HomeMy Public PortalAboutU.S. Forest Service THE EARLY DAYS OF THE
IDAHO NATIONAL FOREST
AND THE
FIRST FOREST RANGERS
1908 - 1924
by
Peter Preston
Idaho
National
Forest
HERITAGE PROGRAM
PAYETTE NATIONAL FOREST
U.S. DEPT OF AGRICULTURE
INTERMOUNTAIN REGION
OCTOBER 1998
REVISED AUGUST 1999
THE EARLY DAYS OF THE
IDAHO NATIONAL FOREST
AND THE
FIRST FOREST RANGERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
BACKGROUND 2
THE BEGINNING OF THE NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM 2
FOREST RANGER QUALIFICATIONS 5
McCALL AREA'S FIRST U.S. FOREST SERVICE RANGER 5
THE EARLY DAYS OF THE TOWN OF McCALL 6
OTHER EARLY FOREST RANGERS 7
THE IDAHO NATIONAL FOREST - 1908 8
EARLY RANGERS ON THE IDAHO NATIONAL FOREST 8
RANGER DUTIES 14
"HEYBURN'S FOREST" - THE THUNDER MOUNTAIN ADDITION 17
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE._BACKCOUNTRY 21
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW RANGER DISTRICTS 23
NEW IDAHO NATIONAL FOREST HEADQUARTERS IN McCALL 27
REFERENCES CITED 28
APPENDIX:
U.S. 66th Congress, HR 225, "Addition of Certain Lands to the Idaho and
Payette National Forests, Idaho" 32
MAPS:
Idaho National Forest, 1908 - 1910 4
1919 - 1940 Land Changes 18
1925 Ranger Districts 24
•
THE EARLY DAYS OF THE
IDAHO NATIONAL FOREST
AND THE
FIRST FOREST RANGERS
by
Peter Preston
WANTED: FOREST RANGERS
Must be able bodied and provide
own horses (2) and tack. Salary
$60 per month. Applicants must
be between 21 and 40 years of
age. Applications are being ac-
cepted at the Idaho National
Forest Headquarters, McCall,
Idaho, until January 31st, 1910.
INTRODUCTION
The facsimile, above, of a newspaper advertisement that could have appeared in
southwestern Idaho newspapers was a call to rugged individuals who were jacks
of all trades, especially wilderness woodcraft, to fill the ranks of the recently
formed U.S. Forest Service (1905) and the needs of the recently established
Idaho National Forest (1908) in central Idaho. The very early years of the Idaho
National Forest, to which the new Rangers were being called, is succinctly de-
scribed by Julian Rothery, Supervisor of the Idaho Forest from 1910 to 1912:
" In the early days the Idaho [Forest] was the last frontier - a rocky, snow-
buried land with only a few old pioneers scattered away on the Salmon River
bars, or in their prospectors' cabins... The fires of 1910 burst out in a region
so remote and inaccessible that no substantial effort could be made to con-
trol them, and in some cases they were never even discovered, and only the
next year would a Ranger find the old scar!... I probably struck the Idaho
[Forest]just as the last frontier was vanishing - by 1920 I suspect it was
about gone, and today reflects an entirely different world." (Rothery 1940:
2-3).
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Julian Rothery's predictions were basically true: The doubling of the land area of
the Idaho Forest in 1919 (the Thunder Mountain Addition, discussed below) set
the stage for extensive capital improvements which were essentially completed
in the 1924-1926 time period: new ranger stations for new Ranger Districts, and
hundreds of miles of trails and telephone lines. This bit of Forest Service history
attempts to capture the flavor of"the old days" of the Idaho Forest, from the ar-
ea's pre-National Forest status, to the establishment of the Idaho National For-
est in 1908, through the major development period of the mid-1920's.
BACKGROUND
In 1967, the late Jim Hockaday, in his post-retirement as long-term Assistant
Supervisor of the Payette National Forest, was commissioned to write a history
of the Payette National Forest, which was published in January, 1968. (Hock-
aday 1968). Jim Hockaday was a former workmate of mine on the Payette, al-
though a generation older. His expertise was grazing land management and, as
the senior long-term officer, Jim was the "corporate memory" of the Payette, as
all but two years of his 26-year Forest Service career (1940-1966) was spent on
the Payette. Jim undertook a big job in writing the first history of the Payette,
which was composed on a manual typewriter by his wife, Virginia, who still lives
in McCall. Jim's work is the basis for this expanded history of the early days of
the Idaho National Forest, one of the two predecessors to the current Payette
National Forest. I am greatly indebted to Jim Hockaday for his basic historical
research.
THE BEGINNING OF THE NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM
The National Forest System had its beginning with the Forest Reserve Act of
1891, wherein expansive tracts of timberlands, primarily in the western states,
were set aside from the public domain and were administered by the Depart-
ment of the Interior. In central Idaho the Bitterroot Forest Reserve was generally
north of the Salmon River, with the southeast corner covering a part of Cham-
berlain Basin. The forested areas of southwestern Idaho were subsequently in-
cluded in the Weiser Forest Reserve, covering the Weiser River watershed; the
Payette Forest Reserve, generally covering the Payette River system; and the
Sawtooth Forest Reserve, generally covering the forested area east of the Pay-
ette River system.
The time period of the creation of the Forest Reserves was a general awakening
to the need for conservation of the natural resources of the United States. Upon
the death of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt became President of the
2
United States on September 14, 1901. Roosevelt was an ardent outdoorsman
and conservationist who was then afforded the opportunity, from his president-
ial chair, to push for expanded and more timely conservation actions. Gifford
Pinchot, who was America's first technically-trained forester, and good friend of
Roosevelt, prompted Roosevelt to deliver the following statement in his message
to Congress on December 2, 1901:
"The fundamental idea of forestry is the perpetuation of forests by use. For-
est protection is not an end in itself; it is a means to increase and sustain the
resources of our country and the industries which depend on them. The pre-
servation of our forests is an imperative business necessity. We have come
to see clearly that whatever destroys the forest, except to make way for agri-
culture, threatens our well-being... The practical usefulness of the national
forest reserves to the mining, grazing, irrigation and other interests of the re-
gions in which the reserves lie, has led to a widespread demand by the peo-
ple of the West for their protection and extension. The forest reserves will
inevitably be of still greater use in the future than in the past. Additions
should be made to them whenever practicable, and usefulness should be
increased by a thoroughly businesslike management." (Pinchot 1947:190)
With the delivery of that message to Congress, Gifford Pinchot, then head of the
Forestry Bureau within the Department of the Interior, announced on November
14, 1902, supplemented by an announcement on September 1, 1903, the inten-
tion to create additional forest reserves in the northwestern states, including ex-
tensive areas in Idaho south of the Salmon River. Some U.S. Senators and Con-
gressmen, representing mining and lumber interests in those northwestern
states, politically opposed the creation of those forest reserves. Among the for-
est reserve opponents was Idaho's Senator Weldon Heyburn who took office in
January 1904. Heyburn led the successful campaign to exclude, from forest
reserve status, over 1600 square miles of public domain in the Thunder Moun-
tain - Big Creek area in the Salmon River backcountry, and the Marshall Lake
Mining District west of Warren. These areas, which at that time were active
mining areas, were returned to public domain status in December 1904. Hey-
burn began a campaign to discredit President Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot
for their ambitious forest reserve actions but eventually lost (The Idaho States-
man 1990:42). More detail about Heybum's battle with the Roosevelt administra-
tion and its impact on the history of the Idaho National Forest will be found later
in the text.
