise the 65- member entourage that
t re- will present an in- residency program
in each community.
April Symposia in the arts, chamber
MAN. Boise, Monday, Jdne 28. 1976
concerts in living rooms, banks,
schools and homes for the elderly
and retarded as well as riverfront
concerts replete with Roman can-
dles will mark the Wind Symphony's
stopover in each area.
Children's performances will be
given daily, and the symphony will
present a concert of sacred music
each Sunday in a house of worship.
After the tour will be used to teach
arts and crafts in river towns.
s, Despite More Visitors
s Bypass Hotels at Bicentennial Sites
In Washington, where the number
of visitors to the bestknown national
monuments is up by as much as 28
per cent, hotel business "is consid-
erably off since Memorial Day,"
Leonard Hickman, executive vice
president of the city's Hotel Associ-
ation, said. Before then, he said,
business had only been keeping pace
with last year.
At Colonial Williamsburg National
Park in nearby Virginia, which in-
cludes Jamestown, Yorktown and
Williamsburg, the number of visitors
is up 25 per cent this year. But the
Park's public information officer,
Hugh DeSamper, said, "Rooms are
available virtually every night ex-
cept the July 4th weekend."
In Philadelphia, "We're finding a
lot of people who just come to see
Independence Hall and the (Liberty)
Bell and then leave town," said Al-
vin Hornstein, director of tourism
for the city's Convention and Tour-
ism Bureau.
Visitors had to wait 90 minutes to
get into Independence Hall last
week, but a reporter who called sev-
eral mid -town hotels Saturday eve-
n ing_could have booked a room in no
time.
Many explanations have been of-
fered by disappointed hotelkeepers.
The one -day visit theory is backed
up by the Heavy attendance at the
most famous attractions.
Record crowds are seeing the Lin-
coln, Washington . and Jefferson
monuments in Washington, Inde-
pendence. Hall and the Liberty Bell
ir1 Philadelphia, and "Old Iron -
sides," the U.S.S. Constitution, in
Boston. Some other sights that
might be added on the second day of
a tour — the various museums of the
Smithsonian Institution in Washing-
ton, for example — report a drop in
visits from last year.
Another theory is the "scare."
Just as hotels expected huge crowds,
potential visitors anticipated diffi-
culty booking rooms.
"It's kind of ironic, but all those
stories about all the people coming
may have scared off some of the
people we thought were coming,"
Hornstein said. "For months now,
everyone's been saying ... the city's
going to,be jammed. I think many
people who thought it would be
stayed away," HickmT said.
There also have been a large num-
ber of cancellations by tour
agencies, the hotels said. They made
large -scale reservations well in ad-
vance and canceled at the last min-
ute when they couldn't find custom -
grs.
A one -day visit, of course, is
easiest for those who live nearby.
"The local people are driving in,
even from as far away as New
Hampshire," said Tremaine in Bos-
ton. And Hickman said he thinks
schoolchildren from Washington's
metropolitan area are responsible
for the big numbers at the national
monuments.
But it's possible there are some
people from farther away who are
making arrangements other than ho-
tels for spending the night.
DeSamper said many more people
are traveling by trailer because
gasoline is easily available. And Pat
Shehan of the Park Service in Wash-
ington has a freeloader theory.
"I've heard lots of people com-
plaining because they've got a lot of
friends coming to stay with them."
For July 4 Philadelphia Parade
Mountain Men Journey East
RIVERTON, Wyo. (UPI) — Cactus
Jack Ratliff says his Wyoming
mountain men may seem a strange
sight with their unruly beards and
worn leather jackets, but no one
laughs at men who have killed
mountain lions with their bare
hands.
Cactus Jack and his pals, Seldom
Seen Slattery, Square Eyes Leigh-
ton, Caveman Dean Shinberg and
about eight more mountain men, are
traveling to Philadelphia this week
to represent Wyoming in the July 4
Bicentennial Parade.
They will be joined by mountain-
eer Paul Petzoldt, founder of the Na-
tional Outdoor Leadership School.
The band of mountain men is
small since conditions for member-
ship in. the clan are so ptrict that
only the most determined applicants
will attempt to meet them.
"To be a mountain man, you have
to kill a mountain lion with your
bare hands," Cactus Jack said.
"How do we know you've done it?
Well, a mountain man never lies."
Jack, who has been a mountain
man since 1960, said he joined the
group because he felt tired of living
in cities and needed some fresh air.
"When you decide you need some
fresh air, you have to get out in the
mountains," he said. The mountain
men follow the tradition of the old-
time mountain men who lived their
entire lives in the wilderness.
"They ate with the grizzly bears
and climbed with the deers," Cactus
Jack said.
The men are expert shots with
muzzle- loading rifles and pistols.
They will compete against other
sharpshooters in Illinois and Indiana
this week as they travel to Phila-
delphia.
Cactus Jack says he shoots with a
Plainsman rifle and a Walker Colt
.44 pistol.
Clad in a fringed buckskin coat,
blue jeans and a Stetson hat copied
from an original 1830s pattern, Jack
will travel with his men by bus to
Philadelphia under a $4,000 grant
from the Wyoming Bicentennial
Commission.
"People say to me that we're not
taking horses to Philadelphia so how
can we be real mountain men," he
said. "But actually, mountain men
spent most of their time walking be-
cause they would have to take
horses from the Indians andthen the
Indians would just take them back.
Jack said the mountain men hope
to show Easterners what the West
was like, and what it was like to be
one of the men who opened up the
territory for settlers.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, June 27, 1976
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Saturday, July 10, 1976
Historic Emptiness
Fills Civil War Safe
CHATTANOOGA, Tenn. (AP) —With great pomp and ceremony,
the National Park Service opened a sealed vault on a Civil War bat-
tlefield Friday, looking for a glimpse into the past. It was empty.
"Vandals," theorized Edward E. Tinney, chief historian of the
Chickamauga - Chattanooga National Military Park. He said scratch
marks inside the sealed vault indicated the theft probably occurred
in the early part of this century.
The vault was in Wilder Tower, named for Union Gen. John
Thomas Wilder, whose Indiana regiment made a valiant counterat-
tack on the Confederate forces of LL Gen. James Longstreet on
Sept. 20, 1863, in the Battle of Chickamauga.
Wilder, who later became Mayor of Chattanooga, presided over
the dedication of the battlefield on Sept. 20, 1899.
"I have the honor to say that these gray - headed men before you
were the gallant young men of 36 years ago, who on this bloody bat-
tlefield bared their breasts to the storm of civil war and on this spot
met the brave men of Longstreet's divisions," the general said.
Then Civil War relics were placed in the vault, which was sealed.
The vault handle and combination knob were removed.
Locksmiths were unable to find a combination for opening the
vault. Instead, they cut a hole in the door of the old safe.
After four hours of cutting, Doug Drake finally opened a hole,
looked in. and proclaimed the safe empty. Several hundred specta-
tors appeared stunned.
Before the vault was opened, Park Supt_ Robert Deskins said no
one knew what the vault would contain but said he hoped the con-
tents would ".help the present generation to have a 76 -year back-
ward look into how the combat- hardened veterans felt about the fu-
ture of the country for which they fought so hard."
Backyard Pyrotechnics 7,,
Give Way to Displays
UP international
From Puyallup, Wash., to Perrine,
Fla., there isn't a small boy who
wouldn't give his eyeteeth for some
firecrackers to do the Bicentennial
Fourth of July up proper.
And from the premature bangs,
sizzles and roars in communities
around the country, it's apparent
that fireworks bootleggers are doing
a good business.
But it may be the last salvo, for
the federal government may soon
crack down on all but the tiniest cra-
ckers.
Except for places where fireworks
are still legal, most kids and the old
folks who still itch to hold a burning
punk to a skyrocket's fuse will have
to be content with watching the local
July Fourth display.
Some of them are going to be spec-
tacular. In Washington D.C., 33 tons
of explosives, linked by 16 miles of
wiring, will be detonated at the Tidal
Basin in celebration of the nation's
200th birthday.
The Capitol Hill display is touted
as the largest in U.S. history, featur-
ing more than 20,000 rockets.
Not to be outdone, New Yorkers
will send 61/2 tons of gunpowder sky-
.ward in bursts and showers from
3,700 rockets around the Statue of
Liberty which will be decked out
with a red, white and blue lighting
system for the occasion.
Hundreds of other cities and towns
will light the night skies of Inde-
pendence Day with their own cele-
brations, while folks, in back yards,
at picnic grounds and on beaches
bring out their own illegal supplies
and blast away.
Earl Keniston, investigator for the
New Hampshire fire marshal's of-
fice, said the influx of illegal fire-
works usually builds up two weeks
before and after the Fourth.
"There's a tremendous amount of
fireworks being brought into the
state," he said. "There's so much of
it that you can't control it."
Most authorities admit they are al-
most powerless to enforce the law.
At best, offenders.are charged only
with misdemeanors.
Injuries from these bootleg fire-
works have been mounting since
late spring.
Capt. Norman F. Sanner, head of
the Pittsbugh, Pa., fire prevention
district, said he expects the rate of
fireworks - related injuries to be three
times higher this year than in the
past, because of the Bicentennial.
In May, a New Jersey high school
girl bled to death from a slashed
throat after a large firecracker ex-
ploded against glass covering a fire
extinguisher.
A 16- year -old teenage Ohio girl re-
cently was burned so badly she
needed skin grafts after someone
tossed a powerful firecracker into
her lap at Pittsburgh's Three Rivers
Stadium.
In Kansas, the headache for offi-
cials is the legal sale, from June 27
through July 5, of bottle rockets —
one of which set fire to the roof of a
church Sunday.
"They just went on sale yes-
terday," sighed State Fire Marshal
Floyd Dibbern, "and they already
got a church."
Ford Asks July 4 Bell - Ringing
WASHINGTON (UPI) — President
Ford called Tuesday for two minutes
of sustained bell - ringing across the
country at 12 noon MDT on this Bi-
centennial Fourth of July to signify
"our two centuries of independ-
ence. "
In a proclamation, Ford also urged
all Americans to mark the country's
200th birthday by joining July 2 to
July 5 in "an extended period of cel-
ebration, thanksgiving and prayer
... for the future safety and happi-
ness of our nation."
Ford issued his proclamation in
accord with a resolution passed by
Congress.
"As the bells ring in our third cen-
tury, as millions of free men and
women pray, let every American re-
solve that this nation, under God,
will meet the future with the same
courage and dedication Americans
showed the world two centuries
ago," he said.
Birthday Bomb
Pyrotechnician Jim Larson of Vancouver, Wash., is ready
for the Fourth of July explosion of what is reported to be the
largest fireworks shell in the U.S. The firing of the 166 -
pound shell is part of the city- financed celebration.
Cou p le Plans to Fly High on Bicentennial
NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — A couple
living in Kenya figure they have
found a way to say "Happy Birth-
day" to the United States on its 200th
anniversary and set a world record
at the same time
On July 4, Linda and Nigel Bram-
ich plan to climb to the top of 19,340 -
ft. Mt. Kilimanjaro in neighboring
Tanzania to fly a special bicenten-
nial kite of their own making. This
would set a record for the highest al-
titude from which a kite has ever
flown and be the couple's personal
birthday greeting to America.
"I know it is a bit crazy," Linda
Bramich said Tuesday, "but I love'
both kite sailing and my country. I
thought this would be a great way to
tie both together — a new record for
kite - flying, an unusual birthday sa-
lute for America."
Bramich, an airline executive and
a Kenyan citizen, recalled:
"I came home from work one af-
ternoon and as I walked in the door,
Linda said: 'I have this great idea:
Let's fly a kite off Mt. Kili July 4,' "
he said.
"At first I thought she was joking,
but after I thought about it, it
sounded like a great idea."
It may not be as easy as it sounds.
The couple has to face the possibility
of rough weather for the their trip.
But that possibility seems to make
them even more determined. Linda
lived most of her life at Morristown,
N.J., near where George Washing-
ton's troops experienced bitter losses
from the cold during the American
Revolution.
Said Linda: "If the weather is bad,
it will recall for me some of the cir-
cumstances surrounding what It is I
am celebrating."
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Sunday, June 2Q, 1976
Bicentennial Bells
Ring in Festivities
By VIVIAN BROWN
The Associated Press
Unlike some people, public- spirited
citizen Michael Thomas of New York
City expects to get nothing but a
thrill out of his Bicentennial idea. In
fact he gets goose pimples, he says,
when he thinks of it.
What he has been trying to pro-
mote through friends and some pa-
triotic organizations is a mass dem-
onstration of patriotism by having
church bells and home bells toll all
over the United States on July
Fourth — sort of a "Liberty Bell
Day."
"As I visualize it we would all syn-
chronize our clocks so the bells
would be rung at the same time
across the country, perhaps for 5 to
10 minutes. The time could be ad-
justed to noon in each time zone.
The great ground swell of patriotism
should give us all a united feeling of
togetherness on this great day."
Thomas, former president of a
jewelry firm and now president of
his own public relations firm, has no
thought of commercializing the ven-
ture in any way. He says he abhors
the little plastic bells that are being
promoted as Bicentennial souvenirs,
and he would like to see all bells in
some handsome metal. But he thinks
it would be great to ring any bell you
can get your hands on to celebrate.
"The Bicentennial has been a
series of hit - and -miss celebrations
for the last year. But I have a feel-
ing towns will give their all to the
Fourth of July with their bands and
floats, parades and parties and that
will be the big Bicentennial day if
ever there is to be one!"
Lots of bells make beautiful mu-
sic, he says. All a bell needs to be a
bell is a cup shape and to give off a
tone when its clapper strikes.
Bells were known in China 2000
years before Christ. And throughout
man's history they have been trea-
sured over the world. In Ireland, a
tiny bell, 6 inches high and 5 inches
wide, is inscribed 1091. In the 13th
Century bells were being made for
monasteries. By 1400 there was a
six -ton liberty bell in Paris and some
made for other countries — China
and Russia — were even larger.
But size has been no clue as to
whether a bell rings in the name of
liberty or tyranny. Our own Liberty
Bell is a mere one ton but its ringing
signified the birth of a free nation.
Churches for the celebrations of
the bells can ring their carillons on
the 200th birthday celebration. But
many towns may have no carillon or
carrillonneur, who bring out musical
tinkles or great thundering roars
from such bells. In such a setting
bells can be mighty.
But any town with a little bell can
have a big message all its own on
July 4th. Even the old milk bell of
bossy's in the attic or barn might be
resurrected by citizens to provide
that certain tone on Liberty Bell
day.
And for those who have no bells, a
little bell poetry might stir one's
soul.
Edgar Allan Poe's poem devoted
to bells says: " ... from the molten
golden notes all in tune —what a liq-
uid ditty floats ... "
While Ophelia reminds us in her
lament about Hamlet that bells should
be musical. His were " ... sweet
bells jangled, out of tune and harsh
" as she put it.
The best of bells can lose their
tunes and even become cracked like
our own Liberty Bell. But the mes-
sage can still ring out clear and true.
Ford'-w"tl1• -Stop at Valley Forge,
Pa., Sunday before his appearance
at the ceremonies in Philadelphia.
He will then fly by helicopter to New
York Harbor, landing on the deck of
the aircraft carrier Forrestal for Op-
eration Sail, the parade of sailing
ships.
Bells Set
To Peal
Sunday
Associated Press
From sea to sea, in cities large
and towns small, erica is ready
to celebrate two c uries of inde-
pendence.
,Bells will peal across the nation
Sunday, with the first note struck
from Independence Hall, in an extra-
vaganza of red - rocket fireworks, tra-
ditional fanfare and events that oc-
cur once in a lifetime.
Residents of George, Wash., will
pull a 60- square -foot cherry pie from
their oven and members of the Do-
ver, Del., Bicentennial committee
will burn a portrait of King George
111, the man whose "repeated in-
juries and usurpation" began the
whole thing.
While an American spacecraft cir-
cles Mars 20 million miles away, the
guns of the U.S.S. Constitution —
"Old lronsides" — will be fired Sun -
day for the.first time in 100 years.
And in Rexburg, devasted just one
month ago when the Teton Dam col-
lapsed, residents will follow a
marching band down Main Street.
The events of the weekend are the
culmination of the year -long cele-
bration of the nation's Bicentennial,
the 200{h anniversary of the signing
in Philadelphia "by the Representa-
tives of the United States of Amer-
ica, in General Congress Assem-
bled" of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence.
Several hundred thousand people
are expected in Philadelphia for the
weekend wrapup of Bicentennial
events. All 50 states will be repre-
sented in a five -hour downtown pa-
rade, and President Ford will speak
at Independence Hall.
Two protest parades are als
scheduled in Philadelphia. Leader
insist they will be peaceful, but cit
officials, who at one time expecte
several million July 4 visitors, sai
possible violence has kept peopl
away. The city's official parade ha
shrunk from 70,000 marchers t
35,000 marchers as baztis cancel
out. "A lot of them cited the threa
of violence," said parade directo
Bill Mullen.
At 2 p.m. Sunday, members of th
Pennsylvania Society, Sons of th
Revolution, will lay their hands o
the Liberty Belt. Because of its fra
ile condition, the Liberty Bell w'
not be rung, but the Centennial B
in Independence Hall will ring out,
signal for the pealing of bells acr
the nation.
A British View of Our Revolution:
"The unspoken inference was that a band
of English country gentlemen, under that
great English general, George Washington
gave a deserved thumi ,
p ng to one of Eng-
land's more forgettable German kings."
—From Geoffrey Bocca's Story, Page 4
-ml1
r
J
J
''% .�
it � ~
I.
An Englishman Looks at Our Bieeniennial:
Uncle Sam and "The Mother Country"
Through 'x.00 Years of Thick
By Geoffrey socea
he New York cabbie said, "You
sound like a Britisher." I con-
fessed it. He went on, "You
limeys are taking over everything
here. A few years ago, if a guy didn't
have an English secretary, he wasn't
anything. Your brain -drain doctors
have taken over our medicine. Now it's
English au -pair girls, and real estate
deals with the English. Now I'm driving
one in my cab. How do you get away
with it ?"