On February 1, 1905, the Transfer Act established the Forest Service within the
Department of Agriculture, transferring the management of the forest reserves
from the Interior Department. Gifford Pinchot was appointed Chief of the newly
formed Forest Service. Consequently, in 1905, the National Forests, as we know
them today, began to be established. Among the early National Forests was the
3
Payette, created on June 3, 1905, which, at that time, was very large, covering
most of the Payette River watershed and the area south of the main Salmon
River and west of the Middle Fork. Similarly, the Weiser National Forest, covering
the Weiser River watershed, was created on may 25, 1905, with sizeable addi-
tions in 1906 and 1907. The Idaho National Forest, established on July 1, 1908,
as shown on the map on page 4 (from 1916 USFS map), was created from the
northern part the original Payette Forest Reserve (Hockaday 1968:28,34), super-
vised at that time by Emil Grandjean from his headquarters in Boise.
FOREST RANGER QUALIFICATIONS
One of the first official Forest Service documents was the Use of National Forest
Reserves, effective July 1, 1905, and immediately short titled the "Use Book." The
Use Book was described by Gifford Pinchot, who was its principal aauthor, as "a
small pcket volume, bound in green cloth with rounded edges, containing less than
100 pages of general information and directions, regulations, and special instruc-
tions to forest officers. Extracts from laws and decisions and an index took up
forty pages more." (Pinchot 1947:264). The Use Book included the qualifications
for ranger applicants (Pinchot 1947:281), which stated that:
[Every ranger applicant] "must be, first of all, thoroughly sound and able bod-
ied, capable of enduring hardships and of performing severe labor under try-
ing conditions... No one may expect to pass the examination who is not already
able to take care of himself and his horses in regions remote from settlement
and supplies. He must be able to build trails and cabins and to pack in provis-
ions without assistance. He must know something of surveying, estimating and
scaling timber, lumbering, and the livestock business... Experience, not book
education, is sought, although ability to make simple maps and write intelligent
reports upon ordinary reserve business is essential."
From descriptions of the activities of the Idaho National Forest's early Rangers, the
qualifications cited above were typical of their demonstrated capabilities. Not only
were Rangers required to provide and keep their own horses, so too were the
Forest Supervisors and the Forest Assistants ( Pinchot 1947: 281).
McCALL AREA'S FIRST U.S. FOREST SERVICE RANGER
When the Forest Service was created in 1905, the Civil Service Commision began
appointing qualified individuals as Rangers. On September 13, 1905, Major F. A.
Fenn, superintendent of Forest Reserves in southern Idaho, announced the selec-
tion of the first group of nine Ranges to begin staffing the Forest Reserves. Among
the nine appointees was Richard H. Rutledge, of Van Wyck, Idaho, who was as-
signed the area on the east side of upper Long Valley, on the old Payette Forest
Reserve. Rutledge's residence, with wife Mary Pottenger of Long Valley, was at
5
Roseberry. Working with Rutledge were Forest Guards Jellison, Gray, and Her-
rick. Their principal activity was fire suppression. Rutledge's tenure as the Mc-
Call area's first Ranger was short lived as he was reassigned 18 months later
as Supervisor of the newly created Coeur d'Alene National Forest in north Idaho.
(Long Valley Advocate, Sep 14, 1905, Aug 9, 1906, Jan 3, 1907). Richard Rut-
ledge became Regional Forester (then called District,Forester) for the Intermoun-
tain Region in 1920, a position he held until 1938. As the Intermountain Regional
Forester, Rutledge was instrumental in the creation, in 1931, of the Idaho Primi-
tive Area, the forerunner of the Frank Church - River of No Return Wilderness
(Baird 1987:52-53).
THE EARLY DAYS OF THE TOWN OF McCALL
On the south shore of Payette Lake, the area's largest lake, a village began for-
mation in the 1880's. In 1889 Thomas McCall and his family arrived to establish
homesteads on the south shore of the lake. Tom McCall subdivided his home-
stead as the townsite of McCall and began selling lots. As the town developed
on his real estate, Tom McCall became an entrepreneur: He was the town mayor,
postmaster, and justice of the peace. He and his son Benjamin built the first
sawmill in 1902 on the lakeshore near the current town center. The first mill
burned in 1907, but was rebuilt the following year by McCall, Clem Blackwell,
and Newt Williams. In 1910 the mill was purchased by Hans Thor Hoff (my
wife's great grandfather), a Norwegian emigrant, and his oldest son Theodore.
The mill burned again in 1912, leaving Hans Hoff dejected, but Theodore was
determined to rebuild. The new mill reopened in the spring of 1913. Carl Brown,
a successful freight and mail contractor, purchased a partnership in the sawmill
which became known as Hoff and Brown Tie and Lumber Company. Hoff and
Brown dissolved their partnership in 1930 and the business thenceforth was
known as Brown's Tie and Lumber Company (McCall Historian 1941; Jordan
1961:61-103). The mill was the life-blood of McCall for many years until its clo-
sure in 1977. The Idaho National Forest was the source of much of the timber
processed by the mill (Hockaday 1968:73, 74).
Prior to the creation of the Idaho National Forest in 1908 from the original Payette
National Forest, an office of the Payette Forest was established in New Meadows
in 1905. The Idaho National Forest headquarters initially occupied the New
Meadows office, but was moved to McCall in February, 1909 (Mann 1969:1).
Tom McCall is reported to have paid the $80 moving cost and provided about an
acre of land to have the office moved to McCall (Hockaday 1968:18). Tom Mc-
Call apparently had a sense that having the Idaho National Forest headquarters
in McCall would be beneficial to the community and his real estate enterprise.
6
OTHER EARLY FOREST RANGERS
One of the area's first rangers was James Dawson McCall, Tom McCall's young-
est son, sometimes known as "J.D.", but more often known as "Daws." In mid-
May of 1906, Daws McCall took the Ranger examination at the New Meadows
office of the old Payette National Forest. Daws McCall was given a temporary
appointment as Ranger for the vast area that is now the McCall Ranger District
on the "new" Payette Forest. How appropriate that his initial territory bears his
name. J.D. McCall was confirmed as a USFS Ranger on March 8, 1907, along
with other Long Valley applicants D.H. Kerby and C.E. Herrick ( Kerby and Her-
rick descendants still live in Long Valley). Jesse W. Adamson is noted as the
first ranger on the Meadows Valley District. He and Daws McCall completed a
ranger cabin near the Lardo-Meadows road in December 1906, about half way
between Payette Lake and Rock Flat. The following spring Daws McCall built a
ranger cabin on Lake Creek, probably at the site of the current Burgdorf Guard
Station (Long Valley Advocate, May 24, 1906; Dec 13, 1906; Mar 8, 1907; May
9, 1907).