"First of all," I said, "you have to
lose a war," and I collapsed on the seat
in delight at my own joke. It is not
often a Briton gets the chance to use
that hoariest of postwar clich6s, for the
simple reason that Britain almost never
loses a war. Since World War II alone,
Britain has won no fewer than three
wars which other countries considered
unwinnable, guerrilla wars —in Kenya,
Malaya and Borneo. The American
War of Independence has been Eng-
land's only total defeat since the Nor-
man Conquest oli.1066. And even then
(or so we Englishmen like to tell our-
selves) it took men with British names
to do it.
So Americans must understand that
the British do not feel bad about that
war. One cannot say a love -hate rela-
Daily Telegraph calls "Rent -a- mob."
Not infrequently the British lean over
to the extent that they defend America
even while America is busy attacking
herself. Much of the British press, in-
cluding such influential columnists as
Bernard Levin and Peregrine Wors-
thorne, were defending Richard Nixon
long after he was abandoned by
the U.S. press (their point of view:
Why pick on Nixon when such tyrants
as Brezhnev deserve so much more
censure ?).
There may be an exception, how-
ever: If a poll were to be taken today
in Britain on the question, "What do
you think of the American Bicenten-
nial?" the answer might well be some-
thing like the following:
29% I think Americans are better at
the decathlon.
21% I thought Buffalo Bill wiped
out the bison.
10% Is it like our Guy Fawkes Day?
8% How do you spell it?
32% Don't know.
The British attitude to United States
history is not so much ambivalent as
vague. My schoolboy memories are
that the War of Independence was one
of history's "Good Things." The un-
spoken inference was that a band of
English country gentlemen, under that
great English general, George Wash-
ington, gave a deserved thumping to
one of England's more forgettable Ger-
Thin
"Britain gives the U.S. no headaches —not in the U.N., not in NATO,
not in foreign policy generally. Anti - American riots in Britain are
always synthetic, the work of professional agitators, using what
Peter Simple in the London Daily Telegraph calls `Rent -a -mob.' "
would be no match for the American,
but that the American fleet had little
hope against the Royal Navy. In fact,
the reverse happened. The British
sacked Washington, and American
ships proved superior to the sophisti-
cated British fleet.
they were also revolted by slavery. The
Irish emigration explosion caused by
the potato famine of 1846 was two -
directional. It hit Liverpool and Glas-
gow as hard as it hit New York .and
Boston. The social and political fer-
ments were similar on both sides of the
here. A rew years ago, it a guy wan t
have an English secretary, he wasn't
anything. Your brain -drain doctors
have taken over our medicine. Now it's
English au -pair girls, and real estate
deals with the English. Now I'm driving
one in my cab. How do you get away
with it ?"
"First of all," I said, "you have to
lose a war," and I collapsed on the seat
in delight at my own joke. It is not
often a Briton gets the chance to use
that hoariest of postwar clich6s, for the
simple reason that Britain almost never
loses a war. Since World War II alone,
Britain has won no fewer than three
wars which other countries considered
unwinnable, guerrilla wars —in Kenya,
Malaya and Borneo. The American
War of Independence has been Eng-
land's only total defeat since the Nor-
man Conquest oL 1.066. And even then
(or so we Englishmen like to tell our-
selves) it took men with British names
to do it.
So Americans must understand that
the British do not feel bad about that
war. One cannot say a love -hate rela-
tionship exists between the two coun-
tries because there is so little hate on
the British side. In 1972, during one of
the many peaks of controversy over
Vietnam, a Harris poll recorded that
49 percent of Americans supported
Government policy, 43 percent opposed
it and the rest were undecided. Some
weeks later, a similar poll was con-
ducted in Britain by Gallup. The result:
48 percent in favor, 44 percent op-
posed. Not identical, but almost. On
almost every major issue, the thinking
of most Americans and most Britons is
the same.
One of the least noticed facts of life
—as unnoticed as the comfort of an old
slipper —is the pro- Americanism of the
British, both officially and in the streets.
Britain gives the U.S. no headaches —
not in the U.N., not in NATO, not in
foreign policy generally. Anti- Ameri-
can riots in Britain are always synthetic,
the work of professional agitators.
using what Peter Simple in the London
4 ■ FAMILY WEEKLY, December 28, 1975
long arter ne was aoanoonea oy
the U.S. press (their point of view:
Why pick on Nixon when such tyrants
as Brezhnev deserve so much more
censure ?).
There may be an exception, how-
ever: If a poll were to be taken today
in Britain on the question, "What do
you think of the American Bicenten-
nial?" the answer might well be some-
thing like the following:
29% I think Americans are better at
the decathlon.
21% I thought Buffalo Bill wiped
out the bison.
10% Is it like our Guy Fawkes Day?
8% How do you spell it?
32% Don't know.
The British attitude to United States
history is not so much ambivalent as
vague. My schoolboy memories are
that the War of Independence was one
of history's "Good Things." The un-
spoken inference was that a band of
English country gentlemen, under that
great English general, George Wash-
ington, gave a deserved thumping to
one of England's more forgettable Get-
"Occasionally, when 1 find myself
in the U.S. in the summer,
American friends ask how the
British feel when America cele-
brates July Fourth. The only
answer is, they don't feel
anything at all."
man kings. It was always stressed that
Washington was a victorious officer of
British troops against the French at
Fort Pitt, and that at the beginning of
the War of Independence, Continental
officers continued to toast the King.
Education about the War of 1812
was almost nonexistent because English
schoolboys were busy fighting Napol-
eon. In 1812 both the British and the
Americans presumed in advance that
the depleted English forces in Canada
"Britain gives the U.S. no headaches —not in the U.N., not in NATO,
not in foreign policy generally. Anti - American riots in Britain are
always synthetic, the work of professional agitators, using what
Peter Simple in the London Daily Telegraph calls `Rent -a -mob.' "
would be no match for the Americans,
but that the American fleet had little
hope against the Royal Navy. In fad,
the reverse happened. The British
sacked Washington, and American
ships proved superior to the sophisti-
cated British fleet.
As things happened, 39 years later,
the maritime shame actually deepened.
In 1851, one of the carnival features of
the Great London Exposition included
a world yachting championship off the
Isle of Wight, sponsored by the Royal
Yacht Squadron. What was to become
invincibly "America's Cup" was won
by the American yacht, America, to the
incredulous dismay of British sports-
men. A royal aide informed Queen
Victoria of the result. "Really ?" asked
the Queen. "Who came in second ?"
The American Civil War caused deep
heart- searching in Britain. The upper
classes could contemplate slavery with
equanimity. Voiced by the thunder of
The Tunes of London, they were pro -
South. The working classes, who had
real economic reason to be pro - South,
weren't. Lancashire depended deeply
on Southern cotton, and thousands
were thrown out of work by the Fed-
eral blockade of Southern ports. But
they were also revolted by slavery. The
Irish emigration explosion caused by
the potato famine of 1846 was two -
directional. It hit Liverpool and Glas-
gow as hard as it hit New York ,and
Boston. The social and political fer-
ments were similar on both sides of the
Atlantic, and produced parallel
thinking.
But throughout the Civil War there
was always the danger of a "flash fire"
that would bring England into the war
on the side of the South. Outright war
nearly began in the fall of 1861, when
a hotheaded naval officer created an
incident which became notorious as the
Trent affair. What happened was that
two distinguished Southerners, James
Mason of Virginia and John Slidell of
Louisiana, had boarded the British mail
steamer, Trent, to press Confederate
interests in London and Paris. Captain
Charles Wilkes of the U.S.S. San
Jacinto got wind of the mission,
boarded the Trent off Havana and took
off the two diplomats.
The incident caused fury in England.
An American observer in London
wrote William Seward, the Secretary
of State, "The people are frantic with
rage, and were the country polled, I
fear 999 men out of a thousand would
declare for war." As the English press
fumed, 11,000 British troops embarked
for Canada to the strains of a volunteer
band playing "Dixie."
Fortunately both sides were blessed
with brilliant diplomats. The American
Ambassador to the Court of St. James,
Charles Francis Adams, and the British
Ambassador in Washington, Lord
Lyons, soothed ruffled feathers. While
feisty Yankees were just as keen to
take on the British as vice versa, Abra-
ham Lincoln preached "one war at a
time." Seward backed down gracefully,
released Mason and Slidell to pursue
their missions in Europe, and even
offered the British troopships landing
facilities in Maine, an offer rejected
with equal politeness. But it was what
Wellington would have called a near-
run thing.
A year later, pro- Southern feeling in
high places was still strong in England.
William Gladstone declared in the
House of Commons: "The leaders of
the South have made an Army; they
are making, it appears, a Navy, and
they have made what is more than
either —they have made a nation." The
speech created a sensation on two con-
tinents. It so happened, however, that
Gladstone was Chancellor of the
Exchequer (Treasury). The Foreign
Secretary, Earl Russell suggested to
Gladstone that he stick to counting his
pounds, shillings and pence, and stay
out of the foreign policy biz.
Had General Lee's 1863 offensive
succeeded, it is probable that Britain
and France would have recognized the
Confederacy's independence; but Get-
tysburg settled that, and the war ended
with Washington and London still on
speaking terms.
Between the Civil War and World
War I, Britain and the U.S. pretty much
left each other alone. The American
press enjoyed what was called "tweak=
ing the lion's tail," rather the way India
and the former Empire countries do
today; but the British (provokingly, we
hoped) never seemed to notice. Emi-
gration enriched both countries. The
World traveler and novelist Geoffrey
Bocca writes frequently for FAMILY
WEEKLY about matters concerning
his home country, England, and
his adopted country, the United
States. His most recent book is
"Giseile" (Putnam, $8.95).
U.S. acquired, to name just one,
Andrew Carnegie. Culturally, Britain
got Henry James (New York), T. S..
Eliot (St. Louis), and Ezra Pound
(Hailey, Idaho) . Industrially, we ac-
quired Sir Hiram Maxim (Sangerville,
Me.), inventor of the machine gun. Sir
Gordon Selfridge, builder of Self -
ridge's of Oxford Street, London; one
of the world's biggest department
stores, was born in Ripon, Wis. in 1858.
President Woodrow Wilson brought
the U.S. into WWI in March 1917.
At the end of that year, Field Marshal
Earl Haig uttered his famous prayer,
"God grant us victory, before the
Americans arrive." To further that end,
he left 750,000 British soldiers dead
and wounded in the quagmire and on
the wire of Passchendacle.
The period between the wars saw
British tastes and attitudes consumed
by Hollywood. Hollywood society was
practically dominated by Britishers like
Ronald Colman, Merle Oberon, Leslie
Howard, Cary. Grant, George Arliss,
Herbert Marshall and Gladys Cooper.
Mock Tudor villas, rustic country
houses and magisterial castles blos-
somed in Beverly Hills. Aspiring actors
often pretended to be British to get
started. Robert Cummings was one.
Some went even further, moved to
Britain and became virtual Britons, like
Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Tallulah Bank-
Continued on page 15
Bri - sh View
Continued froin page 5
head and Ben Lyon.
How Goldwyn, Mayer, Zanuck, Selz -
nick and the rest fell for this uncon-
scious con job can only be explained
by a massive social inferiority complex.
Hollywood, in the thirties, kissed the
feet of the British Empire, with "Gunga
Din," "Lives of a Bengal Lancer," "The
Charge of the Light Brigade," "North -
west Mounted Police," "King of the
Khyber Rifles." As for a movie called
"The Sun Never Sets," it was so im-
perial- jingoistic, even the British felt
nauseated.
When the war began in September
1939, the Empire's most influential
colony, Hollywood, went to war, too.
It produced' streams of movies that
were pro- British, pro -war and anti -
German: "The White Cliffs," "Mrs.
Miniver," "Nurse Edith Cavell," "That
Hamilton Woman," "Confessions of a
Nazi Spy," "Beau Geste" and "Eagle
Squadron." In the period between
September 1939 and the U.S. entry into
the war in December 1941, I cannot
think of a single isolationist or pacifist
movie out of Hollywood, and only one
very covertly anti- British film, "Drums
Along the Mohawk." Even when War
of Independence themes were touched
on, the British were usually called
"Hessians," referring to the German
mercenaries the British used in the war.
The U.S. was the British Empire's
first important lost colony. Not another
was lost for a century and a half, when
Ireland finally flew the coop. (In the
interim, the Empire had increased to in-
clude most of Africa and much of
Asia.) Today, Britain has lost the
whole bunch and couldn't care less. A
century ago, at the height of Britain's
glory, a young man labored seven days
• week in the mines, a girl seven days
• week at the spinning jenny, and they
lived on gin. Today the young coal
miner and his Lancashire wife leave
their color TV sets only when they
climb into the car, ferry over to the
Continent and drive to Spain for a
vacation.
Occasionally, when I find myself in
the U.S. in the summer, American
friends ask how the British feel when
America celebrates July Fourth. The
only answer is, they don't feel anything
at all. As for Thanksgiving, I doubt if
15 percent of the British people, if
polled, would know what the pollster
was talking about. In other words, the
confident prediction of this writer is
that, on the other side of the Atlantic,
America's 200th birthday will be almost
as much a non -event as, say, the Rose
Bowl. British newspapers will be filled
with news of the cricket matches
against West India. The Queen will
send a telegram of congratulations to
President Ford, and in both countries,
for different reasons, a good time will
be had by all, providing
the weather holds.
Liberty Bells Won I Ring July 4
PHILADELPHIA UPI
the nation's oldest Liberty Bell'tnor
its newest will peal a note on July
4th, the nation's 200th birthday.
While thousands of bells from Ag-
ana. Guam, to Caribou, Maine, ring
simultaneously at 12 noon (MDT),
the Centennial Bell in Independence
Hall's tower will chime 13 times in
remembrance of the 13 original co-
lonies. But its cracked ancestor, just
100 yards away, will remain silent.
The Liberty Bell hasn't really
made a sound since. V -J Day on Sept
2, 1945. However, each July 4th the
Sons of the American Revolution
hold a ceremony and two children
tap the bell lightly. They will do so
again this Fourth of July. Actually
the bell was not rung on those occa-
sions. It was only tapped with a mal-
let hard enough to get an audible
sound.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, July 30, 1976
Pearl- Covered me pica of Libertv •
NEW YORK {AP —The crack B c I I D i s I a e d
ack in The hand - wrought bell was arms are finished in Japanese
the Liberty Bell is made of blue created with 12,250 cultured pearls quer and decorated with carved
pearls in a replica of America's fa- ranging in size from 5 to 9 millime- mother of pearl.
mous symbol of independence, re- ters on the body to an 11- millimeter The inscription on the original
produced in cultured pearls, one pearl at the tip of the clapper.
third the size of the original in Phila- In addition, there are 366 small allilthe land unto alllle he inhabitants throughout
delphia. diamonds and 37 pounds of silver in thereof," is reproduced in seed
The Mikimoto Liberty Bell, made the sculpture, which is 32 inches pearls, and the date is outlined in
in Japan and exhibited at the New high and weighs 110 pounds.
York World's Fair in 1939, has been The base is made of white mother diamonds.
returned to this country for display of pearl and the he reproduction, which is de 40
during the nation's Bicentennial. of black mother of poearl; the structure
ye cost $50,000 when it was made 40
p years ago. But it has a much higher
value now, according to Toshiakj
Homma, president of K. Mikimoto, a
Tokyo -based cultured pearl firm,
Homma was in New York in connec-
tion with the bell's display in the
company's Fifth Avenue shop here.
The bell was shipped here by air in
wooden crates in five separate
pieces. After showings in Washing-
ton, New York City and Long Island
it goes to Memphis and in fall will be'
returned to Pearl Island, Japan.
NEW YORK (AP) – The crack in
the Liberty Bell is made of blue
pearls in a replica of America's fa-
mous symbol of independence, .re-
produced in cultured pearls, one-
third the size of the original in Phila-
delphia.
The Mikimoto Liberty Bell, made
in Japan and exhibited at the New
York World's Fair in 1939, has been
returned to this country for display
during the nation's Bicentennial.
The hand - wrought bell was
created with 12,250 cultured pearls
ranging in size from 5 to 9 millime-
ters on the body to an 11- millimeter
pearl at the tip of the clapper.
In addition, there are 366 .Small
diamonds and 37 pounds of silver in
the sculpture, which is 32 inches
high and weighs 110 pounds. '
The base is made of white mother
of pearl and the support structure is
of black mother of pearl; the two
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Saturday, June 28, 1975
arms are finished in Japanese lac-
quer and decorated with carved
mother of pearl.
The inscription on the original
bell, "Proclaim Liberty throughout
all the land unto all the inhabitants
thereof," is reproduced in seed
pearls, and the date is outlined in
diamonds.
The reproduction, which is insur-
ed, cost $50,000 when it was made 40
years ago. But it has a much higher
value now, 9-
ccordingto Toshiakj
Homma, president of K. Mikimoto, a
Tokyo -based cultured pearl firm,
Homma was in New York in connec-
tion with the bell's display in the
company's Fifth Avenue shop here.
The bell was shipped here by air in
wooden crates in five separate
pieces. After showings in Washing-
ton, New York City and Long Island
it goes to Memphis and in fall will be
returned to Pearl Island, Japan,
Queen Elizabeth to Visit U.S. for Bice]
WASHINGTON (AP) – Queen Eliza-
beth II, during whose reign more than
30 English colonies have achieved inde-
pendence, will visit the United States
in 1976 to help this country celebrate its
break with Great Britain.
The Queen will be accompanied by
her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh,
during the visit from July 7 to July 11,
1976, according to Presidential Press
Secretary Ron Nessen.
The visit will help mark the rebellion
200 years ago of the American colonists
against her great- great - great- great-
grand - father, King George III.
The United States was one of the
first British colonies to win its inde-
pendence, but many others have fol-
lowed. Since 1953, when Queen Eliza-
beth was crowned, 31 former English
colonies have become independent,
along with two other new nations
which had been jointly administered
by England and other countries.
A British embassy naval attache ac-
companying Susan Ford to St. Peter-
sburg, Fla., Friday said part of the
queen's planned 1976 trip will include
her presence in New York for the New
York harbor celebration.
Queen Elizabeth's visit next year will
be her third to this country since her
coronation. She was the guest of Presi-
dent Dwight D. Eisenhower during a
Washington visit in 1957.
During that trip she also went to
New York and visited the top of the
Empire State Building, then the
world's tallest. She pronounced the
view "the most beautiful thing I've
ever seen."
In New York she also received a tick -
ertape parade, visited the United Na-
tions, rode up Fifth Avenue and attend-
ed a banquet.
While in Washington, Queen Eliza-
beth and Prince Philip stopped in a
suburban supermarket and mingled
with the Saturday shoppers, chatted
with housewives and took an interest
in the items on sale.
The Queen also spent a day in Vir-
ginia at a festival commemorating the
350th anniversary of England's first
American colony, Jamestown.
She also met Eisenhower in 1959 at
ceremonies in the U.S.- Canadian bor-
der marking the dedication of the St.
Lawrence Seaway. During her Canadi-
an tour that year the Queen made a 13-
hour side trip to Chicago where she
was welcomed by a crowd estimated at
a million people.
Only one other British monarch has
ever visited the United States. That
was Elizabeth's father, King George
VI, who visited President Franklin D.
Roosevelt only a few weeks before the
outbreak of World War II in 1939.
Besides being the great- great - great-
great - granddaughter of King George
III, she is also a distant relative of two
other men prominent in American his-
tory, George Washington and Robert
E. Lee.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, June 25, 1976
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, June 28, 1976
Bicentennial Visit Set
By Queen Elizabeth 11
iTON (UPI) — A bit of
Queen Elizabeth Plan s and pageantry will
•ican shores this Bicen-
July Visit to
By JUDITH MARTIN
The Washington Post
WASHINGTON — When P. T.
Barnum used to announce that the
circus was coming to town, he never
thought it necessary do say which
circus. "If you hear people say 'God
save the Queen!' you don 't ask
which queen, do you ?" he is said to
have explained haughtily.
Well, the Queen is coming to town
on July 7, and the place is already a
circus, just getting ready for her.
Which queen? Her Britannic Maj-
esty, Queen Elizabeth II, of course.
Her week's visit to the United States
promises to make the Bicentennial
visits of other kings and queens this
spring seem as flat as a pack of
cards.
A British monarch had, after all, a
major role in the events of the Bi-
centennial which we are celebrating.
But the British Embassy says that
Queen Elizabeth will not be taking a
George III tone while she is here.
Something more in the line of "1776
marked the ending of one relation-
ship between our countries, and the
beginning of another," is expected in
her speeches and toasts.
Queen Elizabeth, her husband, her
Mistress of the Robes, her Lady -in-
Waiting, her Equerry -in- Waiting, her
secretaries — a total of 52, 14 of
whom are considered her "party"
and the rest domestic and state staff
— will arrive in Penn's Landing,
Philadelphia, aboard the royal yacht
Britannia, with its 230 crew mem-
bers at 10:30 A.M. (EDT) on July 6.
The following morning, they come
to Washington for the usual round of
state visit ceremonies: a welcoming
ceremony at the White House,
wreath laying at Arlington National
Cemetery, and State Dinner at the
White House.
The 'trnext day, July 8, the Queen
will visit the Embassy of New Zea-
land, the British Embassy, the
Washington Cathedral, the Capitol,
the Smithsonian Institution and the
District Building, and will give a
banquet at the British Embassy:
m r with the arrival by sea
A 1 1 1 e i f �ja Elizabeth II and the
ibu
iburgh.
red years after the rift
Lain and her New World
She leaves for New York on July 9.1 the heirs of the Ameri-
There will be various receptions ion be charmed by this
there, and a trip to Blomingdale's to direct descendant of
see American fashions. [he very symbol of what
She spends July 10 at the Univer- ; all about?
sity of Virginia and Monticello, and Id answer "yes."
then goes to Newport, R.I., where 's six -day visit will give
she will give a dinner aboard her' taste of royal pageant -
yacht. down through 11 cen-
The following day, she tours Bos-
ton — Old North Church, the Old', during the threehour
State House, City Hall and the USS of a state dinner at the
Constitution, and gives another re- e, home viewers may
ception on the yacht before sailing Falter Bagehot de-
for Nova Scotia. 867 as the "mystic en-
It may sound like a fairly simple in vicinity to the
excursion. The Queen has traveled
before, after all, and has things well I couple will land at
organized. She employs a Traveling
Yeoman to do nothing but look after
her baggage while she's on the
move.
But two British diplomats and
their secretaries have been working
here on arrangements for a year. In
the last few months, they have been
able to attend to no other work, and
had to call in help, in the form of
two press experts and two dozen oth-
Philadelphia aboard the 412 -foot
royal yatch Britannia. Built in 1952
and furnished under the personal su-
pervision of the Queen and the
Duke, the yatch carries a crew of 21
officers and 256 men.
Their visit will include stops in
Washington, New York and Boston.
They also will journey through Vir-
ginia a state named after Elizabeth
I, the "Virgin Queen" — to the uni-
versity city of Charlottesville.
Elizabeth lI is head of the oldest
secular institution in the United
Kingdom, a monarchy predating the
creation of law courts by some three
centuries and the establishment of
parliament by some four centuries.
"It is a common platitude that the
queen reigns but does not rule,"
says one British subject in the na-
tion's capital.
And so she does. The evolution of
modern political parties in Britain in
the late 1800's ended the monarchy's
involvement in politics.
embassy staff members whose i t
vi From
visit duties range from car parking
supervision to royal docking ar-
rangements.
A month ago, six officials came red Discreet!
from Great Britain to do a dry run of
the entire trip. For the American
part, three State Department proto-
col officers did their dry run of the 3TON (UPI) — England's
trip last week. abeth II and her husband,
Prince Philip, discreetly arriving af-
ter Independence Day, will begin a
week's visit to the United States
today to help celebrate the 200th
birthday of this nation's break with
the British Crown.
The royal couple felt it would be
perhaps a little awkward for all con-
cerned if they attempted to join in
the Fourth of July revelry. So they
will arrive in Philadelphia on the
royal yacht Britannia this morning
from Bermuda. They flew from Lon-
don to Bermuda Saturday.
The queen and her husband will be
welcomed at Penn's Landing by
White House Chief of Protocol Henry
Catto, Philadelphia Mayor Frank
Rizzo and British Ambassador Sir
Peter Ramsbotham.
That is the formal beginning of a
non -stop, seven -day visit which will
take them to Washington Wednesday
for a two -day stop, then on to New
York; Charlottesville, Va.; Provi-
dence and Newport, R.I., and Bos-
ton.
The royal couple will sleep aboard
Britannia tonight and fly to Wash-
ington Wednesday morning where
they will be greeted at the White
House with full ceremony by Presi-
dent and Mrs. Ford.
A special tower to house the
$100,000 bell was erected at the
Philadelphia Visitors Center. In-
scribed "Let Freedom Ring," it
weighs more than five tons and is
much larger than the Liberty Bell.
In the course of a busy day, the
Queen and Prince Philip will host a
luncheon aboard Britannia for lead-
ing Philadelphians, and, a late after-
noon reception for governors attend-
ing the National Governors Confer-
ence at nearby Hershey, and their
wives.
Tonight they will be guests of hon-
or at a banquet given by the City of
Philadelphia at the Art Museum.
While in Washington, they will live
in the Presidential guest house,
Blair House, just across Pennsylva-
nia Avenue from the White House.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, June 25, 1976
Queen Elizi
July Visit tc
By JUDITH MARTIN
The Washington Post
WASHINGTON — When P. T
Barnum used to announce that the
circus was coming to town, he never
thought it necessary to say which
circus. "If you hear people say 'God
save the Queen!' you dor't ask
which queen, do you ?" he is said to
have explained haughtily.
Well, the Queen is coming to town
on July 7, and the place is already a
circus, just getting ready for her.
Which queen? Her Britannic Maj-
esty, Queen Elizabeth II, of course.
Her week's visit to the United States
promises to make the Bicentennial
visits of other kings and queens this
spring seem as flat as a pack of
cards.
A British monarch had, after all, a
major role in the events of the Bi-
centennial which we are celebrating.
But the British Embassy says that
Queen Elizabeth will not be taking a
George III tone while she is here.
Something more in the line of "1776
marked the ending of one relation-
ship between our countries, and the
beginning of another," is expected in
her speeches and toasts.
Queen Elizabeth, her husband, her
Mistress of the Robes, her Lady -in-
Waiting, her Equerry-in- Waiting, her
secretaries — a total of 52, 14 of
whom are considered her "party"
and the rest domestic and state staff
— will arrive in Penn's Landing,
Philadelphia, aboard the royal yacht
Britannia, with its 230 crew mem-
bers at 10:30 A.M. (EDT) on July 6.
The following morning, they come
to Washington for the usual round of
state visit ceremonies: a welcoming
ceremony at the White House,
wreath laying at Arlington National
Cemetery, and State Dinner at the
White House_"
The 'next day, July 8, the Queen
will visit the Embassy of New Zea-
land, the, British Embassy, the
Washington Cathedral, the Capitol,
the Smithsonian Institution and the
District Building, and will give a
banquet at the British Embassy:
ESS SH
White Choc
ON DISTILLER. BOSTON, Mi
t
fm
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, June 28, 1976
Bicentennial Visit Set
By Queen Elizabeth 11
WASHINGTON (UPI) — A bit of
British pomp and pageantry will
grace American shores this Bicen-
tennial year with the arrival by sea
July 6 of Queen Elizabeth 11 and the
Duke of Edinburgh.
Two hundred years after the rift
between Britain and her New World
colonies, can the heirs of the Ameri-
can Revolution be charmed by this
queen, a direct descendant of
George III, the very symbol of what
the fight was all about?
Many would answer "yes."
The queen's six -day visit will give
Americans a taste of royal pageant-
ry handed down through 11 cen-
turies.
On July 7, during the 'threehour
live telecast of a state dinner at the
White House, home viewers may
share .what Walter Bagehot de-
scribed in 1867 as the "mystic en-
chantment in vicinity to the
monarch."
The royal couple will land at
Philadelphia aboard the 412 -foot
royal yatch Britannia. Built in 1952
and furnished under the personal su-
pervision of the Queen and the
Duke, the yathh carries a crew of 21
officers and 256 men.
Their visit will include stops in
Washington, New York and Boston.
They also will journey through Vir-
ginia a state named after Elizabeth
1, the "Virgin Queen" — to the uni-
versity city of Charlottesville.
Elizabeth II is head of the oldest
secular institution in the United
Kingdom, a monarchy predating the
creation of law courts by some three
centuries and the establishment of
parliament by some four centuries.
"It is a common platitude that the
queen reigns but does not rule,"
says one British subject in the na-
tion's capital.
And so she does. The evolution of
modern political parties in Britain in
the late 1800's ended the monarchy's
involvement in politics.
Visit From Royalty
Timed Discreetly
WASHINGTON (UPI) — England's
Queen Elizabeth II and her husband,
Prince Philip, discreetly arriving af-
ter Independence Day, will begin a
week's visit to the United States
today to help celebrate the 200th
birthday of this nation's break with
the British Crown.
The royal couple felt it would be
perhaps a little awkward for all con-
cerned if they attempted to join in
the Fourth of July revelry. So they
will arrive in Philadelphia on the
royal yacht Britannia this morning
from Bermuda. They flew from Lon-
don to Bermuda Saturday.
The queen and her husband will be
welcomed at Penn's Landing by
White House Chief of Protocol Henry
Catto, Philadelphia Mayor Frank
Rizzo and British Ambassador Sir
Peter Ramsbotham.
That is the formal beginning of a
non -stop, seven -day visit which will
take them to Washington Wednesday
for a two -day stop, then on to New
York; Charlottesville, Va.; Provi-
dence and Newport, R.I., and Bos-
ton.
The royal couple will sleep aboard
Britannia tonight and fly to Wash-
ington Wednesday morning where
they will be greeted at the White
House with full ceremony by Presi-
dent and Mrs. Ford.
A special tower to house the
$100,000 bell was erected at the
Philadelphia Visitors Center. In-
scribed "Let Freedom Ring," it
weighs more than five tons and is
much larger than the Liberty Bell.
In the course of a busy day, the
Queen and Prince Philip will host a
luncheon aboard Britannia for lead-
ing Philadelphians, and, a late after-
noon reception for governors attend-
ing the National Governors Confer-
ence at nearby Hershey, and their
wives.
Tonight they will be guests of hon-
or at a banquet given by the City of
Philadelphia at the Art Museum.
While in Washington, they will live
in the Presidential guest house,
Blair House, just across Pennsylva-
nia Avenue from the White House.
53 Warships Will Join
In Bicentennial Salute
ABOARD THE U.S.S. FORRES-
TAL (AP) — Ships of the U.S. Navy's
2nd Fleet were heading for a ren-
dezvous at sea Thursday with ves-
sels of 22 other nations for an inter-
national naval review to celebrate
America's 200th birthday.
The 53 warships will meet today
200 miles southeast of New York,
then head for New York Harbor for
a Fourth of July weekend maritime
show.
It will include cannon salutes to
America, her 50 states and to Oper-
ation Sail with its parade of tall -mas-
ted ships.
"It's a salute, a naval salute, an
international naval salute to the
American people, recognizing 200
vears of a fantastic maritime heri-
tage that has been developed and
supported by the American people,"
said Vice Admiral John J. Shana-
han, in charge of the naval review.
"It's a birthday celebration."
The anticipation of the July 4 festi-
vities in New York Harbor, which
are expected to attract 10,000 small
pleasure craft and 10 million to 15
million people, showed up among the
American sailors.
One sailor, Richard Suskin, of
Iowa, said he was pleased to be tak-
ing part in the review, "because it's
going to be like the big scenes they
used to do in the movies years ago."
,People are always knocking the
military, but when they see all the
ships and the pageantry with the
guns giving salutes, bands, ships
whistles, it's just got to give them
pride and goose bumps," Suskin
said.
Airman Tito Rijo, .24, of The
Bronx, said the thought of the re-
view "fills me with pride because
I'm going to be there with my ship
and with my friends, and I'll be in
uniform and I'll be proud of it — and
the American heritage and of every-
body else who'll be there ... all the
other countries will have their
people there. It's different. It'll be
f un."
.But another sailor said he hoped
officials had not been too successful
in their campaign to clean up the
seamier side of the city.
Ships from France, Italy, Brazil,
Denmark, Turkey and Australia are
among those taking part in the re-
view.
Britain, which closed New York
Harbor to American revolutionaries
200 years ago, is sending three ships
— a guided- missile destroyer, and
two frigates.
Six of the foreign ships departed
for the rendezvous Thursday from
the U.S. Naval Base at Norfolk, Va.
The ships will form into, three col-
umns stretching 17 miles for the en-
try into New York Harbor at 8 a.m.
Saturday.
Ceremonies will be highlighted by
a review of the ships by President
Ford, probably by helicopter rather
than ship as originally planned. Vice
President Nelson A. Rockefeller is
expected to take the salute from the
ships. He will sail in Admiral Shana-
han's flagship Wainwright, a guided -
missile cruiser, down the Hudson
River.
Sailors aboard Forrestal, a 78,000 -
ton aircraft carrier, were busy
Thursday preparing the flight deck
for 3,000 guests, including royalty
and diplomats.
Six Vessels Collide
In Tall Ships Race
Associated Press
The Tall Ships Bicentennial
race from Bermuda to Newport.
R.I., got underway Sunday but
was marred almost immediately
by collisions involving six ships,
including two of the largest in
the fleet.
Harbor Radio in Hamilton,
Bermuda, said a cadet aboard
one of the ships was injured
One collision involved the 350 -
foot Spanish topsail schooner
Juan Sebastian De El Cano and
the 338 -foot full- rigged ship Li-
bertad from Argentina, Ber-
muda Harbor Radio said. The
Juan Sebastian suffered a bro-
ken foremast and had to turn
back. The Libertad, which con-
tinued, reported two torn sails,
damaged lifeboats and a
smashed rail. '
The other collision, authorities
said, involved the 178 -foot Ga-
zela Primeiro, a Portuguese
vessel now owned by the Phila-
delphia Maritime Museum, and
the 269 -foot Romanian ship Mir -
cea. The Gazela Primeiro re-
ported the top section of her
main mast was broken and she
turned back. There were no re-
ports of damage to the Mircea,
which sailed on.
In a third mishap, a British
destroyer and an Italian yawl
reported brushing each other
but both continued in the race.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, June 21, 1976
Ship Viewers Crowd
Hudson River Piers
NEW YORK (AP) — Tens of thou-
sands converged on Hudson River
piers Monday, drawn by the ro-
mance of the tall sailing ships and
the sleekness of the modern men -of-
war which had ,joined in the week-
end's historic Bicentennial salute to
the United States.
Long lines formed at piers where
nearly 70 of the vessels held open
house. Three others — including the
U.S. Coast Guard's three - masted
bark Eagle — were moored at the
South Street Seaport Museum on the
East River and were also open to
visitors. Traffic in both areas was so
heavy it had to be diverted.
Vendors worked the crowds with
food, drink and souvenirs. Bright
sunshine and temperatures in the
80s added to the festive mood on the
official observance of the July 4 holi-
day.
The ships berthed after Sunday's
spectacular five -hour Hudson River
parade and naval review which, by
police estimate, drew seven million
onlookers to harbor vantage points
and the river's banks.
One of the ships —the four - masted
Chilean barkentine Esmeralda —
was the target of a political demon-
stration.
A crowd of about 300 protestors
claimed the vessel was used as a tor-
ture ship after the overthrow of the
Allende government in Chile in 1973.
They chanted: "Chile, sil Junta,
no!" and "Esmeralda torture ship;
keeps fascist flag afloat."
P
he
net
:0 1
1
IL
for
'LIBERTAD' OF ARGENTINA ARRIVES IN CALM SEAS AT NEWPORT R Photo
... crew mans the rigging Saturday as she powers toward mooring .