The newness of the Forest Service may have prompted this somewhat poetic
newspaper article about Daws McCall in the August 26, 1906, issue of the Long
Valley Advocate:
HEROIC STRUGGLE WITH FOREST FIRE
" Up near Warren, not far from the Loon Lake region, lives a forest ranger
whose name will long live in the Payette country. He is one of the men
whom Uncle Sam has singled out for strength of limb and devotion to duty.
He is one of the forest rangers - wilderness bred, strong of body and will,
afraid of nothing alive, nor even, as he has just proved, of the elements
themselves.
"At 9 o'clock on the 25th day of July [1906] commenced the crackle of the
fire which has made Ranger J.D. McCall at once the envy and the admira-
tion of his brother rangers in the great woods. McCall was alone, with help
entirely out of the question, when the big fire commenced. In that region
fires are fought with axe and shovel, and for three days the ranger worked
and planned with shovel and woodcraft, until, having at last fringed [ringed]
200 acres with the trench which no fire can pass, he saved the rest of the
pine on his patrol. For three days and three nights the dauntless ranger
stuck to his task, never daring to close his eyes for sleep, nor to leave the
spot. Help was out of the question, but the ranger's nerve was good, watch-
ing the crawl of the fire like a cat and heading it off with stratagem and sure-
7
ness. His single-handed fight is quite unmatched in recent history, and hard-
ly 25,000 [board] feet of timber were destroyed. McCall is a native of Long
Valley and is 23 years of age."
THE IDAHO NATIONAL FOREST -1908
When created from the original Payette National Forest in 1908, the Idaho Na-
tional Forest was broken into several Ranger Districts, seemingly smaller than
the giant Ranger Districts of the original Payette. The Ranger Districts of the
Idaho were shaped to fit the geography and accessibility, and most of all were
made such that a ranger on horseback could ride to the limits of his district in a
day's time. The number of Districts and their boundaries changed as criteria
changed with the passage of time. At this point in history it is not possible to ac-
curately identify all the different Ranger District configurations from 1908 on-
ward; however, there is sufficient information to illustrate periodic overviews. In
1908, for example, the Idaho National Forest was composed of the several Dis-
tricts noted on the map on page 4:
1. Paddy Flat, including a portion of the South Fork of the Salmon later at-
tended by a secondary Ranger Station at Poverty Flat on the upper South Fork.
2. McCall (Lake Fork), including remote Lick Creek drainage, attended by a
secondary Ranger Station (in reality, a line cabin) at the confluence of Lick Creek
and the North Fork of Lick Creek.
3. Meadows Valley, with Ranger Station at New Meadows (a Goose Lake
Ranger Station is noted at the north end of Goose Lake in 1908, but abandoned
soon thereafter).
4. South Fork, with Ranger Station at Hays Station, and a summer Ranger
Station at Warren.
5. Chamberlain, a large remote area with Ranger Station at Chamberlain
Meadows and, by 1912, a secondary station (line cabin) at Mosquito Springs.
EARLY RANGERS ON THE IDAHO NATIONAL FOREST
When the Idaho National Forest was established in 1908, Daws McCall was re-
assigned as the first Ranger on the newly established South Fork District which
was centered on the lower South Fork of the Salmon River. His ranger station,
which became known as Hays Station, was the homestead of Charlie Hayes,
near where a group of entrepreneurial Chinese grew vegetables for gold miners
of nearby Warren until about 1902. Charles B. Hayes abandoned his homestead
and gave his land rights to the Forest Service on June 30, 1908. Over the years
the "e" in Hayes was dropped. In 1913, fire destroyed the Hays Ranger Station
(Charlie Hayes' original cabin) and a new ranger cabin was built on the same site.
8
The 1913 Hays Station cabin is one of the oldest Forest Service buildings on
the current Payette National Forest and is now an historic interpretive site
(Kingsbury 1990:1).
Because of favorable climatic conditions in the lower South Fork there were
several ranchers living on the river benches at the time that Daws McCall estab-
lished his presence there. The ranchers raised vegetables and a few head of
cattle which were sold to the residents of Warren. On an early district survey
McCall recommended establishing a ranger station on Hitcheiwood (now Oom-
paul) Creek, a tributary of the Secesh River, near its confluence with the South
Fork of the Salmon. His report made note of"fertile ground" and stated that
hay and grain could be grown there (Ortman 1975:5), but the site was not de-
veloped. There were a number of these river bars along the lower South Fork
and its larger tributaries that soon became isolated homesteads.
In the spring of 1910 Daws McCall was reassigned as Ranger on the McCall
(Lake Fork) District. Winter quarters for the McCall District Ranger were in the
town of McCall and the summer Ranger Station was to be at an administrative
site identified in 1907 on Lake Fork Creek. During the summers of 1910-1911
Ranger McCall built the first Ranger Station on Lake Fork Creek consisting of a
three-room ranger's quarters, bunk house, and small warehouse (Hockaday
1968:39). Forest Supervisor Julian Rothery (July 1910 - June 1912) later made
note that McCall had made "an excellent hewed timber bridge on Lake Fork
(Creek] (Rothery 1940:3). The former Ranger Station site is now a camp-
ground, and McCall's bridge crossing is still observable immediately south of
the current modern bridge. As the railroad began working its way up through
Long Valley to the town of McCall, Daws McCall resigned from the Forest Ser-
vice in 1913 to begin a business of making railroad ties with a portable sawmill.
His first mill site was at Squaw Meadows, north of McCall, and subsequently at
various locations in the vicinity of Burgdorf. His tie making business was not too
successful due to the high cost of hauling the ties to the railhead at McCall, es-
tablished in 1914. An epidemic outbreak of mountain pine beetle brought
McCall's tie making operation to a close in 1929 (Hockaday 1968:73).
Warren E. Cook (1876-1951): Warren Cook made the first Forest service pre-
sence in Chamberlain Basin in 1906, when he was appointed deputy ranger.
The Chamberlain area was then part of the Payette Forest Reserve. In 1904
Cook was owner of the ranch at Campbell's Ferry on the upper Salmon River,
which was on the north boundary of the Chamberlain area. It was at the Camp-
bell's Ferry ranch that Cook's wife, Rose Bernardi Aiken, died and was buried
on October 12, 1905, five days after the stillbirth of their child (Idaho County
Free Press, Oct 26, 1905). Warren Cook built the first Forest Service cabin at
Chamberlain Meadows in 1906 and, in late 1908, made a homestead claim
9
there but the claim was later abandoned (Reddy 1995:45-46). Cook's tenure at
the Chamberlain post was only a year as he was moved to Warren, on the South
Fork District, when the Idaho National Forest was created in 1908.