Cannons Boom, Whistles Toot
As Tall Ships Complete Race
NEWPORT, R.I. (UPI) — Cannons
boomed, whistles tooted and hordes
of tourists streamed into downtown
Newport Saturday to see the. arrival
of the first of a fleet of majestic tall
ships.
The square riggers Juan Sebastian
de Elcano of Spain and Libertad of
Argentina were the first to glide past
colonialera Fort Adams where can-
nons shot off a salute.
With sails furled, the ships, com-
pleting the final leg of the Tall Ships
Transatlantic Race by motor, were
escorted by a fireboat shooting huge
jets of water and a flotilla of tiny
sailboats that darted across their
bows under hazy skies.
Sightseers with binoculars and pic-
nic baskets dangled their legs over
the seawall at Goat Island to get a
better view of the white - hulled,
threemasted, Libertad, which
moored in the center of a moving
ring of small boats.
"I just want to see all the ships up
close and take some pictures," said
Dick Langlois, 34, of Fall River,
Mass. "They'll never make ships
like this again so that's why I want-
ed to take advantage ofseeing this."
Ironically, Juan Sebastian has
filed a protest against Libertad
stemming from a starting line colli-
sion in Bermuda June 20 at the out,
set of the abortive third leg of the
race. A lack of wind forced the big
ships to wind up the race by motor.
The largely local crowd was small-
er than predicted by state planners
who estimated about 400,000 persons
would visit Newport before the ships
leave for New York Thursday.
The ships are manned mainly by
Young cadets. At the cadet welcome
center; three red - shirted youths
fresh off the tiny British cutter Out-
law made plans for the week of in-
ternational festivities.
"People are really friendly. We've
been ashore for about half an hour
and already we've been invited back
to dinner at some person's house,
and somebody else has given us a lo-
cation in Boston where we can come
and stay the night," said Richard
Harrington, 19, of the Isle of Wight,
England.
Gorch Fock II, a West German
bark, proclaimed winner of the race
after breezes abandoned the fleet for
three days, arrived Saturday after-
noon accompanied by second place
finisher Isar Pomorza of Poland and
the 294 -foot U.S. Coast Guard bark
Eagle.
Soviet ships Tovarishch and Kru-
zenshtern followed.
Meanwhile, smaller ocean yachts
continued to cross the finish line ina
race of their own.
Ticonderoga, a 72 -foot U.S. ketch,
was the unofficial winner in that
race.
The Coast Guard has announced it
will provide security today -for the
arrival of the Chilean barkentine Es-
meralda, accused of being a torture
and prison ship after the 1973 coup
against Marxist President Salvadore.
Allende. Demonstrations against the
ship are feared.
x d;, "� : S '•iii �¢ t 4CKY C f �., a.. .yy � .R:°s°n .'"� '°�
"Photo
`OLD IRONSIDES' FIRES A SALUTE TO HONOR OTHER TALL SHIPS IN BOSTON HARBOR
... the Polish square- rigger Dar Pomorza follows close behind
Old Ironside Enters `Operation Sail.'
ABOARD THE USS CONSTITU-
TION (UPI) — Old Ironsides, the
mighty ship that turned a young
America into a sea power in the
days of sail, proudly joined sister
windjammers and square - riggers
from around the world Saturday in
Operation Sail.
The 179 -year -old USS Constitution,
nicknamed old lronsides, America's
oldest commissioned warship, led a
parade of 70 vessels from 19 nations
into Boston harbor through a corri-
dor of horn - honking pleasure boats
and under a curtain of spray thrown
up by fireboats.
It was the largest flotilla of tall
sailing ships to enter Boston harbor
in 100 ,years. More than 800,000 per-
sons cheered the historic sea ren-
dezvous.
With her cannon booming for the
first time in 95 years, the Constitu-
ton glided proudly to sea, nudged by
the tugboats Walton and Mars. It
passed within 600 yards of the 291 -
foot, three - masted, Polish training
vessel Dar Pomorza.
One of the 6,300 -pound long guns of
Old Ironsides boomed and the three-
mile parade was on.
The tugs coaxed Constitution to-
wards Boston and the flotilla moved
off at between three and four knots.
Among the tall ships were the 304 -
foot, four - masted Spanish schooner
Juan Sebastian de Elcano; the 212 -
foot Columbian bark Gloria; and the
258 -foot square- rigger Christian
Radich of Norway.
Aboard the Constitution were 450
persons, including 17 members of
the Kennedy family, Sen. Edward
Brooke, R- Mass., and Rep. Thomas
O'Neill Jr., D -Mass. .
Old Ironside Capt. Tyrone Martin
wore an authentic 1812 uniform and
crew members wore period uniforms
of black jackets, white slacks and
red and white striped jerseys, topped
by black hats.
Old Ironsides last put to sea in
July 1933, when she toured the
country, visiting 90 ports, traveling
more than 22,000 miles and hosting
more than 4.5 million visitors.
Many guests were disappointed be-
cause Old Ironsides wasn't exactly
made for sightseeing — it's gunwaleE
are about seven feet high.
SUNDAY, JULY 4,1976 Has the Promise
Of the American Revolutio�
The promise of the American Revolution has been fulfille
and again! After the lesson of Watergate, each person stra
his shoulders and decides to try to do better with each vo
Hard lessons, but we must learn them well. — Margaret E
Hammett
NO! For the large part our government seems to be a
entity and non - representative. Power seems to be inheritec
wealthy with honesty having a low priority. Taxes are hi
morals are low. Our freedoms are being limited with every
of Congress and police and military power is getting out
trol. It's time for a change. — Curt Sorensen
A resounding yes. However, we must not forget the wi
one of our great statesmen when he said, "You cannot bE
by valor and devotion to your ancestors. To each gen
comes its patriotic duty, and upon your willingness to s
and endure, rests the national hope." — Sybil Cory
No, a free Republic has been subverted into a Socialist
cracy where government controls every facet of our lives,
King George did in the 1700s. — Nada S. Jones
Yes, perhaps beyond our forefathers' expectations: Today we
have probably strayed too far afield of the Great Promise, which
we should remember, November 2, 1976 (National Elections). —
Iris Kirkpatrick, Meridian
With one - fourth of the people of this nation living off the backs
of the other three - fourths, with millions of our people unable to
find gainful employment, other millions improperly fed, improperly
housed and the moral decay that has set in in this nation in the
past 50 years, the answer has to be NO. — Anonymous
Yes, many mistakes have been made but nine out of ten Ameri-
cans would fight to their death for America's loved ones freedom,
more if stirred. Heritage is a fire that never burns out. I love Amer-
ica. — Paul L. Hickling, Ontario
That depends. If you are measuring the U.S. in absolute terms,
probably not. "Justice, liberty, equality for all," may be a good
catch phrase for a politician's Bicentennial speech but it is hardly
an accurate description of America at present. — Stephen Jacob-
son
v
s-
RMIA3
�J.
� l s ��,
s�
N
Not entirely, but God will still watch over us if we listen
We are gaining even if it looks otherwise. Many new ru
ways and help have been instituted. — Anonymous
cans would fight to their death for America's loved ones treedom,
more if stirred. Heritage is a fire that never burns out. I love Amer-
ica. — Paul L. Hickling, Ontario
That depends. If you are measuring the U.S. in absolute terms,
probably not. "Justice, liberty, equality for all," may be a good
catch phrase for a politician's Bicentennial speech .but it is hardly
an accurate description of America at present. — Stephen Jacob-
son
Not entirely, but God will still watch over us if we listen to
We are gaining even if it looks otherwise. Many new rules
ways and help have been instituted. — Anonymous
Of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence not
ever fell from grace. Not one by word or deed ever tarnishec
fame but remained pure in public and private life to the last.
nice it would be to be able to say the same July 4, 1976. —
nymous
I thank God for America and say "God Bless America, Si
beside her and Guide her." We have problems but I would
trade them for anybody else's. — Della Carter, Kuna
The country has changed much in the two centuries but nc
has been progress. We are still the best, but for how long?
need a large scale re- evaluation and who knows, maybe ever
other Boston Tea Party. — Karl D. Burket, Payette
No, it certainly has not. There's still war, crime, bigotry and
riots. Two centuries ago they might have won their independence
from Great Britain but today we are still slaves — either to the fed-
eral or state government. I think the revolution is something you
read about in history books and wonder over. — Anonymous
We inherited a dream from our forefathers. Much has been
achieved. Much more will be attained by hard work and perse-
verance. — Grace Brilz, Boise
No. The forerunners of freedom would turn their graves into
battle tombs if they knew their children faced the modern -day po-
lice state that controls our lives today. — M.E.L.
Oh, say can't you see. Our nation's future so bright? Since our
forefathers' forecast, Freedom is every man's right! — Dee Hart-
ley, Boise
No. We have progressed from an "I cannot tell a lie govern-
ment" to a "I dare not tell the truth government." — L. L. Dagley,
Emmett.
I'm so glad I am an American.
From the snowy mountain peaks
— Hazel Dieter, Fruitland
In this great and wonderful land.
To the oceans' gleaming sands.
No, the promise of individual freedom has been subverted by
the worship of mass tyranny, in the form of the god democracy. —
J. J. Jones
tomise
Revolution
most
ie American Revolution has been fulfilled again
lesson of Watergate, each person straightens
iecides to try to do better with each vote cast.
ve must learn them well. — Margaret E. Irons,
L- part our government seems to be a foreign
esentative. Power seems to be inherited by the
ity having a low priority. Taxes are high and
r freedoms are being limited with every session
olice and military power is getting out of con -
;hange. — Curt Sorensen
s. However, we must not forget the words of
atesmen when he said, "You cannot be saved
)tion to your ancestors. To each generation
duty, and upon your willingness to sacrifice
he national hope." — Sybil Cory
Dlic has been subverted into a Socialist Demo -
nment controls every facet of our lives, just as
the 1700s. — Nada S. Jones
3y we
which
is). —
backs
ble to
operly
in the
Ameri-
ledom,
Amer-
terms,
I good
hardly
Jacob-
God will still watch over us if we listen to Him.
;ven if it looks otherwise. Many new rules and
ae been instituted. — Anonymous
7 VIPs Predict
Utopian Society
By Year 2176
By STEVE AHRENS t
The Idaho Statesman
e
The United States 200 years from
now will be the kind of country and
society anyone would want to live in,
if the visions of seven prominent
Idahoans are accurate.
Among the advances they predict
are an unlimited supply of cheap l
energy, virtual elimination of pollu-
tion, stabilized population with long-
er life spans and fast worldwide
transportation and communication.
Trying to predict what will happen
even 20 years from now is beyond
the ability of most people. Change
occurs so rapidly that we've gone all
the way through the age of the rail-
roads, for example, in little more
than one lifetime, as one of the sev-
en prognosticators pointed out. And
in half a century, we've gone from
flying the Atlantic to walking on the
moon.
Here's how the U.S. of 200 years
from now looks to these men.
ROBERT SMITH, Nampa, admin-
istrative aide to Rep. Steve Symms
in Washington: "We will have com-
pletely solved all our problems of
water and air pollution because we'll
be on a hydrogen economy. We'll
have solved the problems of nuclear
fusion, so we'll have unlimited sup-
plies of electricity from that source
to produce the hydrogen. With that
source, energy will be very cheap.
"One of the by- products of produc-
ing hydrogen from seawater is the
fact that all metals known to man
are dissolved in the sea, so the
source of most of our metals then
will be from the hydrogen process.
The nuclear fusion reactors will be
out at sea, producing hydrogen and
oxygen, with the hydrogen pumped
throughout the country through our
natural gas lines.
"With unlimited energy we'll have
a nearly completely clean environ-
ment, plus the ability to almost to-
tally decentralize where we live. The
day of the city is just about over.
Subway systems will criss -cross the
country so most of the trans-
portation system won't even show.
This will give people the ability to
live in small villages in some of the
more scenic parts of the country.
"Industry also will be decentra-
lized. People will have computer ter-
minals and be able to build very so-
phisticated products with small -
scale operations. Industries will be
designed compatible with residential
communities, so people will walk to
work.
"Energy is the key to our future —
hat's the bottom line on the whole
hing. With cheap energy, we could
ven synthesize food if we had to.
"We can make the transfer from
nuclear fission to nuclear fusion in
25 to 40 years, if we're willing to ex-
pose ourselves to the problems of
V
from the fission reactors —
but that's not a terribly serious pro-
em if we're not going to use them
forever. But with the fusion process,
there will be no waste and no radi-
ation problems."
DARRELL MANNING director
Idaho Transportation Department:
"Humankind will mature dramati-
cally in social skills, largely due to
improved communications. It's diffi-
cult to hate someone you know and
communicate with on a frequent
basis. Greater effort will be made to
solve our differences in tribunals,
rather than on the battlefield.
Human skills and knowledge will im-
prove to an incomprehensible level,
by today's standards.
"Transportation will provide al-
most unlimited access to any point
in the world. Time zones, as we
know them, will be gone, with every-
one using a 24 -hour clock and a
world standard time. We will see air
vehicles carrying over 1,000 persons
and ground transportation with
speeds equalling today's air travel.
Instantaneous worldwide commu-
nication will be commonplace.
"Communication will be so ad-
vanced that business trips will be al-
most unnecessary, with the ability to
transmit permanent copies of agree-
ments, contracts and payments half-
way around the world just as easily
as if you were there in person.
"Computers will print in any
color, transmit or print images in a
quality exceeding today's color pho-
tographs. News will be transmitted
into homes to be read at the reader's
leisure by selecting from a wide in-
dex of subjects.
"Future development will depend
on sufficient energy resources to
maintain civilization at a reasonable
population level. Two-thirds of the
Earth's surface untouched by man —
that portion under the oceans — will
be developed for a natural resource
base."
JAMES D. McCLARY, chairman
of the board, Morrison- Knudsen Co.:
"Our form of government will exist
in a world which, politically, will
consist of five or six governments di-
vided by continental areas. A World
Council similar to our federal -state
relationship will be effective. Sci-
(See "Idaho," Page 3B)
America's Birthday
in,#
l WV l
�mer-
lrms,
]ood
ardly
cob-
od will still watch over us if we listen to Him.
n if it looks otherwise. Many new rules and
peen instituted. — Anonymous
of the Declaration of Independence not one
Not one by word or deed ever tarnished his
ire in public and private life to the last. How
e able to say the same July 4, 1976. — Ano-
nerica and say "God Bless America, Stand
e her." We have problems but I would not
ly else's. — Della Carter, Kuna
anged much in the two centuries but not all
Ne are still the best, but for how long? We
- evaluation and who knows, maybe even an-
ty. — Karl D. Burket, Payette
This will give people the ability to
live in small villages in some of the
more scenic parts of the country.
"Industry also will be decentra-
lized. People will have computer ter-
minals and be able to build very so-
phisticated products with small -
scale operations. Industries will be
designed compatible with residential
communities, so people will walk to
work.
"Energy is the key to our future —
—
be developed for anaturalresource
base. "
JAMES D. McCLARY, chairman
of the board, Morrison- Knudsen Co.:
"Our form of government will exist
in a world which, politically, will
consist of five or six governments di-
vided by continental areas. A World
Council similar to our federal -state
relationship will be effective. Sci-
(See "Idaho," Page 3B)
America's Birthday
Leaves Humorist
Feeling Depressed
Birthdays are a time for reflec-
tion, as well as celebration. Having
congratulated America on reaching
its 200th year, Sam Levenson takes
stock of its accomplishments — and
shortcomings. In the following ar-
ticle, America's foremost humorist,
while expressing appreciation to his
mother country, talks candidly
about how that home could be made
more livable.
By SAM LEVENSON
Happy Birthday, America. I'm sor-
ry the weather isn't nicer. The sun is
shining all right, but the moral cli-
mate dampens my spirits. Maybe it's
the wetness of my eyes, but the 200
candles on your cake don't seem to
be shining as brightly as they
should. For so many years, your
candles were a light unto the na-
tions. To the oppressed of the earth,
going to America was like going to
heaven.
Regretfully, my dear America, I'm
sad on your happy birthday. You're
our home and we are your family. I
hate to spoil your party, but as one
of your sons I feel I must speak up.
Let's face it: Our country is begin-
ning to look more and more like a
broken home. We are in the midst of
a loud family quarrel, and the neigh-
bors are listening, and watching,
too, via Telstar. We've run into prob-
lems, Mom. Let's talk them over be-
fore our anxiety turns into shame.
The great American dream of the
democratic salvation of the common
man, the transformation of plebeian
peasants into patrician prophets of
freedom has not quite come true.
The dream is still miraculously alive
and radiant despite the fierce con-
frontation with some recent national
nightmares. I sometimes wonder
whether we were not morally ahead
200 years ago.
The hazardous expeditions of the
pioneers across deserts, forests,
mountain ranges established settle-
ments that became towns, then
cities for free men and women to
live in. But we are now afraid to
walk the paved streets of those
cities. We are afraid in our homes
and schools — afraid of rape, rob-
bery and interracial violence, afraid
to breathe the polluted air of "prog-
ress. "
We are even afraid of the very
men we democratically elect to gov-
ern and protect us. Political "high-
fidelity" has replaced integrity as
they speak out of both sides of their
mouths. What shall we teach our
children.' "I pledge allegiance" .. .
to men who don't honor THEIR
pledge?
We are torn between devotion to
our country and suspicion of our
government. Neither our leaders nor
we, the people, seem to have any
great goal in common.
Sorry, America. Two hundred mil-
lion individuals, each in business for
himself, does not constitute a nation.
"E Pluribus Unum" —out of many,
one — is imprinted not on our hearts
but on our currency.
Take the American flag, for ex-
ample, which through the years of
the nation's growth added star to
star with glowing pride. It now finds
itself — under the guise of patriotism
— sliced up into patches for dung-
arees, shaped into sneakers, bikinis,
bicycle seats, sweat socks, under-
wear, shopping bags, party hats ...
yes, even babies' potty seats. Old
Glory has been cut down and rede-
signed for the greater glory of greed.