Cook stayed two years at Warren, during which he did a mapping survey of
the Salmon River using a hand-held compass. In later years, the Salmon River
was resurveyed using modern instruments and Cook's survey was found to be
surprisingly accurate. During his first year at Warren, Ranger Cook married
the Warren school teacher, Helga Peterson (1883-1954); their first child,
Dorothy, was born in 1909. It was in Warren that Warren Cook became a
close friend of Dan McRae, Big Creek-Thunder Mountain prospector-miner. In
the autumn of 1910, before the deep snow buried Warren, the Cook family
moved to Roseberry, a few miles south of McCall, where Warren Cook as-
sumed duty as Ranger of the Paddy Flat District. Their son John Cook (a
member of the USFS trail crew at Big Creek in 1930's), was born at Roseberry
in 1911. The family moved to McCall in 1912, where daughter Ruth was born
in 1914 (Ruth married Dan McRae's son Robert). Helga was appointed
postmistress of McCall in 1915, which prompted Warren to resign from the
Forest Service to become Helga's Assistant Postmaster. The Cook's became
very successful McCall business people in the acquisition and management of
agricultural, rental, and banking properties (McRae pers. comm.,1996).
Ted McCall: Cyrus Theodore McCall (c1885 - 1912) was the second youngest
son of Thomas McCall. He was appointed in 1908 as Ranger of the vast Cham-
berlain District, replacing Warren Cook. The nearest place of habitation to Ted's
patrol area was the mining town of Warren, where he met Mary (Mamie) Carrey
in 1909, she then a precocious young woman of fifteen. Mamie's stepfather,
Bailey 0. Dustin was a Forest Guard at Warren in 1909. In early 1910, Dustin
won the backcountry mail carrier contract from Carl Brown (who later became the
patriarch of McCall as owner of Brown's Tie & Lumber Company). In February
1910 Ted McCall and Mamie Carrey were married in McCall. Later that spring
"Dad" McCall bought from Carl Brown the former Shiefer Ranch on the South
Fork and gave it to Ted and Mamie as a wedding present. Carl and Ida Brown
had lived at the place in 1909 when Carl had the contract postal route between
Warren and Edwardsburg. (Jordan 1961:26-27). The South Fork ranch, as it
came to be called, was ideally suited to Ted's patrols into the Chamberlain
backcountry but Mamie did not like the isolation. Ted and Mamie's daughter
Marjorie Belle McCall was born December 17, 1911. Ted became terminally ill in
the early autumn of 1911 and died April 4, 1912. Young widow Mamie did not
want to be saddled with a young child interfering with her social life so infant
Marjorie was bundled off to Warren to be raised by Mamie's mother, Mary Carrey
Dustin, wife of Bailey Dustin (Mamie subsequently became my wife's grand-
mother as a result of a short-lived relationship with Theodore Hoffs younger
10
brother Henry). Mamie Carrey McCall, having no interest in the South Fork
ranch, turned it over to her older brother Tom Carrey. In 1925 Tom Carrey traded
the ranch to the Forest Service and the former ranch became the South Fork
Ranger Station (Preston 1994:18).
Other Chamberlain Rangers:
Note: The title "Ranger" was used somewhat loosely in early days to denote Ran-
ger, Deputy Ranger, and sometimes Forest Guard. Newspaper articles, letters,
and other historical accounts often did not make a distinction. Thus, the names
appearing in this composite history are noted as "ranger" unless there is a re-
putable source which does make a distinction.
Fred Biggerstaff: is noted as Deputy Ranger in 1910; he later became a store-
keeper in Warren. It was during this period that the Forest Service contracted
Taylor Smith, of Warren, to string a telephone line to the "ranger station" at
Mosquito Springs, on the west side of Chamberlain Basin. Taylor Smith was
assisted by Dan and Henry Smith and Otis Morris. The telephone line ran from
the former Badley Ranch, near the mouth of the South Fork, across the river and
up the steep trail to Chicken Peak and along Horse Heaven Ridge to Mosquito
Springs (Carrey 1968:60).
Jesse Root: had come to Chamberlain Basin with his father in 1891 and even-
tually established a homestead on Whimstick Creek in 1912 (Elsensohn 1971:
74). As a result of Ranger Ted McCall's serious illness in the autumn of 1911,
Jesse was deputized as the Chamberlain Ranger. He occupied the original For-
est Service cabin, which had been built by Warren Cook, then located south-
east of the current Chamberlain ranger dwelling, on the east side of the north-
south airstrip. In later years this original ranger cabin was moved to its current
location immediately behind (west) of the current ranger dwelling. This former
cabin was used until the early 1950's as a woodshed, then converted into a
wash house-shower house in 1954, during which Ranger Val Simpson noted
"J Root 1911" carved into the east-facing exterior wall, at the northeast corner
(Simpson pers. comm.,1998). That inscription, however, was no longer evident
when I inspected the building in July 1998. Root later became storekeeper-
postmaster at Warren. He drowned in the Salmon River in 1935.
William A. (Bill) Gaines: is noted by former Chamberlain Ranger Glenn Thomp-
son as occupying "a one-room log dwelling located about 100 yards southeast
of the present [ranger] building" beginning in 1915 (Thompson 1968:2). This
building is no doubt the same one occupied by Jesse Root, noted above. Bill
Gaines is also noted as occupying the station at Mosquito Springs in 1918,
and that his assistants were Clarence Scott and Clarence Hackett (Payette
11
Lakes Star, July 5, 1918). Clarence Hackett established a homestead on
upper Elk Creek off the South Fork, still known as the Hackett ranch. Bill
Gaines resigned from the Forest Service and established a homestead on the
Salmon River opposite Lemhi Creek (Thompson 1968:2).
Walter Hill: is noted by Glenn Thompson as a successor to Bill Gaines (Thomp-
son 1968:2). Interpolation of incomplete personnel records (Hockaday 1968:
153-154) indicate that Hill served as Chamberlain ranger until replaced by Dan
LeVan. LeVan became Chamberlain ranger in March 1924, as noted in his per-
sonnel records (from a collection of Dan H. LeVan biographic material held by the
author).
Other Early Idaho National Forest Officers:
Walter G Mann: Walter Mann began his Forest Service career on August 1,
1908, as Clerk in the Idaho National Forest Supervisor's Office, which was
then at New Meadows. Henry A. Bergh was the first Supervisor of the newly-
formed Idaho National Forest, from June 1908 to July 1910 (Hockaday 1968:
167). In October of 1909 Walter Mann assisted Jesse W. Adamson, first
Ranger on the Meadows Valley District (and at least until 1914), to mark the
north boundary of the Idaho National Forest. Mann described Jesse Adamson
as "an old time Forest Ranger and never talked - never said anything that was
not absolutely necessary" (Mann 1969:1). In May 1910 Mann was appointed
Ranger in charge of the South Fork District (including the Warren area), with
his resident station at Hays Station, recently vacated by Ranger J.D. McCall.