The prophets are profiteering. Liber-
ty guarantees a man the right to re-
nounce the flag if he chooses, but I
question his moral right to sell it pie-
cemeal for pieces of silver.
There are other dreams that
aren't doing too well.
Today, official birthday greetings
will arrive from the "ignited" na-
tions of the world gathered in so-
lemn conclave at the UN building
(the Tower of Babel with windows).
They will cease flexing their missiles
long enough to vote diplomatic con-
gratulations (with abstentions) to
their favorite foe. "Be it resolved
that whereas ..."
The UN sessions remind me of our
street war games as kids in the pre -
fashionable East Side of Manhattan.
Children playing like soldiers are
hardly distinguishable from soldiers
playing like children. In essence,
they contain all the politics of mu-
tual distrust and power which in the
adult "councils of peace" lead to
war or to the brink of it:
Accusation: "Where's my bike ?"
Denial: "I ain't got your bike."
Reliable Sources: "Oh, no? Louie
says you took it."
Diplomatic Insult: "Yer fodder's
mustache!" (Since mustaches in
certain cultures are a symbol of
machismo, this slur upon one's fa-
(See "America, "Page 3B)
MARKETING
Bucks From
The Bicentennial
Paul Revere these days gallops onto
New York TV screens crying breath-
lessly: "Independence is here! Indepen-
dence is here!" His message: the South
Brooklyn Savings Bank has changed its
name to the Independence Savings
Bank. He might as well be raising the
alarm that from now until July 4, 1976,
and no doubt beyond, the American
consumer will be assailed by an army
of business mercenaries out to make
money from patriotic fervor.
Like a sudden swarm of 200 -year lo-
custs, commemorative kitsch is appear-
ing everywhere: plates, mugs and glass-
es decal -ed. with an eagle or l ae likeness
of George Washington or Jon Adams
or the flag or Archibalh, Willard's
familiar Revolutionary fifoand -drum
trio.* Businessmen are offer,=Ltg patriotic
yo -yos, ties, music boxes„ telephones,
costumes, clocks, T shirts and egg tim-
ers. Even foreigners are getting in on
the act. Many inexpensive ,Bicentennial
items — though the ads, of course, never
say so —are made in Taiwan or Japan.
British Airways advertises: "You gave
us the business 200 years ago, America.
Here's hoping you'll do it again."
Going Zowee. So far, the horde of
promotions has drawn a beneficent nod
from the guardians of tradition. "I see
no harm in these Bicentennial prod-
ucts," says Robert Williams, executive
secretary of the New York chapter of
the Sons of the Revolution. "There's
nothing wrong with making a buck: Free
enterprise is the thing that has made
this country go zowee." Another reason
some approve: makers of souvenirs that
*Itself a reminder of earlier commercial exploi-
tation. Willard's work, painted for the 1876 cen-
tennial, is said to have made a fortune for Art
Dealer J.F. Ryder, who sold reproductions.
of August price boosts is no more likely
to continue than was the earlier super -
rapid rate; both were distorted by the er-
ratic timing of food -price movements.
Nonfood portions of the CPI are still ris-
ing at an annual rate of 6% to 7 %, in-
dicating that the underlying rate of in-
flation has not changed much. In
September the index as a whole is like-
ly to rise more than in August, though
scarcely back to the double -digit range.
At the least, though, the August figures
give weight to the Ford Administration's
argument that the scary inflation pace
of early summer was an aberration, and
might calm nervous consumers and in-
vestors. Indeed, the stock market, after
falling to 795 on the Dow Jones indus-
trial average - -close to its summer low
— rallied late last week to end Friday
at 830.
meet the modest standards of the Gov-
ernment's American Revolution Bicen-
tennial Administration pay royalties for
the use of ARBA's imprimatur, and those
fees -4% to 15% of sales —have so far
earned the • Government $700,000 to
help finance such projects as a coast -to-
coast bicycle trail and ten massive ab-
stract sculptures to be constructed along
Interstate 80 in Nebraska.
Free Decals. There are also, of
course, Bicentennial promotions run by
companies that figure to gain nothing
more than good will. Philadelphia's Ol-
ney Federal Savings & Loan is running
a series of ads honoring Revolutionary
women. Chase Manhattan Bank has put
up $100,000 to help finance an exhibit
called "200 Years of American Sculp-
ture" that will open at New York's
Whitney Museum next March. IBM has
offered $500,000 to help pay for a mul-
timedia exhibit, "The World of Frank-
lin and Jefferson," that is now touring
Europe. But these projects are vastly out-
numbered by the kind described by Rob-
ert Freedman, president of Streisand,
Zuch & Freedman, a New York ad
agency. Says he: "I don't know how
many clients have called and said, `O.K.,
come up with a Bicentennial promotion,'
when they have nothing to do with the
Bicentennial and are just trying to
sell more."
Some examples of thoroughly com-
mercial promotions: Rich Products
Corp., maker of Coffee Rich, offers a
"Bicentennial Kit" ( "It includes an actu-
al copy of the Declaration of Indepen-
dence ... ") in an ad headlined "Coffee
Rich started a revolution in good taste."
d -coN insecticide offers six free flag de-
cals or, for $2, a Bicentennial T shirt. Its
ad concludes: "So get a little American
history free from d -CON, the people who
are helping to free America from bugs."
Nabisco offers grocers a cardboard kit
that unfolds into a display stand —for
Nabisco items — stamped "1776 Bicen-
tennial 1976." The kit is called, appro-
priately, "Profit- Builder No. 1 -W." Bas-
kin- Robbins sells "Red, White 'n
Blueberry" ice cream cones; a Boston
massage parlor offers a Bicentennial
special (the regular —er, services for a
10% discount); and Toy -Tex Novelty
Co. provides Bicentennial litter bags
with Betsy Ross's flag stamped on them.
Many Bicentennial promotions are
having early success. "Anything under
$5 sells like crazy," says Jamie Good -
child, proprietor of Heritage Shop in
Boston's historic Faneuil Hall. He stocks
inexpensive "antique" flasks, walking
sticks and fife - and -drum records along
with quality pewter. But there are doubts
over all the Bicentennial schlock.
"Ninety percent of the stuff on the
market is junk; it is all hoopla," says
Don Donohue, sales representative for
Arkansas -based Daisy toys, whose own
"flintlock" rifle promotion is not living
up to expectations — perhaps because of
proliferation of Bicentennial products.
Doubtless anticipating such a reaction,
DRUMMER- BEDECKED ALARM CLOCK & UNCLE SAM MASK
ECONOMY & BUSINESS
Crestline, a well- established maker of
colonial furniture, has come out with
what might be called an anti- Bicenten-
nial ad. Beneath a photo of the familiar
fife- and -drum trio marching off into the
mist with backs turned to the camera,
the ad asserts: "Soon 1976 will be gone,
along with the bicentennial. All the
hooplas will be over. And all the guys
who made a fast buck in Early Amer-
ican furniture will be looking for some-
thing new. And so it goes. Except that
there will still be one company..."
FOREIGN AIRLINE'S PLEA FOR U.S. BUSINESS
PATRIOTIC TELEPHONE & DECORATED MUSIC BOXES
AFTER THE FOURTH, THERE'LL
STILL BE PLENTY OF CELEBRATING
LNG AFTER the Independence Day fireworks
have faded, Americans in many regions will
go on celebrating the Bicentennial.
The end of the official 200th - birthday year is
Dec. 31, 1976, and dozens of communities are
planning a wide range of festivities right up to
the last moment.
A sampling of the observances:
ANADARKO, Okla. —The American Indian
Exposition, August 9 -14, will include ceremonial
dances, the national championship of war danc-
ing, and arts and crafts.
BOSTON — Exhibits recounting the nation's
past will continue through much of the year in
the city's many museums and other institutions.
One show — "Where's Boston ? " — features accom-
plishments of the modern city, shown in a multi -
image, quadraphonic -sound program.
BURLINGTON, Vt. —The Vermont Bicenten-
nial Steam Expedition will take passengers by
train through much of the State until the fall.
Revolutionary War sites are among attractions at
various stops along the routes.
CHARLESTON, S.C.— Contestants from
across the U.S. and Canada will compete in
Scottish games on September 25. Also featured
will be dancing and musical performances with
bagpipers.
CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va.— Thomas Jeffer-
son's home, Monticello, will be a centerpiece of
the area's Bicentennial observances. A new visi-
tors' center will help guide tourists to points of
interest.
DELAWARE COUNTY, Pa. —A festival of
"folklife and fancies" and harvest activities are
scheduled in October. Events include retelling of
ghost legends and folk tales.
DENVER —A historical exhibit, "Nothing Is
Long Ago," will recount notable events in the
development of the United States and Colorado
at the Denver Public Library from August 1 to
December 15.
DETROIT — Festivals celebrating the heritage
FOR OUR READERS -EXTRA COPIES
OF OUR THIRD CENTURY SUPPLEMENT
The foregoing special section is being reprinted as a sepa-
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of many ethnic groups will take place downtown
every week -end through September 19.
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. —The
launching site for America's Apollo landings on
the moon is the location for an exposition on
technology through Labor Day. Sixteen federal
agencies and a dozen private companies are
sponsoring exhibits portraying "the prospects for
a better life in 1976 and for the next 100 years
thereafter."
LAKE CRYSTAL, Minn. —Horse plowing and
field demonstrations as well as exhibits showing
the development of American agriculture will
highlight "Farmfest '76," September 13 -19.
NEW YORK CITY — American plays, music
and art will be featured through the remainder
of the year at many of the city's cultural institu-
tions. A re- enactment of the Battle of Long
Island, at which General Washington's Army nar-
rowly escaped capture by the British, is sched-
uled for August 28.
PHILADELPHIA —A wealth of historical sites,
including Independence Hall, will continue to be
open to visitors. Special events include a Eucha-
ristic Congress August 1 -8. Pope Paul VI is ex-
pected to attend.
ROME, N.Y.— Drama, fireworks, athletic
events and a historical exhibit on a barge are
among features of Fort Stanwix Days July 30-
August 8.
WASHINGTON, D.C.— Virtually all museums,
galleries and Government agencies will continue
to feature Bicentennial shows for most of the
year. The Festival of American Folklife on the
Mall will run through September 6.
WICHITA— Singing, music, arts, folklore, .
games and cultural exhibits will be featured at a
folklife festival September 9 -12.
YAKIMA, Wash. —A trolley system linking
three communities will be staffed by a conductor
who will explain aspects of regional history to
passengers.
Among exhibits that will travel to various parts
of the U.S.:
• Armed Forces Bicentennial caravans will dis-
play the development of America's armed ser-
vices in portable exhibits that will tour dozens of
communities through the end of September.
• The American Freedom Train will end its
21 -month tour of U.S. cities in December. The
exhibit contains hundreds of items ranging from
a Rembrandt Peale portrait of George Washing-
ton to Bing Crosby's gold record of "White
Christmas."
• The American Wind Symphony Orchestra
will finish its tour of 76 American cities, traveling
by barge along the inland waterways and coasts,
on October 10.
U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, July 5, 1976 81
HAVE WE HAD A YEARI
AND DID WE NEED IT!
It couldn't have come at a better time, our Bicentennial,
and all over the country we not only celebrated but also
rededicated ourselves to the ideals we were founded on.
By Harriet Van Horne
As a nation, we have had some vint-
age years. But will any linger as
proudly in the memory as 1976?
We took the measure of our spirit
during this Bicentennial year. And we
found it good.
We emerge from our 200th anniver-
sary with a new sense of identity. We
are —let's hear ruffles and flourishes,
the world's oldest democracy. Our
Constitution has been the model for all
emerging nations aspiring to breathe
free. We are one of a half -dozen coun-
tries on this planet that still enjoys
freedom of the press and free elec-
tions.
As the Bible says of Man we may
say of our country: "We are fearfully
and wonderfully made!"
We are not perfect, but come what
may, we have been blessed.
Thanks to the Bicentennial, some of
us now have a deeper awareness of
our brave and bloody origins. Some of
us know, for the first time, the names
of the men who pledged their lives,
their fortunes and their sacred honor
that the United States of America
might come to birth—and endure.
In an almost mystical way, we
needed this Bicentennial. Our pride —
still raw from Vietnam and Watergate
— needed a hehling touch. It was time
we believed in our own decency again.
It was time we stirred our roots, time
we took a long look at our own good
earth.
"History, by apprising us of the
past," wrote Thomas Jefferson, "en-
ables us to judge of the future."
Reaching our 200th year reminded
Americans of how blessed it is to
continue. That is, to maintain the tradi-
tions, to honor the Founding Fathers,
and to hold back the barbarians that
always lurk at the gates of civilized
society.
It all came to a grand climax --our
pride, our love, our vigor and style —
in the Fourth of July celebrations,
coast to coast. Was there ever such a
day?
There were the tall sailing ships of
30 nations sparkling in New York Har-
bor. There were relays of marathon
runners, carrying the torch of liberty
through the 50 states. There was a
horse race down the main street of
Lexington, Kentucky. There were sun-
rise services at a wagon encampment
on the battleground at Valley Forge.
And somewhere, out in space, there
roared a U.S. rocket, poised to land on
Mars. Man's first serious venture be-
yond the moon. A Bicentennial event
beyond the imagination of the Found-
ing Fathers.
Try as we would, some of us could
not remain cool and dry -eyed about
this 200th Fourth of July. We were sud-
denly awash in emotions we never
are moderately educated, if you have
glimpsed the dream of the men that
begat us, then you could well say to
Washington, Jefferson, Madison and
Adams "Look, the dream came true!"
But for millions of your fellow citizens,
the dream is impossible because even
with all the joy we've experienced,
there are still unsolved problems.
Our greatest shame is our poverty
and ignorance. Through general edu-
cation, Jefferson saw "a prospect of
great advancement in the happiness of
the human race." It would wound him
to learn that 20 percent of us, in this
land of compulsory free schooling, is
illiterate.
No matter how sweetly this Bicen-
tennial year lives on in our minds, it
cannot gloss over the grim poverty of
30 million despairing citizens. We put
out more flags, we marched and sang
and sent forth a Freedom Train bearing
a Howdy -Doody doll, an electric chair
and President Ford's Bible.
We showed the world the very best
of America on the Fourth of July --but
we went on hiding the worst from our-
selves. In that 16 -hour television mara-
thon, we saw the essence ofAmerica's
goodness. We saw nothing of slums,
migrant workers' shacks, prisons or the
porn merchants in our decaying cities.
Looking back down the years, it may
fairly be said that we have wasted
much of our natural resources in
riotous living.
Even so, we're still on the threshold
of a new era — perhaps even a new
revolution. If so, we'll do better with
our new revolution if we carefully
study the lessons of the old. We have
come a long journey, we are renewed
in spirit, but there is much to de done.
«. - ule measure or our spirit
during this Bicentennial year. And we
found it good.
We emerge from our 200th anniver-
sary with a new sense of identity. We
are —let's hear ruffles and flourishes,- -
the world's oldest democracy. Our
Constitution has been the model for all
emerging nations aspiring to breathe
free. We are one of a half -dozen coun-
tries on this planet that still enjoys.
freedom of the press and free elec-
tions.
As the Bible says of Man we may
say of our country: "We are fearfully
and wonderfully made!"
We are not perfect, but come what
may, we have been blessed.
Thanks to the Bicentennial, some of
us now have a deeper awareness of
our brave and bloody origins. Some of
us know, for the first time, the names
of the men who pledged their lives,
their fortunes and their sacred honor
that the United States of America
might come to birth —and endure.
In an almost mystical way, we
needed this Bicentennial. Our pride —
still raw from Vietnam and Watergate
Harriet Van Horne is one of
the country's best -known es-
sayists. Her special interests
are politics and social trends,
and she is also a frequent
guest on TV and radio panel
shows. She is the author of
Never Go Anywhere Without
a Pencil (Putnam).
4 ■ FAMILY WEEKLY, December 26, 1976
—YY'—aiam uJ vi me
past," wrote Thomas Jefferson, "en-
ables us to judge of the future."
Reaching our 200th year reminded
Americans of how blessed it is to
continue. That is, to maintain the tradi-
tions, to honor the Founding Fathers,
and to hold back the barbarians that
always lurk at the gates of civilized
society.
It all came to a grand climax —our
pride, our love, our vigor and style —
in the Fourth of July celebrations,
coast to coast. Was there ever such a
day?
There were the tall sailing ships of
30 nations sparkling in New York Har-
bor. There were relays of marathon
runners, carrying the torch of liberty
through the 50 states. There was a
horse race down the main street of
Lexington, Kentucky. There were sun-
rise services at a wagon encampment
on the battleground at Valley Forge.
And somewhere, out in space, there
roared a U.S. rocket, poised to land on
Mars. Man's first serious venture be-
yond the moon. A Bicentennial event
beyond the imagination of the Found-
ing Fathers.
Try as we would, some of us could
not remain cool and dry -eyed about
this 200th Fourth of July. We were sud-
denly awash in emotions we never
expected to feel.
Fastidious Americans who have de-
plored the noisy patriotism of "flag
wavers," now discovered the depth of
their own patriotism. It was, as some
poet has said, "too deep for sound or
foam." We cried over this Fourth of
July precisely as one cries at christen-
ings, graduations and weddings. Out of
love. We heard America singing! We
heard the street jazz in New Orleans,
watched the Indian powwow in Okla-
homa and saw President Ford land on
the deck of the Forrestal. We watched
all these happenings together, as a
family.
Sadly, though, there were some
profiteers among the revelers on the
Fourth. They sold novelty toys that
broke in five minutes. They peddled
standing room on piers and rooftops
for five dollars and orange- tinted water
for one dollar a cup. Where crowds
gather, thieves gather.
Were some time -warp to restore the
Founding Fathers to us, would they
look upon us, their progeny, with
pride?
If you are fairly prosperous, if you
and ignorance. Through general edu-
cation, Jefferson saw "a prospect of
great advancement in the happiness of
the human race." It would wound him
to learn that 20 percent of us, in this
land of compulsory free schooling, is
illiterate.
No matter how sweetly this Bicen-
tennial year lives on in our minds, it
cannot gloss over the grim poverty of
30 million despairing citizens. We put
out more flags, we marched and sang
and sent forth a Freedom Train bearing
a Howdy -Doody doll, an electric chair
and President Ford's Bible.
We showed the world the very best
of America on the Fourth of July —but
we went on hiding the worst from our-
selves. In that 16 -hour television mara-
thon, we saw the essence ofAmerica's
goodness. We saw nothing of slums,
migrant workers' shacks, prisons or the
Porn. merchants in our decaying cities.
Looking back down the years, it may
fairly be said that we have wasted
much of our natural resources in
riotous living.
Even so, we're still on the threshold
of a new era — perhaps even a new
revolution. If so, we'll do better with
our new revolution if we carefully
study the lessons of the old. We have
come a long journey, we are renewed
in spirit, but there is much to de done.
Across the years John Adams shakes
his quill at us. "Posterity! You will
never know how much it cost the pres-
ent generation to preserve your free-
dom. I hope you will make good use of
it. If you do not, I shall repent in heaven
that I ever took half the pains to pre-
serve it."
Reliving this Bicentennial year in
memory, I am reminded of the refugees
who came here as "displaced persons"
after the last war. How moved they
were, how eager to be Americans —
and how they shamed us for years for
never hanging out the flag, never priz-
ing our freedom, never caring enough!
Well, we are not so uncaring any-
more. The Bicentennial year has
brought us a new awareness of who
we are —and what blessings we enjoy.
Blessings upon 1976! Set it among the
high tides of the calendar.
It was a very good year, U3
HE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Monday, September 6, 1976
Con Artists Reap `Spirit of '76 Profits
DETROIT (UPI) — What better
way to get into "the Spirit of '76"
than a cruise aboard the majestic
S.S. United States.
The only trouble is, the ship's been
in mothballs since 1969.
But that hasn't stopped Bicenten-
nial con men from selling reserva-
tions by the fistful, says a Detroit
bank executive who has been keep-
ing track of such swindles.
William J. Kalmar, assistant vice
president in charge of auditing at
Detroit Bank & Trust, said some of
the most popular and successful
swindles con men have wrapped in
red, white and blue packages are:
— The so -called "John Paul Jones
Special." That's the one where res-
ervations are sold for the cruise
aboard the mothballed luxury liner.
— "A Whiff of the Past." An enter-
prising New Yorker has been selling
bottles of air he claims was captured
on July 4, 1776 and saved for poste-
rity. The green, apparently hand -
blown bottles, have been retailing
for $50 each.
— Crafty Ideas. The selling of
nonexistent space for Bicentennial
arts and crafts exhibitions to persons
who wish to display some of their
works and skills in colonial crafts.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Thursday, December 15, 1977
Polish Scheming Over
By NICHOLAS DANILOFF
WASHINGTON (UPI) — Ameri-
ca's 200th birthday celebration last
year got worldwide attention, but be-
hind the Iron Curtain it some special
problems.
For Poland's press censor, the U.S.
bicentennial raised these questions:
•How do you celebrate the revolu-
tion of your mightiest adversary and
ideological enemy when some out -
standing 18th . century Poles, like.
Thaddeus Kosciuzko, were important
figures?
*How do you prevent too many
articles appearing in the press at the
same time, giving an exaggerated im-
pression of America'sactlievements?
*How do you pay tribute to the
bicentennial and not offend your
mighty neighbor to the east — the
Soviet Union?
The candid answers lie in a confi-
dential document recently smuggled
out of the Main Censor's Office in
Warsaw, dated Feb. 18, 1976. UPI
just obtained a copy of the docu-
ment.
Circulated to censors throughout
Poland, the memo outlines accepta-
ble themes:
Item: "Stress the beginnings and
hard work of Poles in the USA and
not their present relatively good ma-
terial conditions, which are still
rather modest in American terms."
Item: "Our comments should take
the following into consideration: the
Bicentennial Revealed
Kalmar has been compiling the in-
formation on con games for a bank -
sponsored project — the Slick
Swindles Education Program — es-
tablished to enlighten the public.
A bank spokesman said the major
problem connected with swindles is
that victims often are too embar-
rassed to admit to police or law en-
forcement officials that they've been
had.
international political situation, in- plebeian and democratic currents mentally from the general direction,
cluding the situation in Europe (the against conservative elements." content and range
wrior111-4"1v1v kurl) rimen
ca's 200th birthday celebration last
year got worldwide attention, but be-
hind the Iron Curtain it some special
problems.
For Poland's press censor, the U.S.
bicentennial raised these questions:
*How do you celebrate the revolu-
tion of your mightiest adversary and
ideological enemy when some out-
i standing 18th • century Poles, like:
•How do you prevent too many
articles appearing in the press at the
same time, giving an exaggerated im-
pression of America's achievements?
OHow do you gay tribute to the
bicentennial and not. offend. your
mighty neighbor to the east — the
Soviet Union?
The candid answers lie in a confi-
dential document recently smuggled
out of the Main Censor's Office in
went.
Circulated to censors throughout
Poland, the memo outlines accepta-
ble themes:
Item: "Stress the beginnings and
hard work of Poles in the USA and
not their present relatively good ma-
terial conditions, which are still
rather modest in American terms."
Item: "Our comments should take
the following into consideration: the
Bicentennial Revealed
international political situation, in-
cluding the situation in Europe (the
partition of ,Poland) at the time of
the USA's war for independence; the
help given by progressive groups and
individuals from other countries in
the fight for progress. against feudal -
ism." '4.k
Item: "At the same time, social
and class conflicts among advocates
of independence in the USA should
be clarified and emphasis placed on
plebeian and democratic currents
against conservative elements."
The Main Censor's Office also had
some words of advice about technical
hazards:
Item: "Take into consideration the
fact that the Voice of America and
Radio Free Europe will use the bicen-
tennial to direct a concentrated cam-
paign against our society."
Item: "Poland's presentation of
problems connected with the Ameri-
can bicentennial cannot differ funda-
mentally from the general direction,
content and range of exposure adop-
ted by the mass media in other so-
cialist countries."
Item: "In order to avoid a situa-
tion in which most of the press would
publish articles on the same subjects
at the same time, a chart of topics
and time limits should be drawn up
allowing for different articles at dif-
ferent times in different tones (posi-
tive, neutral or critical) and in indi-
vidual magazines.
i Washington Made Bold Move
Army Saved b Y Christmastime Attack
By DON McLEOD
AssociatedPress Writer
An American watching the col-
lapse of the Revolution in the early
* winter of 1776 called it "the most
�l hellish scene I ever beheld," frozen
w bodies shuffling along frozen roads,
x leaving crimson evidence of their
" suffering in the ice and snow.
An English officer surveying the
carnage in their wake saw corpses
"without shoes or stockings and
several were observed to have only
linen drawers on."
The living were little better.
Their tents had been captured and
they slept on the ground. They were
"almost naked, dying of cold, with-
out blankets, and very ill- supplied
with provisions."
A vengeful enemy nipped at their
heels as they fled, beaten and humi-
liated. They couldn't even dig in
and defend themselves — their
shovels and picks had been aban-
doned in flight.
John Bull laughed, saying the
Yanks ran like frightened rabbits.
And some did. When their enlist-
)nents expired at the end of Novem-
lier, the Maryland and New Jersey
militia went home almost to a man,
leaving Washington with less than
3,000 troops to face a British force
four times as big.
Washington drew his battered
army across the Delaware River
and destroyed all the boats he
couldn't hide on the Pennsylvania
side. But he had intelligence of Brit-
ish "intentions to attack Philadel-
phia, so soon as the ice will afford
the means of conveyance."
Congress adjourned in great haste
to Baltimore, and most of Philadei-
phia followed the example. Only
Washington stood between liberty
and destruction.
But something had to be done.
"I will not despair," Washington
said, and began planning. He knew
the enemy was complacent, strung
out from New York to Trenton and
settling down to enjoy the Yuletide.
He would find a weak spot and at
tack it.
"Christmas day at night, one
hour before day is the time fixed
upon for our attempt on Trenton,"
he ordered. "For Heaven's sake
keep this to yourself, as the dis-
covery of it may prove fatal to us,
our numbers, sorry am I to say,
being less than I had any concep-
tion of. But necessity, dire neces-
sity, will, nay must, justify an at-
tempt."
And the men followed him. They
stood up and marched back into the
face of the dreaded enemy.
The target was the Hessian bri-
gade at Trenton, a bloodthirsty band
that had killed more Americans
than any other force in the war.
Down to the ferry the Americans
marched and boarded huge ore bar-
ges in a blinding mid - winter storm.
Jagged floes of ice bounced against
the boats, drove them from course
and crushed poles and oars.
oars.
The giant artillery commander,
Henry Knox, directed the operation.
Fishermen - soldiers from Marble-
head, Mass., manned the boats.
Bach and forth the shuttle carried
men and guns, horses and supplies.
Midway across, the father of his
country turned in a tossing vessel
and told his portly chief of artillery
to "shift your arse, Knox, and trim
the boat."
Two other units attempting to
cross at other points were defeated
by the storm and ice, but Washing-
ton made it, and sat on the Jersey
shore watching as the storm turned
violent, lashing the struggling sold-
iers with rain, snow, sleet and hail.
It was severe a night as ever
I saw," said a soldier in one of the
columns that didn't make it, "and
after two battalions were landed,
the storm increased so much, and
the river was so full of ice, that it
was impossible to get the artillery
over, for we bad to walk 100 yards
on ice to get on shore."
Brig. Gen. John Cadwallader or-
dered a retreat and it took six hours
to get the advance units back
across the river.
Meanwhile. Washington's force
upstream was completing its cross-
ing with an incredible effort.
They had started on Christmas
evening, but it was 3 a.m. before
they were over. Daylight would
soon be upon them, they could not
turn back without being discovered
and annihilated.
It was close to 4 a.m. before the
column began moving the final nine
miles to Trenton. Washington had
little hope left of surprising the Hes-
sians, who would be awakening
from their Christmas revels. But he
pushed on, hoping the blinding snow
would blind the enemy as well.
It was broad daylight when the
Americans reached the first Ger-
man pickets, and as the Hessians
fled toward town shouting a tardy
alarm, the Americans fell after
them screaming the battle cry of
the frontier_
This most important battle lasted
only a few minutes. The bewildered
Hessians tried to rally, but finding
their escape cut off, their com-
mander fatally wounded and them -
selveF surrounded by Yankee guns,
they threw down their colors.
The Americans took more than
900 prisoners, killed another 21 Hes-
sians and wounded 9. Two men who
froze to death on the march were
the only American dead. Three oth-
ers were wounded, including a fu-
ture president, Lt. James Monroe.
"This is a glorious day for our
country," exclaimed Washington as
he directed the withdrawal to the
safe side of the Delaware.
The American army was safe, but
Washington's crisis was not over.
Enlistments were expiring for most
of his soldiers at their moment of
triumph, If soldiers happy to quit
while they were ahead should leave
him now, all still would be lost.
So Washington crossed the Dela-
ware again, a trip perhaps as im-
portant to history as the first. And
parading his army at the scene of
its glory, he made his appeal.
"You have worn yourselves out
with fatigues and hardships," he ac-
knowledged, "but we know not how
to spare you. If you will consent to
stay only one month longer, you
will render that service to the cause
of liberty and to your country which
you probably never can do under
any other circumstances."
"A few stepped forth," related a
sergeant, "and their example was
followed by nearly all who were fit
for duty in the regiment."
Half of them would die in the
next battle or of disease in the cruel
winter. But they had turned the tide
and saved their country.
Survival Guided Washington
By DON McLEOD
Associated Press Writer
The Continental Congress
needed a man who could be
trusted with the first Ameri.
can Army, a man who was
competent but most of all
politically acceptable, It
chose George Washington.
The future father of his
country was not a dashing
figure as he rode into camp
200 years ago this week to
take command of the make-
shift army besieging the
British regulars in Boston.
Washington's military
record was more one of sur.
vival than victory. He was
not bold, being given to
doubt and self- deprecation.
He took reverses hard. He
knew melancholy and
gloom.
Choosing him as the na-
tion's highest officer was a
political compromise at best,
and he knew it.
But George Washington,
Virginia planter, gentleman
and part-time soldier, also
was proud, steady, deter-
mined, and he had a sense of
destiny. If he knew despair,
he never gave in to it.
He already had shown the
traits that would win the
war for him and independ.
ence for the United States.
George Washington, de.
spite the politics of his ap-
pointment, was the man for
the job, perhaps the only
man in America who could
beat the best army In the
world with a motley gaggle
of ragged provincials.
He faced an impossible
task. He had to mold hun-
dreds of loosely organized
New England musketeers
and backwoods riflemen into
an army under the guns of
the British army and navy.
But somehow he did it. He
created an army out of
chaos. Led it from one de-
feat to another. Kept it going
when all others would have
given up. And won the war.
George Washington was a
peculiar blend of all that
made Americans of 1775
cherish their independence,
fight to secure it and win.
He was truly an American
creature. He grew up in a
country that was still new
and raw. He was trained on
its frontier, on its rich earth
and in its business ex-
changes.
Washington was born in ti-
dewater Virginia in 1732
when it had passed the fron-
tier stage but was not yet as
civilized as the urban North.
He knew wealth and he
knew hard times. He had ad-
vantages and influential
friends, but he was largely
self -made.
His father died when
George was 11, leaving him
in the care of a mother who
was protective, possessive,
restrictive, jealous and sel-
fish. Her apron strings were
smothering.
All her life, Mary Bell
Washington resented, rather
than encouraged, her son's
rising star. She felt success
made him neglect her —
which he never did.
So George, as boys do, be-
came restless. He was a
WASHINGTON
... 'not bold'
dutiful son, but he spent as
much time as possible with
his favorite brother, or with
friends and relatives.
By the age of 15 he had be-
come a competent surveyor
who preferred the woods to
life with mother on the
farm. Like most American
founders he spent a portion
of his life learning from the
frontier.
Destined for a gentleman's
education in England, Wash-
ington lost his chance at the
death of his father. He re-
ceived only what would be a
grammar school education
today. But he never ceased
the process of self- education.
Washington's time on the
frontier as surveyor and sol-
dier also gave him that typi-
cal American love of the
land, particularly the virgin
forests of the west, which in
those days extended only to
the Appalachians.
British interference with
the activity of speculators
and settlers on the western
frontier, often cited as a
leading cause of the Revolu-
tion, touched Washington
personally.
Eventually he inherited his
beloved Mount Vernon from
his eldest brother, Law.
rence, and became a pro-
gressive farmer, concerned
with soil conservation and
crop diversification — some.
thing almost unheard of in
the America of his day.
Unhappy with the handling
of his tobacco by British
agents, who had a monopoly.
Washington planted less to-
bacco, turned to simple
manufacture, developed a
fishery on the Potomac Riv-
er, planted wheat and oper-
ated a mill.
As befitted a rising young
man of property, Washing-
ton dabbled in politics, until
it became a consuming in-
terest. He served in the Vir-
ginia House of Burgesses
and emerged a leader in that
rebellious clique that gave
fundamental philosophy and
leadership to the Revolution.
Washington began his mili-
tary career in 1753 with an
expedition to a British post
on the Allegheny River
which had been seized by
the French. He did little
more than bring back the
message that the French
would not give up. But the
winter expedition gained
Washington, at the age of 21,
a reputation as a resourceful
and daring leader.
It was a Sunday, and the
camp was quiet, There was
no triumphal reception, no
ceremony.
Washington dearly loved
pageantry and pomp. But on
that day he was just a man
reporting for work. He met
his officers, and the next day
they got down to winning a
war.
pointment, was the man for
the job, perhaps the only
man in America who could
beat the best army in the
world with a motley gaggle
of ragged provincials.
He faced _ an impossible
task. He had to mold hun-
dreds of loosely organized
New England musketeers
and backwoods riflemen into
an army under the guns of
the British army and navy.
But somehow he did it. He
created an army out of
chaos. Led it from one de-
feat to another. Kept it going
when all others would have
given up. And won the war.
George Washington was a
peculiar blend of all that
made Americans of 1775
cherish their independence,
WASHINGTON
... 'not bold'
m ult( a11I7WL will au the America of his day.
Unhappy with the handling
of his tobacco by British
agents, who had a monopoly.
Washington planted less to-
bacco, turned to simple
manufacture, developed a
fishery on the Potomac Riv-
er, planted wheat and oper-
ated a mill.
As befitted a rising young
man of property, Washing-
ton dabbled in politics, until
it became a consuming in-
terest. He served in the Vir-
ginia House of Burgesses
and emerged a leader in that
rebellious clique that gave
fundamental philosophy and
leadership to the Revolution.
Washington began his mili-
tary career in 1753 with an
expedition to a British post
on the Allegheny River
which had been seized by
the French. He did little
more than bring back the
message that the French
would not give up. But the
winter expedition gained
Washington, at the age of 21,
a reputation as a resourceful
and daring leader.
The next year, during the
French and Indian War,
Washington ambushed a
French patrol. He was later
trapped at Ft. Necessity in
Pennsylvania and forced to
surrender. But his reputa-
tion as a warrior, and his
good sense, were growing.
When Gen. Edward Brad-
dock led a British army
against the French, Wash-
ington went along as aide-de-
camp. Braddock and most of
his men were slaughtered,
but Washington distinguish-
ed himself in saving what
could be saved of the ex-
pedition.
The massacre was a hor-
ror which Washington never
forgot, but he drew instruc-
tion from it. Washington had
great admiration for the
British officers, but little for
the British enlisted soldiers
who broke and ran while the
colonials tried to fight.
For the rest of the French
and Indian War, Washington
served as commander of the
Virginia militia, seeing little
fighting but learning a lot
about military management.
A colonial force on home
defense was a tough school
for young Col. Washington.
It taught him all he would
need to know about handling
ornery, independent, rough-
neck colonial troops. Time
and again during the Revolu-
tion his personal hand put
down rebellion, rioting and
mutiny.