Ranger Mann spent the summer of 1910 chasing fires on his large district with
saddle horse and pack horse (Mann 1969:1). As autumn approached Ranger
Mann began plans for his winter residence at Hays Station:
"Hayes Ranger Station was isolated in winter, and [I] had a year's supply
of provisions hauled to Warren by team and wagon and then packed them
to the station. There was no wagon road into the station. The main items
were flour and bacon, beans, rice and raisins. I papered the inside of the
cabin with old newspapers and took a new wife there to spend the winter
of 1910 [-1911]. There were three feet of snow at the station. All traffic
was by snow shoes or by dog sled. The mail was carried by dog team
once a week [by Bailey Dustin or one of his Carrey step-sons] from War-
ren to Edwardsburg, and once a week I snowshoed to the trail crossing
on the South Fork of the Salmon River [near the mouth of Pony Creek]
where my mail was left at the Dustin Ranch [Mary Carrey Dustin was Ran-
ger Ted McCall's mother-in-law], and returned to the station that night"
(Mann 1969:4).
12
Ranger Mann was transferred in mid-March of 1911 from the Idaho Forest to the
old Payette National Forest, where he was headquartered at Emmett. Walter
Mann described the exit of himself and his wife from Hays Station:
"Deep snow still covered the whole country. The only way to get out was
on snowshoes. I left my horses on lower range, sold [our unused] provi-
sions to whoever would buy at less than half [the original] price. The snow
did not have crust enough so a man could walk on top, and there was only
one pair of snowshoes at the station. Consequently my wife and I walked
out the first five miles, both on the same pair of snowshoes. I had a back
pack of about 50 pounds and was first on the snowshoes with my feet tied
on. My wife stood behind me without her feet being tied. I carried the back
pack in front of me. We must both step at the same instant because, if I
attempted to lift the snowshoe a split second before the wife lifted her foot,
I took a tumble forward in the snow. However, we became adept because
of necessity and climbed the five miles up over the divide [Warren Summit]
on the same pair of snowshoes. After we struck the toboggan trail made
by the dog teams [of the mail carrier] we could walk without snowshoes"
(Mann 1969:5).
The Mann's spent the first night of their journey in Warren, en route to McCall,
but they were on the trail again at 3:00 a.m., carrying a lantern, to walk on the
hard-frozen crust that would be too soft for travel by mid-afternoon. Their se-
cond stop over was at Burgdorf Hot Springs, then day three to Halfway House
at Squaw Meadows, arriving in McCall the end of the fourth day. Ranger Mann
makes note that a day's pay was deducted from his salary because Forest
Supervisor Julian Rothery thought he had taken too much time to walk the 63
miles from Hays Station to McCall (Mann 1969:6).
In assessing his tenure as Forest Supervisor, Julian Rothery later wrote,
"Perhaps the most significant development in my time was the awakening to
the necessity of roads, trails, and phone lines... I tried to push roads and trails
... into the more inaccessible areas everywhere." (Rothery 1940:3). A bio-
'graphic sketch states, "Rothery hit Idaho just as the terrific fires of 1910 did,
and went through that appalling summer fighting fires. His report on the disas-
trous season is still referred to by the old timers as a Rothery classic - and fire
plans that he drew then, have largely formed the ground work for the present
intensive system." Rothery, a 1908 graduate of the Yale Forest School, retired
from the Forest Service in 1947 (Yale Forest School News, April 1947).
Rothery's clerk (a position that currently equates to Administrative Assistant)
was S.C. "Charlie" Scribner, who replaced Walter Mann. Scribner departed
the Idaho Forest in March 1913, had various roles in the Forest Service, and
13
became adjacent Supervisor of the acent Salmon National Forest 1922-1926. In
P J
March 1926 Charlie Scribner returned to the Idaho National Forest as Super-
visor, a position he held until his retirement in 1936 (Hockaday 1968:168).
RANGER DUTIES
During the time that Walter Mann and Ted McCall were Rangers, and Warren
Cook was a Deputy Ranger, the remote mining town of Warren had passed its
boom time, but was still very active (see Helmers 1988, Reddy 1993). Similarly,
the Thunder Mountain gold boom had passed by 1910 but the prospecting
activity for the few years prior had established the South Fork Crossing as the
strategic access route to the backcountry (see Preston 1994). The Forest
Homestead Act of June 11, 1906, had reaffirmed that arable lands within the
bounds of the National Forests were open to homesteading. During the peak of
the backcountry mining boom, numbers of enterprising individuals saw an oppor-
tunity to engage in raising livestock to feed the prospectors and miners. Thus,
virtually all the low elevation river bars and meadows became "ranches." The
utility of most of these ranches was short lived as the market for the livestock
soon disappeared. However, some of the ranches persisted and were claimed
as homesteads, and Forest Service officers had the responsibility of examining
these claims. The following account by Walter Mann illustrates the difficulties
that the Forest Service officers experienced in examining these remote home-
stead claims (Mann 1969:1-4):
" In 1910 a forest homestead was to be examined and surveyed at Butts
Bar on [the] main Salmon River a few miles below the mouth of the Middle
Fork, and I was assigned the work. [South Fork Deputy] Ranger Walter
F. Gaekel had tried to reach the bar in 1908 on horseback. He got lost in
the wild country, one of his horses rolled over the cliffs and was killed, and
he was forced to return with one horse after being out for three weeks.
" I had two Ranger Assistants who were Warren Cook and Ted McCall and
[we] set out from Warren, Idaho, in June. We crossed Elk Mountain pass,
10,000 feet high [Elk Summit, 8670 ft], on crusted snow and on down
through Chamberlain Basin. We picked up Jesse Root and went on down
to Disappointment Creek to its junction with the main Salmon River. Sum-
mer had come in earnest down there at an elevation of 2300 feet. Our plan
was to leave our horses and go up the river on foot, and Jesse Root was to
stay and watch our horses until we returned. We did not know whether or
not we would find the applicant on the land, so we took enough food to last
three days. These provisions consisted of several bannocks of frying pan
14
bread, salt, rice, and a little bacon. Our equipment consisted of a pack
sack for each man and compass, [surveyor's] chain, axe, and a small piece
of rope.
"At 6:00 a.m. we started out. This canyon is extremely rocky and rough,
and its depth is about 5000 feet. We planned to walk up the river along
the edge of the stream. The water was high so it was necessary to walk
on large boulders at the water's edge. In many places the perpendicular
rock bluffs extended out into the water.and made it necessary to climb high
up hundred[s] of feet in order to get around them, only to come back down
again a short distance from where we started up.
"This was rattlesnake country. Numerous clumps of bushes covered the
rocky hillsides, and it was necessary to grasp and hold onto these bushes
in order to get along and keep from falling in the river. Z-z-z-z-zt, and away
would fly a cicada, or locust as we called them, but it might as well have
been a rattlesnake, because a fellow would nearly jump off the cliff anyway.
• We got along, and the rattlesnakes did not bother[us] but those locust
surely made life miserable during the whole trip.
"Then we came to a perpendicular wall that seemed to be a mile high, at
the base of which was an eddy in the river about a 150 feet across. It was
an awful climb so we decided to ferry across the eddy. A dead tree along
the shore was chopped in two and the two pieces tied together with our
rope and strap for the compass case, which made a ferry boat. A branch
of a tree was procured for a paddle and we were ready to navigate. Ted
McCall volunteered to be the skipper. We took off our clothes and first
sent our packs and clothes across and the skiff worked very smoothly. I
was the first passenger and sat astride the two logs while the skipper sat
astride at the stern with the paddle. Midway on the voyage the port log
kept trying to change sides with the starboard log; in other words, one log
seemed to want to get on top of the other log, and it required a lot of ma-
neuvering for me to ride it. Ranger Cook, standing on the bank, thought it
was a funny show and laughed and laughed so loudly that the skipper was
getting amused too and I had to threaten dire punishment in order to quiet
the merriment. We steadied the logs and rowed across. The next passen-
ger was Ranger Cook. He was a little heavier than I, and when the skiff
got about midway the two logs did change sides and, plunk, went the pas-
sengers into the water. Now it was my turn to laugh. Standing on solid
ground, as I was, it was really funny. There seemed to be an undercurrent
and a whirlpool and the rangers struggled pretty lively for a moment but
soon swam to shore on the proper side. Our piece of rope and compass
strap were lost with the logs, but we were over and on our way."
15
Having crossed the Salmon River, they walked all day along the river, arriving at
dark at what they thought to be Butts Bar, a wide place in the river bottom. They
followed a footpath along a clear stream to a cabin. Standing in the doorway was
E.C. Rucker, the claimant. The Forest Service officers told him what they were
there for, and Rucker invited them in. Ranger Mann continues his story:
"There was not enough bedding in that cabin for one man, but the four of
us slept there, and slept fine, too, regardless of the fact that Ranger Mc-
Call kept throwing bones out of his bed (it had probably been a dog bed).
All Rucker had to eat ... was a string of dried meat and some salt. He was
glad to get a share of our bannocks and rice. The meat was mountain
sheep, he said, but the next day I noticed that he kept trying to shoot
woodchucks so I decided it was woodchuck meat we were eating.
"The next day we surveyed the claim, and the third day we started back.
Rucker said he owned a boat about a mile down the river and that he had
started to tear it to pieces but that he would fix it up and take us down to our
• horses for $10.00. We accepted the offer. This was in the days before ex-
pense accounts, and we were paying Jesse Root $10.00 to watch our horses.
Rucker said he had been a boatman for the Gilmore & Pittsburg railroad sur-
vey which had been made through the canyon. [The Pittsburg & Gilmore
Railroad, which was to have been built on a water grade through the Salmon
River canyon, had been extended westerly from Armstead, Montana, reach-
ing Salmon City, Idaho, in 1909. However, construction was terminated at
Salmon City and the rail line later abandoned, its rail bed now serving as the
basis for Idaho State Highway 28] We reached the boat at 9 o'clock a.m. and
found one side had been knocked off. It was a flat bottomed boat with end
sweeps. We nailed on the missing side with a rock and battened the cracks.
We took along some small boards, some nails and an old tin can. Rucker
and Ranger McCall manned the sweeps. That was one thing Rucker could
do well; he was a boatman and he knew the river. The river was rough, and
the waves from the riffles ran high. It was the time of high water, and it
seemed that the center of the river was nearly two feet higher than the sides.
We got into the center of the river and rode the crest of the flood. Ranger
Cook was kept busy nailing bats over the cracks to keep the water out, and
I worked like the dickens bailing water...
"We arrived at our camp and horses in just two hours' time after starting
with the boat, covering a distance that had taken us 16 hours to cover on
foot. Jesse Root had caught a nice string of trout in a side stream, and we
had a fine dinner... Rucker followed our camp the next day to get a few
more hot meals, then we gave him enough provisions to last him into Sal-
16
mon City where he said he was going. He said the boat did not belong to
him but to another fellow. It could never be put back upstream. Yes, and
we gave him a hair cut and clipped his whiskers. The survey was made."
This was just one illustrative homestead survey accomplished by Ranger Mann
and his associates. After his departure from the Idaho Forest in the latter part
of March 1911, Walter Mann served on the old Payette Forest, and the Boise
Forest, as Ranger, Clerk, and Deputy Supervisor, until October 1917. At that
time he returned to the Idaho National Forest as Supervisor, a position he held
until January 1921. During his tenure as Supervisor he is noted for accommo-
dating major changes on the Idaho Forest. In 1918 he surveyed the Forest for
establishment of fire lookouts on Brundage Mountain, Granite Mountain, War
Eagle, Sheepeater, Beaver Dam, and Sloan's Point. In July 1918 he revised the
plans for the cable-supported South Fork pack bridge, changing the dimensions
and the crossing point (construction of the bridge was supervised by South Fork
District Ranger Charles DeWitt). Mann recognized that Hays Station was an
inappropriate location for the South Fork District ranger so, states Mann, " I had
the pleasure of moving the headquarters of that ranger to the town of Warren
where he would have more contact with the people of the District." (Mann
1969: 7). As a result of that action the ranger district's name was changed
from South Fork District to Warren District. The most dramatic change to the
Idaho National Forest during Walter Mann's tenure as Forest Supervisor was
the Thunder Mountain Addition in 1919 of over one million acres.
"HEYBURN'S FOREST" - THE THUNDER MOUNTAIN ADDITION
Among Idaho's several prominent and active mining areas during the period of
the creation of the forest reserves was the remote Salmon River Mountains,
which included the Thunder Mountain Mining District and the Alton and Big
Creek Mining Districts of the upper Big Creek drainage. As earlier noted in
this history, Idaho's zealous U.S. Senator Weldon Heyburn, in 1904, success-
fully sought Congressional exclusion of the Salmon River Mountains from forest
reserve status, believing that he was saving the mining area from land use re-
strictions thought to be associated with the forest reserve. This vast area ex-
tended from the 3rd Standard Parallel on the south to the 5th Standard Parallel
on the north, and from the Middle Fork of the Salmon River on the east to a
north-south line on the west passing near the confluence of the Secesh River and
the South Fork of the Salmon. The area, shown on the map on Page 18, came to
be known as "Heyburn's Forest" (Hockaday 1968:28) and was excluded from the
Idaho National Forest when it was created in 1908.
17
Weldon Brinton Heyburn (1852-1912) was "a young lawyer in wild and more or
less lawless surroundings in the early days of the [mining developments of the]
Coeur d'Alenes. He was a prominent member of one of the most brilliant groups
of mining attorneys the West has ever known." Soon after his arrival in the
northern Idaho mining area in 1883, Heyburn became active in the state's
Republican Party and was a member of the Idaho Constitutional Convention. In
1903 Heyburn was elected to the U.S. Senate, and re-elected in 1909, serving in
that position until his death in 1912. In his position as U.S. Senator, and with his
interest and experience in Idaho's mining economy, Senator Heyburn became
the self-appointed guardian of Idaho's mining interests. (Defenbach 1933:13). In
this role, Heyburn began a campaign to curtail the growth of the forest reserve
system and to discredit the natural resource conservation actions of the admini-
stration of President Theodore Roosevelt (Cook 1970:12-15). Senator Heyburn
was infuriated when Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot published, in a Forest Service
bulletin, an exchange of correspondence between Heyburn and Pinchot which
cast Heyburn as the archenemy of the conservation movement. The political
cartoon below, from the Spokane Spokesman-Review, is reflective of the public
opinion of the battle between Heyburn and the Roosevelt administration (Pinchot
1947:301).