These were the virtues,
the training, the experience,
and the reputation which
Washington took to the rebel
camp at Cambridge, Mass.,
on July 3, 1775.
Commentary: First President's Religious Views
Myths Surround Faith of George Washington
EDITOR'S NOTE: With
the coming of George Wash-
ington's birthday Feb. 22,
Dr. Nicholas F. Gier, assist-
ant professor of Philosophy
at the University of Idaho,
submitted the following es-
say on Washington's reli-
gious views. His comments
are excerpted from a larger
work entitled "Religion and
the Founding Fathers." Gier
holds his doctorate in reli-
gion from Claremont Grad-
uate School.
"I loved and revered the
man, but it was his human-
ity only that I admired. In
his divinity I never be-
lieved." — John Adams on
Washington.
There have been more
myths created about our
first president than any oth-
er American. Mason Locke
Weems, an Anglican minis-
ter, was the inventor of the
notorious cherry tree story
and many of the tales per-
taining to Washington's reli-
giosity.
Professor Paul Boller of
the University of Massachu-
setts has laid to rest all of
these fabrications in the
book, "George Washington
and Religion."
Washington was not an in-
tellectual but a man of ac-
tion. He was not naturally
given to deep reflection or
detailed analysis of thought
or belief. While Adams and
Jefferson spent their last
years reading philosophy
and theology, and frequently
writing to each other about
it, Washington retired to the
country and occupied him-
self with strictly non- intel-
lectual pursuits. It was
James Madison's opinion
that Washington never "at-
tended to the arguments for
Christianity, and for the dif-
ferent systems of religion, or
in fact that he had formed
definite opinions on the sub-
ject."
There is virtually no evi-
dence in Washington's writ-
ings to indicate a firm com-
mitment to the Christian re-
ligion. He always has some-
thing positive to say about
religion in general. But there
are a few remarks in his pri.
vate correspondence and
diaries which have a touch
of cynicism.
He once wrote in his diary
that he would have liked to
have collected his rents on
Sundays, but he declined be-
cause the people living on
`his land were "apparently
very religious." Writing to
Lafayette with regard to re-
ligious toleration, he states:
"Being no bigot myself, I am
disposed to indulge the pro-
fessors of Christianity in the
church with that road to
Heaven, which to them shall
seem the most direct, plain-
est, easiest, and least liable
to exception."
It seems that the only deep
interest Washington had in
the direction of religion was
an enthusiasm for free-
masonry. He was a nominal
Episcopalian who attended
WASHINGTON'S TROOPS IN 1778
... resting at Valley Forge
church irregularly (ceasing
after his retirement) and
who never participated in
Communion. While president
he was once openly criti-
cized from the pulpit by his
own pastor, James Aber-
crombie, for setting a poor
example by not celebrating
the Lord's Supper.
The word "Jesus Christ"
appears only once in all of
Washington's voluminous
writings. Rare too are the
words "God" or "Christian-
ity." The word that he most
often used is "Providence,"
the most non - committal and
impersonal word for deity.
There are singular refer-
ences to the phrases "gen-
uine religion" and "Revela-
tion," but those are too gen-
eral and vague to be conclu-
sive.
Dr. Benjamin Rush, medi-
cal scientist and friend of
Franklin, reported to
Thomas Jefferson that upon
leaving office Washington
met with a group of clergy
who submitted a number of
questions for Washington to
answer. Since he had never
made any public affirmation
of Christianity, one of their
questions was whether or
not he was a Christian.
Washington very kindly an-
swered all of the questions
except that crucial one.
The tolerance that Wash-
ington showed for all Chris-
tian denominations was an-
other sign of his religious lib-
eralism. There is the famous
incident when Washington
prevented his soldiers from"
burning the pope in effigy on
Guy Hawkes Day. When
once looking for new ser-
vants, Washington empha-
sized that any good work-
men would be acceptable, be
they "Mohametans, Jews,
Christians of any sect, or ...
atheists."
Washington firmly be-
lieved in the separation of
church and state. Probably
the most striking and contro-
versial expression of this
principle, in which Washing-
ton played a part, appears in
the Treaty of Tripoli. Article
Eleven of this treaty begins:
"As the government of the
United States is not in any
sense founded on the Chris-
tian religion ..." Later on,
in times of religious emotio-
nalism, this article raised
many eyebrows among the
orthodox. But in 1796, a time
of religious rationalism,
President Washington
agreed to this concession
and the treaty was ratified
by the Senate in 1797 without
a single objection.
All in all, the evidence
shows that George Washing-
ton was a religious liberal
who believed in God as im-
personal Providence. He
probably did not believe in
any of the doctrines of Chris-
tian orthodoxy. As Paul Bol-
ler concludes, "If Washing-
ton was a Christian, he was
surely a Protestant of the
most liberal persuasion." In
a famous sermon delivered
in 1831, Bird Wilson declared
that Washington was no
more than a Unitarian.
During the early 1950's, de-
finitely an era of religious
emotionalism, Congress
passed without debate a bill
authorizing the construction
of a "Capitol Prayer Room.
One of the religious relics of
this edifice is a stained -glass
window portraying George
Washington kneeling in
prayer at Valley Forge. Paul
Boller has shown conclusi-
vely that the prayer incident
at Valley Forge is "utterly
without foundation in fact."
Furthermore, many people
witnessed the fact that
Washington; in contrast to
most American worshippers
of the time (including Mar-
tha Washington), did not
kneel for prayer in church. ,
It is clear from what we
know of his character and
philosophy that this gesture,
although done with the best
of intentions, would have
writing to each other about
it, Washington retired to the
country and occupied him-
self with strictly non- intel-
lectual pursuits. It was
James Madison's opinion
that Washington never .at-
tended to the arguments for
Christianity, and for the dif-
ferent systems of religion, or
in fact that he had formed
definite opinions on the sub-
ject."
There is virtually no evi.
dence in Washington's writ-
ings to indicate a firm com-
mitment to the Christian re-
ligion. He always has some-
thing positive to say about
religion in general. But there
are a few remarks in his pri-
vate correspondence and
diaries which have a touch
of cynicism.
He once wrote in his diary
that he would have liked to
have collected his rents on
Sundays, but he declined be-
cause the people living on
his land were "apparently
very religious." Writing to
Lafayette with regard to re-
ligious toleration, he states:
"Being no bigot myself, I am
disposed to indulge the pro-
fessors of Christianity in the
church with that road to
Heaven, which to them shall
seem the most direct, plain-
est, easiest, and least liable
to exception."
It seems that the only deep
interest Washington had in
the direction of religion was
an enthusiasm for free-
masonry. He was a nominal
Episcopalian who attended
U
WASHINGTON'S TROOPS IN 1778
... resting at Valley Forge
church irregularly (ceasing
after his retirement) and
who never participated in
Communion. While president
he was once openly criti-
cized from the pulpit by his
own pastor, James Aber-
crombie, for setting a poor
example by not celebrating
the Lord's Supper.
The word "Jesus Christ"
appears only once in all of
Washington's voluminous
writings. Rare too are the
words "God" or "Christian-
ity." The word that he most
often used is "Providence,"
the most non - committal and
impersonal word for deity.
There are singular refer-
ences to the phrases "gen-
uine religion" and "Revela-
tion," but those are too gen-
eral and vague to be conclu-
sive.
Dr. Benjamin Rush, medi-
cal scientist and friend of
Franklin, reported to
Thomas Jefferson that upon
leaving office Washington
met with a group of clergy
who submitted a number of
questions for Washington to
answer. Since he had never
made any public affirmation
of Christianity, one of their
questions was whether or
not he was a Christian.
Washington very kindly an-
swered all of the questions
except that crucial one.
The tolerance that Wash-
ington showed for all Chris-
tian denominations was an-
other sign of his religious lib-
eralism. There is the famous
incident when Washington
prevented his soldiers from"
burning the pope in effigy on
Guy Hawkes Day. When
once looking for new ser-
vants, Washington empha-
sized that any good work-
men would be acceptable, be
they "Mohametans, Jews,
Christians of any sect, or ...
atheists."
Washington firmly be-
lieved in the separation of
church and state. Probably
the most striking and contro-
versial expression of this
principle, in which Washing-
ton played a part, appears in
the Treaty of Tripoli. Article
,LM
Eleven of this treaty begins:
"As the government of the
United States is not in any
sense founded on the Chris-
tian religion ..." Later on,
in times of religious emotio-
nalism, this article raised
many eyebrows among the
orthodox. But in 1796, a time
of religious rationalism,
President Washington
agreed to this concession
and the treaty was ratified
by the Senate in 1797 without
a single objection.
All in all, the evidence
shows that George Washing-
ton was a religious liberal
who believed in God as im-
personal Providence. He
probably did not believe in
any of the doctrines of Chris-
tian orthodoxy. As Paul Bol-
ler concludes, "If Washing-
ton was a Christian, he was
surely a Protestant of the
most liberal persuasion." In
a famous sermon delivered
in 1831, Bird Wilson declared
that Washington was no
more than a Unitarian.
During the early 1950's, de-
finitely an era of religious
emotionalism, Congress
passed without debate a bill
authorizing the construction
of a "Capitol Prayer Room.
One of the religious relics of
this edifice is a stained -glass
window portraying George
Washington kneeling in
prayer at Valley Forge. Paul
Boller has shown conclusi-
vely that the prayer incident
at Valley Forge is "utterly
without foundation in fact."
Furthermore, many people
witnessed the fact that
Washington; in contrast to
most American worshippers
of the time (including Mar-
tha Washington), did not
kneel for prayer in church.
It is clear from what we
know of his character and
philosophy that this gesture,
although done with the best
of intentions, would have,
been a great embarrassment
to Washington. (The cherry
tree story was bad enough).
He was a very private per-
son, especially in matters of
religion, and he would have
been scandalized at the pros-
pect of a state - supported
prayer room with his suppli-
cating figure as the main at-
traction.
There is an observation by
Washington's adopted
daughter which makes for a
very appropriate conclusion:
"He was not one of those
who act or pray 'that they
may be seen of men.' He
communed with his God in
secret."
HESSIAN OFFICERS, LEFT, SURRENDER TO AMERICAN OFFICERS IN TRENTON, N.J.
... Battle of Trenton was reenacted Sunday in front of the New Jersey State House
Decisive Battle of Trenton Reenacted
TRENTON, N.J. (AP) — The
sounds of musket shots and cannon
fire reverberated through the
streets of Trenton, N.J., Sunday in
a reenactment of the battle that
turned the tide in the American
Revolution.
On Dec. 26, 1776, an American
army of 2,400 men led by George
Washington marched south nine
miles from Washington Crossing to
Trenton.
The Americans surprised a force
of Hessian soldiers, the mercenaries
hired by the British, and scored a
startling victory.
On Dec. 26, 1976, 800 troops recre-
ated the First Battle of Trenton in
the street outside the New Jersey
Statehouse.
Officials and dignitaries watched
from a reviewing stand. A crowd,
estimated at 5,000 by state police,
lined the street or watched from
buildings across from the capitol.
Rank after rank of Americans
marched forward, shouldered their
muskets, and fired volleys at the
troops portraying the Hessians. The
"enemy" returned the fire but,
badly outnumbered, gave up the
fight within an hour.
Opposing forces also exchanged
cannon fire but the Hessians, who
had rallied at the first sound of the
American drums and muskets,
began falling back along modern
State Street toward the Old Bar-
racks.
The barracks stand now as they
did in 1776, about 100 yards south of
the present Statehouse site within
view of the Delaware River.
On that day in 1776, the Hessians
were cornered there, recuperating
from Christmas night celebrations
and unaware that the Americans
had crossed the river the preceding
night and were marching on Tren-
ton.
The crossing was reenacted Sat-
urday when a symbolic force came
across the Delaware in the same
kind of shallow barges — Durham
boats — used by the Continental
Army.
The crossing, the battle reenact-
ment Sunday and planned recrea-
tions next Sunday and Monday of
the Second Battle of Trenton and
the Battle of Princeton are the high-
lights of a 10 -day commemoration of
the military campaign that
stemmed the tide of British victory
200 years ago.
The 10 -day celebration is spon-
sored by the New Jersey Bicenten-
nial Commission.
The units that took part in the
battle Sunday were from many
states, including New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, New York, New Hamp-
shire, Connecticut, Maryland and
Virginia.
TRENTON, NEW JERSEY —To top off
the Bicentennial, New 'Jersey will
mount a "Festival of Ten Crucial
Days," celebrating General George
Washington's ten day military cam-
paign in that state in 1777, including
reenactments of Washington's historic
crossing of the Delaware, plus the
important battles of Trenton and
Princeton, all turning points in the
Revolutionary War. Special events,
will include ballets, operas, plays and
concerts. Call the New Jersey Bicen-
tennial Commission at (609) 292 -6576
for full details.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Saturday, January 1, 1977
Parade of Music Preserved in Capsule
High N Ends o c en ennia
tissue before the real sealing of the
capsule. He said the capsule will be
on display for perhaps a year before
it is cemented inside a Kennedy
Center wall.
WASHINGTON (UPI) — With a
Marine Corps bugle fanfare, the Bi-
centennial Parade of American
Music wrapped up a year -long
salute to U.S. composers Friday in
Washington and placed in a 100 -year
time capsule the best of two centu-
ries of American music.
A New Year's Eve concert of
John Philip Sousa marches, featur-
ing the Marine Band at the Ken-
nedy Center for the Performing
Arts, was the 52nd and last of the
Bicentennial series commemorating
music from each of the states.
Earlier in the day, the gleaming
stainless steel time capsule was fil-
led with pamphlets, tape recordings,
clippings, photographs and musical
scores to be held until the year 2076.
Speakers told of the contributions of
American musicians from Sousaato
Jelly Roll Moorton and Marine bug-
lers performed.
There was even a tape recorder,
in case the Americans a century
from now have nothing on which to
play the tapes of today.
During the past year, the Bicen-
tennial Parade of American Music
has:
— Presented the 52 free concerts
in the Kennedy Center.
— Selected and marked 200 na-
tional historical music landmarks
throughout the country.
— Presented a series of radio
broadcasts emphasizing the musical
richness of each state.
The time capsule was designed to
preserve the fruits of that effort.
The groups that put on that musi-
cal salute ranged from the National
Music Council and the National
Federation of Music Clubs to Exxon
and many individuals. They decided
to preserve its sounds, programs
and musical scores in the time cap-
sule.
Dr. Merle Montgomery of the Na-
tional Music Council said she hoped
the items would "honor those who
contributed to our musical world"
during America's first 200 years
"from folk songs to full sympho-
nies."
Each person in the program wal-
ked by a long table and took up
something to put in the tubular cap-
sule.
The first was a tape cassette of
the Virginia concert in the states'
series, which Montgomery slid far
into the four - foot -long capsule.
Roger Stevens, Kennedy Center's
chairman, followed with a tour book
of the center. Then there came pos-
ters, programs, concert tapes, pam-
phlets and sheet music.
Stevens said everything would
have to be removed and wrapped in
Greetings and instructions accom-
panying the capsule told Americans
of 2076 the capsule should be opened
early in January of that year and
expressed hopes that the contents
would show "some of the spirit and
enthusiasm that have been the hall-
mark of the Bicentennial Parade of
American Music."
wasnmgton ana piacea in a tvv year
time capsule the best of two centu-
ries of American music.
A New Year's Eve concert of
John Philip Sousa marches, featur-
ing the Marine Band at the Ken-
nedy C @nter for the Performing
Arts, was the 52nd and last of the
Bicentennial series commemorating
music from each of the states.
Earlier in the day, the gleaming
stainless steel time capsule was fil-
led with pamphlets, tape recordings,
clippings, photographs and musical
scores to be held until the year 2076.
Speakers told of the contributions of
American musicians from Sousaato
Jelly Roll Moorton and Marine bug-
lers performed.
There was even a tape recorder,
in case the Americans a century
from now have nothing on which to
play the tapes of today.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, July 1, 1977
tional historical music landmarks
throughout the country.
— Presented a series of radio
broadcasts emphasizing the musical
richness of each state.
The time capsule was designed to
preserve the fruits of that effort.
The groups that put on that musi-
cal salute ranged from the National
Music Council and the National
Federation of Music Clubs to Exxon
and many individuals. They decided
to preserve its sounds, programs
and musical scores in the time cap-
sule.
Dr. Merle Montgomery of the Na-
tional Music Council said she hoped
the items would "honor those who
contributed to our musical world"
during America's first 200 years
"from folk songs to full sympho-
nies."
series, which Montgom
into the four - foot -lon
Roger Stevens, Kenne
chairman, followed with
of the center. Then then
tern, programs, concert
phlets and sheet music.
Stevens said everyt
have to be removed and
your life. So make it cc
Relish it! It's precious'
get a chance to pass thin
Dear Ann Landers:
teenager but I have sor
to that person who con
long- winded telephano
signed her letter,
Ear."
Doesn't she realize 0
F Bicentennial Agency Fizzles
By DICK WEST
WASHINGTON (UPI) — Listen
carefully and you can hear' the
sound of the American Revolution
Bicentennial Administration going
out of business.
A check of the audible emana-
tions from Statuary Hall in the Cap-
itol shows that ARBA's last gasp
Thursday was a gurgle of auld tang
syne oratory.
The federal agency created to
help plan the nation's 200th anniver-
sary celebration last year officially
expired Thursday with the presenta-
tion of a five - volume final report to
Congress.
In doing so, as Sen. Hubert Hum-
phrey, D- Minn., pointed out, it
"violated a very fundamental prin-
ciple of government."
Not only did ARBA go out of ex-
istence on schedule, a rarity in it-
self, it left behind about a half mil-
lion dollars in unspent funds, which
is virtually unheard of among feder-
al agencies.
Humphrey and Sen. Edward
Brooke, R- Mass., accepted the re-
port for the Senate; Rep. John Bra -
demas, D -Ind., represented the
House. But the 200 or so onlookers
at the "benediction ceremony"
mostly had eyes for one of the spec-
tators.
In addition to the final report and
the leftover funds, vestiges of the
Bicentennial include 200 unsold
commemorative coins and a 10-
member transition staff.