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4y: /' 1 - • cj _:
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`:' Ci 00.4 •••i• PI /- .6.-447' 1
-4' _ _
f ''f.T: v .iii_-- 1AUP��
- o - PUBLIC
.7,,,;,--
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_ 1 �a
DOMAIN
y-• '. ;- - T ,i
:a 0/i s.dk'N.�w.M«
== Ti 'rl.fir/rri dot a Lnlr
._lY!a ;1
(Am sbr y.f Tltrn ffr«yk+rd unr 6..r
find n for Ador dot bad Wont" L
T.-H!B.c4.t-4%.04-,-*N,e7
19
During the same period Heyburn had a harsh exchange of letters with Presi-
dent Roosevelt, which is summarized below:
"In 1906, when the Roosevelt administration proposed adding 17 million
acres to the [forest] reserves, including 532,000 more in Idaho, Heyburn
was violently opposed. In his view, the reserves were a threat to free enter-
prise, to industrial development, and to settlement of the land. He wrote
Roosevelt that the reserves were paralyzing growth in Idaho, spooking min-
ing investors. But the president stood by the Forest Service. Heyburn again
wrote Roosevelt saying that Idaho's sovereignty was at stake, but the presi-
dent again rebuffed the senator. Forests should be protected for the bene-
fit of all, Roosevelt said, denouncing Heyburn's effort as a 'contrary policy of
destruction of the state's future assets in the temporary interest of a few
favored parties. ' " (The Idaho Statesman 1990:42).
To spite the administration, Senator Heyburn co-sponsored an amendment to
the 1907 Agricultural Appropriation Bill which forbade the establishment of any
new National Forests in the six northwestern states without Congressional ap-
proval (this bill was the point in Forest Service history where the term "forest re-
serve" was replaced by "national forest"). President Roosevelt had little choice
but to sign the bill, but did so at the last moment, on March 4, 1907. However,
in the ten days prior to his signature on the bill, Roosevelt, with prompting by
Gifford Pinchot, created or enlarged 21 national forests by presidential procla-
mation, adding 16 million acres to the National Forest System (Pinchot 1947:
257-258).
It is interesting to note that, during the 1906-1907 contentious period, the Wei-
ser Forest Reserve was increased by 734,556 acres on May 10, 1906, and an-
other 81,600 acres on March 2, 1907 (Hockaday 1968:34), only two days before
the presidential proclamation period was terminated. The last-minute proclama-
tions of 1907 angered Heyburn who retaliated by gutting the Forest Service bud-
get for the next three years. Pinchot blamed Heyburn for the Forest Service being
inadequately staffed and equipped such that the Forest Service could not cope
with Idaho's disastrous 1910 fire season. Senator Heyburn was unrepentant, but
Congress saw it differently and restored Forest Service funding in 1911. Heyburn
died the following year (The Idaho Statesman 1990:42).
Soon after the establishment of the Idaho National Forest in 1908, the residents
of the excluded area ("Heyburn's Forest"), including miners and others, observed
that the Forest Service administration was beneficent. The beneficent actions of
the Forest Service included the building and maintenance of trails and some
roads, an extensive telephone network, fire control, and serving as the U.S. Gov-
ernment's land claims officer to resolve land claim disputes or otherwise adjudi-
20
cate land claims for mining or homesteading. These beneficent actions by the
Forest Service in surrounding areas led the residents of the Thunder Mountain -
Big Creek area to petition for that area's inclusion in the National Forest system.
However, during the years that Senator Heyburn was in office the petitions went
unheeded. With Senator Heyburn's death in 1912, the petitioning gained impetus.
The Idaho State Legislature in 1917 (Cascade News, Feb 16, 1917) and 1919
passed resolutions urging Congress to include the Thunder Mountain - Big
Creek area in the National Forest system. The 66th Congress, by act of the Leg-
islature, dated August 8, 1919 (see at Appendix) added the previously-excluded
area to the Idaho and (old) Payette National Forests. The Congressional act
arbitrarily split the area on the line of the 4th Standard Parallel, but this was
changed in 1925 to the topographic boundary currently dividing the Payette and
Boise National Forests.
At the height of the Thunder Mountain gold boom around 1902 there were as
many as 10,000 prospectors and various entrepreneurs in the area of"Heyburn's
Forest", with about 7000 in and around the town of Roosevelt on Monumental
Creek (Waite 1994:11). By the time of the inclusion of"Heyburn's Forest" into
the Idaho and Payette National Forests in 1919, the area's gold boom had
passed when the town of Roosevelt (named for President Theodore Roosevelt)
was permanently inundated in 1909. The exodus of the prospectors prior to
1910 left the vast area populated by a few less than a hundred hardy home-
steader-prospectors, primarily the remnant of the "ranchers" who were raising
livestock to feed the miners. The "population centers" were the areas of relative
low elevation along the South Fork of the Salmon, along lower Big Creek, and
the end-of-the-road hamlets of Edwardsburg and Yellow Pine. The 1920 Fed-
eral census notes 37 residents in the South Fork area of Valley County (formed
in 1917) and 55 residents in the Yellow Pine - Big Creek area. The once-boom-
ing Thunder Mountain area had been essentially depopulated; however, the sum-
mers saw the return of perhaps twenty or so miners to work the Sunnyside Mine
at Thunder Mountain (U.S. Census 1920, Valley County, Idaho, South Fork and
Yellow Pine Precincts).
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BACKCOUNTRY
The Thunder Mountain Addition, as it came to be called, almost doubled the
land area of the Idaho National Forest and created a gigantic task in planning
for its administration. Forest Supervisor Mann stated, "Andy Casner was [my]
Assistant Supervisor the first year that the Thunder Mountain area was added.
He spent the [1920] season over there getting information so the area could be
put under [Forest Service] administration. He is entitled to a lot of credit for the
first pioneering work." (Mann 1969: cover letter).
21
Recognizing the strategic importance of gaining access to the new area to be
administered, one of Supervisor Mann's first actions was his announcement in
February of 1920 that the Forest Service would begin a major road improvement
project, rebuilding the Warren-to-Edwardsburg wagon road for automotive traf-
fic. This project began in earnest in 1922 and was completed in 1924. An impor-
tant element of this project was the 1922 construction of a pre-engineered wood-
en truss bridge at the South Fork crossing, supervised by Andy Casner (Preston
1994:17).
In March 1921 John Raphael succeeded Walter Mann as Supervisor of the Ida-
ho Forest. Raphael's tenure was only a year, until March 1922. As he consid-
ered the impact of the Thunder Mountain Addition he later wrote a description of
the conditions of that era:
"I soon saw my that my job was one of organization, building morale, inte-
grity, interest in the job, and to make a sufficiently thorough study of the
[Idaho] Forest and its problems to enable me to make plans for Ranger
District organization, fire control, and development.