The staff will work for 90 days
with the National Park Service,
which now takes over plans for Bi-
centenniai observances of Revolu-
tionary events that happened after
1776.
The final report acknowledged
that some of the more than 66,000
Former Bicentennial administra- projects and events last year either
for John Warner brought along his were largely ignored or criticized as
wife, film star Elizabeth Taylor. "commercial, politically inspired or
otherwise lacking focus or mean-
ing."
Nevertheless, ARBA board mem-
bers insisted "the overall plan for a
grass -roots celebration was the
right one and was eminently suc-
cessful."
Acting administrator Jean McKee
said AREA had microfilmed 100,000
news clippings about Bicentennial
activities and had turned over 55
per cent of its records to the Na-
tional Archives for preservation.
"We did that so that if they want
to do it again a hundred years from
now, they'll know how," she ex-
plained.
Nation's Birthday Party
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Tuesday, July 6, 1976
�i �.
UP International
The morning after the night be-
fore, the living room always is a
mess, with ashtrays overflowing and
every glass in the house in need of
washing, but at least America's
200th birthday party came off in
laughter and no one got his nose
punched.
It might have been otherwise Mon-
day as the nation continued a wind-
ing down celebration of the Bicen-
tennial.
Dire warnings of radical violence
haunted Fourth of July party prepa-
rations in historic Philadelphia, but
on Monday morning, the only mess
the city was cleaning up was the
usual one left in the wake of happy
celebrants.
A few vendors were out peddling
their wares to early morning vis-
itors, but most had exhausted their
supplies the previous night.
"Sorry — I'm out of everything,"
sighed Gus Stabidis, who spent Sun-
day stalking the city's Bicentennial
parade with his hot dog vending ma-
chine. "I've got nothing more to
sell."
Glenn Kirby, spokesman for the
"Rich Off Our Back" leftist group
that had sparked fear of a violent
disruption of festivities in Phila-
delphia, called the Fourth — and his
group's peaceful rally — "a good day
for the working class — like we said
it would be all along."
"It's always a surprise to have
good relations with the cops," he
said. "We're glad that we did. We al-
ways wanted to do that ... I think
the American people know-the dif-
ference between a demonstration
and a revolution."
New York City's lower Manhattan
resembled a landfill dump in the
wake of the multimillion -human
horde that jammed its shoreline
Sunday night to watch the Statue of
Liberty bathed in fireworks.
Monday found the area glowing
with good will as throngs turned out
in summer sunshine along the wa-
terfront to tour sailing ships from
several nations.
On Fulton Street, a harried police
officer winced and said, "Not that,
not that," as the Fulton Fish Market
band treated sailors from five na-
tions to the "Marine Corps Hymn."
Even under the lash of traditional
sailor- Marine rivalry, however, the
Bicentennial spirit prevailed and not
a punch was thrown.
In fact, apart from some scuffling
at a demonstration against Chile, the
crowd fairly oozed camaraderie,
cheering when members of a stu-
dent band from France broke out
their instruments aboard a subway
to play "La Marseillaise," "The Star
Spangled Banner" and random bars
of Dixieland.
Only one fatality — a drowning —
was reported in connection with the
city's festivities.
In Tacoma, Wash., what might
have been a tragedy ended only in a
dunking for about 40 persons who
were spilled into the chilly waters of
Commencement Bay when a section
of a private dock from which they
were watching a fireworks display
collapsed. The spectators were
soaked, but none were injured.
President Ford made a Bicenten-
nial trip to Thomas Jefferson's Mon-
ticello estate at Charlottesville, Va.,
where he attended a naturalization
ceremony for 105 immigrants from
23 nations.
TWO- YEAR -OLD MATTHEW GRAY RESTS UP
... after celebrating the Bicentennial in Longview, Wash.
Peoples' Republic of China
To Add Boom to Bicentennial
By JAY MATHMS
The Washington Post
HONG KONG — With the flash of a
"Moon- Wooing Phoenix" and the
pop of a "Golden Dragon," the cele-
bration of America's revolution has
come to the rescue of one of revolu-
tionary China's favorite exports. —
fireworks.
Stung two years ago by threatened
new safety regulations, Chinese
sales to the United States of its
noisy, centuries -old sepcialty were
about as lively as a wet firecracker.
After going from $500,000 in 1972 to
more than $3 million in 1973, they
plummeted in 1974 to less than $1
million after the Consumer Product
Safety Commission threatened to
ban all firecrackers.
But the enormous Bicentennial de-
mand for noise and color apparently
has persuaded the commission to put
off its final decision. Sales are ex-
pected to shoot'up and a fair propor-
tion of the gold, blue, green and red
rockets blkrsting . over Washington
and elsewhere in the next few weeks
will come courtesy' of the followers
of Communist Party Chairman Mao
Tse -tung.
i For a nation that usually disdains
colorful decorations, gaudy bill-
boards or any individualized glamor,
the labels China gives its pyrotech-
nical creations . are startling:
"Spring Prevails Over the Garden"
night display shells, "Monkey Viol-
ates the Heavenly "Palace" rockets,
"Clustering Bees," "Twitter Glitter-
ing," "Moon- Wooing Phoenix," "Sil-
very Birdcall," dy Crackers,"
"Tom Thumbs," ightning" and
"Golden Dragon."
According to a lengthy report pre-
pared by Stephanie R. Green for the
National Council for U.S. -China
Trade, Chinese fireworks are made
in three southern provinces. The
delicate placement of fuses is often
done by thousands of women work-
ing in their homes for an auxiliary
income of about $1 a day.
Their creations are funneled
through Hong Kong, where Chinese
middlemen have spent a hectic fall
and winter trying to meet the huge
Bicentennial demand. After the U.S.
Consumer Product Safety Com-
mission placed. only a "tentative"
limit on the powder content of fire-
crackers, and put off a' final decision
until the fall of 1976, "all of a sudden
the demand hit and some manufac-
turers and distributors were not so
well prepared," said H.C. Fung,
managing director of Li and Fung
Ltd.
(Of the estimated $10 million in
U.S. imports of fireworks last year,
about a third came from China.)
"The manufacturers and exporters
here don't feel the new, regulations
are fair, he said, "for our fire-
crackers can't be as dangerous as
many fireworks items manufactured
in the U.S."
The safety commission has low-
ered the maximum permissible pow-
der content of firecrackers from 130
milligrams to 50 milligrams, after
noting that there were 3,300 fire-
work- related injuries in the 1974 July
4 season.
Bicentennial Boosters Frosted
Birthday Cake Sale Fizzles
BALTIMORE (UPI) — For
sale: 380,000 slices of America's
birthday cake.
Cake promoters indicated Mon-
day that they had sold only 20,000
pieces of the city's 69,000 -pound
birthday cake which floated down
the Patapsco River at midnight
July 3.
The cake was the city's Bicen-
tennial present to America, but
apparently there is nothing in-
spiring or patriotic about sam-
pling a piece of the world's larg-
est pound cake.
Pieces of the cake were sold
during the 12 -hour ceremonies of
the re-enactment of the battle for
Fort McHenry for $2 each.
"You mean it's all white ?"
complained one young girl at
Fort McHenry. "Isn't any of it
chocolate ?"
When it was verified that no
chocolate pieces existed, her
friend said, "Let's get some ice
cream."
A young man who did purchase
a piece said, "But how can you
celebrate the Bicentennial with-
out a piece of birthday cake ?"
The hawkers, meanwhile, were
urging people to buy the cake,
"so you can tell your grand-
children you had a taste of the
world's largest birthday cake."
The city has also offered mail
order pieces of cake. The cost is
$2.25 for third class delivery. An
additional 50 cents is charged for
first class service.
Bicentennial Chairman Walter
Orlinsky made sure the cake's
weight was notarized before it
was cut. The weight statistics
were sent to the Guinness Book of
Records.
The cake was in the shape of
the map of United States.
THE IDAHO STATESMAN, Boise, Friday, May 21, 1976
lane Display Sputters Out
DENVER (AP) — The nation's
aerospace writers Thursday ac -'
cused the Smithsonian In-
stitution of reneging on a prom-
ise that an historic airplane'
would be housed in the new Na-
tional Air and Space Museum.
The aircraft, a DH249 mail
plane, crashed in Utah's
Wasatch Mountains in 1926, y
The Air Mail Pioneers, a so-
ciety of airmen who flew for the
U.S. Mail Services after World
War 1, recovered the plane's
wreckage, restored it and flew
it from California to Washington
in May, 1968.
A resolution passed by the
Aviation -Space Writers Associ-
ation Thursday said senior offi-
cials of the Smithsonian prom-
ised the Pioneers that the plane
would be included in -the new
museum when it was built. This
year, the Air Mail Pioneers
were informed that the plane
won't be used because "not ev=
ery airplane can be exhibited,"
the resolution said.
"The Smithsonian's ruling
amounts to the abandonment of
a pledged word to the Air Mail
Pioneers and deprives the U.S.
public of an opportunity to view
a significant representation of
the role played by the U.S. Air
Mail Services in establishing
our country's air transportation
system," the resolution said.
It was sent to S. Dillon Ripley,
Smithsonian secretary; former
astronaut Michael Collins, direc-
tor of the new museum, and
members of the House Public
Works Committee.
Bicentennial
Plus 1
The drums seem muffled this
year. The tall ships are scattered.
Only in memory is that touch of
glory, the surprise at finding us
one again.
To be sure, this July Fourth the
church bells will peal, colors
unfurl, bands parade — but not
with the glitter, rapture and
unabashed joy of millions of
voices.
By JOHN BARBOUR
Associated Press
"Same time next year ?" We should have known it wouldn't
be. Times like those are rare, and rightly so.
Remember New York, where parades thundered up and
down the granite avenues, where the tall ships fluttered sail
and glided along the Hudson River with eye - watering majesty,
where the warships of 22 nations, all flying the American flag,
stood by at salute, where people jammed the waterfronts and
riverview apartments and carpeted the feet of the Lady of the
Harbor?
Well, this Fourth of July, only the Shriners will march in
parade. Seven ocean liners will make a brief foray into the
Hudson, and a fleet of small sailboats will race around Long
Island.
Remember Washington, where a mammoth fireworks
display lit the night sky, where 9,000 special Bicentennial flags
fluttered from spires and rooftops, where the National
Archives stayed open around the clock so that thousands who
lined up could see the nation's birth certificate?
This year the archives are back on "a normal summer
schedule" and the firepower of the fireworks is back to
normal, too. The flags were unfurled on Flag Day in June, and
the Folk Festival that added spice to last July Fourth is
scheduled for September this year.
Remember San Francisco, where last year one big happy
parade celebrated the disparate causes of modern American
life — Puerto Ricans, Palestinians, Latinos, women, blacks?
This year the city will dedicate a statue of Francis Scott Key
in Golden Gate Park and plant a 100 -year time capsule at his
feet.
Remember Philadelphia? Independence Hall, where they
rang the Liberty Bell and President Ford said, "The world
knows where we stand ... The world may or may not follow,
but we lead because our whole history says we must ... we
still show the way."
This year, President Carter will spend the Fourth quietly at
Camp David. Attendance at the Independence National
Historical Park, which reached seven million in 1976, may hit
four million in 1977.
Remember Boston, where 400,000 wild and cheering, dancing
Americans heard Arthur Fiedler lead the Boston Pops in a
thrilling American medley capped by "The Stars and Stripes
Forever ?" Well, this year some 200,000 are expected on the
banks of the Charles River to hear him conduct the Pops in
Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture."
In Idaho's Treasure Valley, the LDS Church heralded the
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day early hosting a large convocation at Bronco Stadium,
which featured state leaders such as Sen. Jim McClure. Even
the little town of Melba was extremely active, featuring a
week -long festivity of square dances, potluck dinners and
firework displays.
Veterans Memorial State Park in Boise was dedicated in
honor of the Bicentennial, as was the Cataldo Mission,
Intermountain Science Experience Center, in Idaho Falls, and
the state park at Malad.
This year, however, Mountain Home, Nyssa, Payette, Weiser
Parma, Nampa and several other communities throughout the
Valley will not sponsor any festivities, citing rising costs as the
primary reason for doing away with city- sponsored Fourth of
July celebrations.
"I don't know of a town that didn't have something going
last Fourth of July," said J.M. Neil, executive director, Idaho
Bicentennial Commission. "But I think most people are going
to spend quiet, family- oriented Fourth of Julys this year."
In Miramar, Fla., last year, Betty Kapchuk and her children
festooned their home in red, white and blue bunting. This year
she has no special plans.
In Lake City, Pa., they stored the red- white- and -blue park
benches indoors for the winter so the paint would still be
bright this year. The landing pad for unidentified flying objects
ringed in star- spangled lights is still operational, but "we
haven't had any activity there yet."
The American Legion this year will stage "the world's
largest fireworks extravaganza" over Chicago. In the Mojave
Desert of California, Bob Older will raise again the 52 -by -100
foot flag over his Ore Grande ranch for all who want to see.
There were many things we didn't get to see last July
Fourth. We didn't see Vernon Moens' hog farm where he
plowed up ten acres of oats to plant ten acres of zinnias in a
red, white and blue replica of the Betsy Ross flag. We didn't
see the Bicentennial kite flown from Mt. Kilimanjaro, the
largest pancake — 76 inches in diameter — cooked up by
Glenwood Springs, Colo., the world's largest ice cream social
in '.Minneapolis, the world's largest birthday cake — 69,000
pounds — served up in Baltimore. We didn't get to meet
Christopher Columbus XVIII, a Spanish sailor given leave to
man the helm of the replica of the Santa Maria, one of the
Tall Ships. Nor did we get to taste the 60- square -foot cherry
pie in George, Wash.
But we won't forget them anyway.
The Bicentennial Commission officially went out of business
day early hosting a large convocation at Bronco Stadium,
which featured state leaders such as Sen. Jim McClure. Even
the little town of Melba was extremely active, featuring a
week -long festivity of square dances, potluck dinners and
firework displays.
Veterans Memorial State Park in Boise was dedicated in
honor of the Bicentennial, as was the Cataldo Mission,
Intermountain Science Experience Center, in Idaho Falls, and
the state park at Malad.
This year, however, Mountain Home, Nyssa, Payette, Weiser
Parma, Nampa and several other communities throughout the
Valley will not sponsor any festivities, citing rising costs as the
primary reason for doing away with city- sponsored Fourth of
July celebrations.
"I don't know of a town that didn't have something going
last Fourth of July," said J.M. Neil, executive director, Idaho
Bicentennial Commission. "But I think most people are going
to spend quiet, family- oriented Fourth of Julys this year."
In Miramar, Fla., last year, Betty Kapchuk and her children
festooned their home in red, white and blue bunting. This year
she has no special plans.
In Lake City, Pa., they stored the red - white- and -blue park
benches indoors for the winter so the paint would still be
bright this year. The landing pad for unidentified flying objects
ringed in star - spangled lights is still operational, but "we
haven't had any activity there yet."
The American Legion this year will stage "the world's
largest fireworks extravaganza" over Chicago. In the Mojave
Desert of California, Bob Older will raise again the 52 -by -100
foot flag over his Ore Grande ranch for all who want to see.
There were many things we didn't get to see last July
Fourth. We didn't see Vernon Moens' hog farm where he
plowed up ten acres of oats to plant ten acres of zinnias in a
red, white and blue replica of the Betsy Ross flag. We didn't
see the Bicentennial kite flown from Mt. Kilimanjaro, the
largest pancake — 76 inches in diameter — cooked up by
Glenwood Springs, Colo., the world's largest ice cream social
in Minneapolis, the world's largest birthday cake — 69,000
pounds — served up in Baltimore. We didn't get to meet
Christopher Columbus XVIII, a Spanish sailor given leave to
man the helm of the replica of the Santa Maria, one of the
Tall Ships. Nor did we get to taste the 60- square -foot cherry
pie in George, Wash.
But we won't forget them anyway.
The Bicentennial Commission officially went out of business
recently and most of the state commissions have disbanded.
But under their guidance, at least 12,566 communities had gone
through formal Bicentennial activities, as the commission's
five - volume report to Congress shows. There were more than
66,000 separate functions, "and that's only the tip of the
iceberg, the ones we know about," said Jean McKee, who was
the acting director.
"I sometimes wish we had the resources to continue the
Bicentennial celebration into 1977," said Jean McClatchy, who
headed the San Francisco commission. "That was such a
special time, the whole city getting involved. I have very
warm memories of that year."
"It made a lot of people stop and think," said a Kansas
bicentennial official. "I think they'll remember what they
thought about."
But many more things, tangible things, were born of the
Bicentennial. Long Beach, Calif., has a new city hall. There
are countless parks from Lake City, Pa., east and west with
200th Birthday inscriptions. Maybe the Battle of Blue Licks, in
Kentucky, the last skirmish of the Revolution, has been
"fought" for the last time this century.
But in Los Angeles a thousand cherry trees, bestowed by the
people of Japan, survive and promise bloom. Kansas City, Mo.,
has its Bicentennial Mall. The fertile American topsoil guards
no- one - knows -how many time capsules for today's children's
children's children, 99 years hence. San Pedro, Calif., has its
own Liberty Bell, courtesy Korea.
The U.S. Bicentennial Commission will return to the Federal
treasury more than $1 million of the $23 million it was allotted.
The Public Broadcasting Service will telecast on July Fourth
evening a film, produced by the Pennsylvania commission,
entitled "Legacy: The Year Of The Bicentennial."
Pride and memory of pride are the legacies of that
Bicentennial Fourth a year ago, of the day when 200 years of
nationhood with all its diverse themes came together in a
celebration that seemed to say it all with one voice.
When it came to summing it up, Americans used simple
addition.
A North Dakota farmwife, setting her outdoor banquet, said,
"We certainly have covered a lot of territory."
A Kansas City visitor to Valley Forge, lifting his 50 -cent cup
of crushed ice, said, "Darned if they ain't doing it right."
When it was over, a reporter asked in a dispatch, "Didn't it
feel good, feeling good ?"
Maybe that is why 1977 can't tread on 1976.