"The sustaining thought in those days seemed to be that the Rangers had
to be kept in the backcountry during the winter doing something, if nothing
more than shoveling snow - everyone was more concerned about game
patrol, keeping in touch with a few settlers and prospectors, trying to get
bridges and trails built, rather than building up an effective fire organiza-
tion - - by the time fire season arrived none of them [the rangers] gave a
tinker's damn whether they had a job or whether the woods all burned up.
They had all soured on the job... Everything for the backcountry had to
be freighted by team and wagon to the river [South Fork crossing], put
across the river on a cable [trolley], then packed in by packstring."
(Hockaday 1968:32-33).
Lyle F. Watts, who had been Supervisor of the adjacent Weiser National For-
est since 1920, became Supervisor of the Idaho National Forest in March
1922, a position he held until March 1926 (he later became Chief of the Forest
Service). In 1924 Watts' Assistant Supervisor was James W. Farrell, who
was a native of nearby Meadows Valley. Jim Farrell became Supervisor of the
Idaho Forest in 1940 and supervised the consolidation of the Idaho and Weiser
Forests in 1944. In 1945 Farrell became supervisor of the Boise National For-
est and completed his illustrious career at the Washington Office of the Forest
Service. (Hockaday 1968:154,168). In 1941 Watts wrote some recollections:
22
"Development of the country which we call the Thunder Mountain Addition
(1919) was an interesting job - nothing had been done by way of developing
this million acres of new National Forest. We wasted some money in very
rapid development... I credit [Assistant Supervisor W.C.] Bill McCormick,
[Ranger-at-Large] Jess Rutledge, [Ranger Merle] Blackie Wallace, and [Ran-
ger] Dan LeVan with having done an outstanding job of opening up that coun-
try for fire protection in record time... The first year I was on the Idaho [Forest,
1921,] we did not have much [fire] protection in the backcountry. We knew
damn little about it." (Hockaday 1968:31).
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW RANGER DISTRICTS
;_: Despite Watts' comment that some money was wasted in rapid development, the
actions taken were effective, long lasting, and for the most part, are still evident
today. New ranger districts were formed, as generally shown on the map on Page
24, and within those new ranger districts administrative facilities (ranger stations)
were built in the 1924-1925 time period. In addition to the new districts, the
Paddy Flat District gained significant new area on the upper South Fork. The
Paddy Flat ranger at the time (1921-1923) was Walter Estep, who resigned from
the Forest Service to engage in mining on Ramey Ridge, and was shot to death
in 1935 on lower Big Creek for being overly friendly with another miner's wife
(Preston 1996:6). Lee Kessler followed as Paddy Flat District Ranger, from 1923
to 1925 ( Kessler was married to Nora Hoff, younger sister of Theodore Hoff and
great aunt of my wife). The following is a synopsis of the early developments on
the new districts:
1. Thunder Mountain District was focused on the mining area of that name.
The first ranger was John Routson Jr, so stated his sister, Adelia Routson
Parke (Parke 1955:63), who wrote a fascinating history of the Routson family
life on their Big Creek homestead. Marjorie McRae Collord, daughter of miner
Dan McRae, was living at the Dewey Mine at the time and remembers that John
Routson's "ranger station" was one of the buildings at the Dewey Mine (Collord
pers. comm:1996). This new district, however, lasted only about a year. On
March 24, 1925, the backcountry boundary between the Idaho and old Payette
Forests was redrawn such that the Thunder Mountain District was divided be-
tween the two Forests (Hockaday 1968:33). The northern part of the Thunder
Mountain District was incorporated into the Idaho Forest's new Cold Meadows
District, and the southern part incorporated into the old Payette Forest's Land-
mark District. John Routson Jr was transferred to the Payette Forest as ranger
for the Landmark District, now part of the Cascade District of the Boise National
Forest.
23
2. Chamberlain was a pre-existing district of the original Idaho National For-
est. The eastern third of the original Chamberlain District was broken off and
combined with the eastern part of the Thunder Mountain Addition to make the
Cold Meadows District (see immediately below). At the time of the formation of
the new districts in the early 1920's, the Chamberlain District was the beginning
place of several career foresters:
Dan LeVan was appointed Ranger of the Chamberlain District in March 1924,
staying until early 1926 when he was moved to the new Big Creek District (see
below), where he spent most of his 32-year career, as noted in his personnel
records (among LeVan biographic material held by the author).
Harold "Slim" Vassar, who was one of LeVan's assistants, began his 40-year
career at Chamberlain in 1922. He followed LeVan to Big Creek as Fire Dispat-
cher, then spent his later years as the Chief Fire Dispatcher for the Payette Na-
tional Forest until his retirement in 1962. (Hockaday 1968:169).
Don Park, my wife's father, began his Forest Service career in the early summer
of 1925, when he rode into Chamberlain "with the old lame mule" and met Ran-
ger LeVan. Don Park later wrote to Dan LeVan, "That would have been a rugged
summer for me if you hadn't given me a couple of soogans [quilted bedroll], a pair
of shoes, a [camp] kitchen and a gun, besides lots of good advice." (Park
1954:1). [In that era, rangers and forest guards carried pistols for killing maraud-
ing animals and horses with broken legs, and for apprehending law breakers].
Don Park spent a number of years in the Chamberlain - Big Creek area, finish-
ing his long career in 1963 as Warehouseman for the Payette National Forest in
McCall (Hockaday 1968:169).
The former Chamberlain Ranger Station, which is about 30 miles from road's end
at Big Creek, remains as a guard station deep within the Frank Church-River. of
No Return Wilderness.
3. Cold Meadows District was created from the eastern portion of the existing
Chamberlain District and the eastern portion of the Thunder Mountain Addition
(and the northern portion of the short-lived Thunder Mountain District when it was
divided between the Idaho and Payette Forests in 1925). The first Cold Meadows
District Ranger was Merle "Blackie" Wallace. In the 1924-1925 period a bunk-
house and a small commissary were built, primarily with on-site materials. As the
distance from the road head at Big Creek was a lengthy pack trip, only a few
panes of glass, nails, and minimal hardware were among the few manufactured
items used in the construction of the Cold Meadows buildings, according to Em-
mit Routson who assisted Wallace in their construction (Routson pers. comm.:
1996). Emmit Routson, younger brother of John Routson Jr, was Wallace's
25
fire control assistant at that time. In 1930 Wallace established a homestead on
Cabin Creek, adjacent to the former Caswell ranch. Wallace resigned from the
Forest Service around 1932 to develop a hunting lodge known as the Flying "W'
Ranch. Wallace was replaced by Warren Bowies, with Emmit Routson as his
Assistant Ranger (Routson pers. comm.:1996). Emmit died in 1997 at age 91.
As determined from an annotated 1926 map of the Idaho National Forest, the
Cold Meadows District was reorganized prior to 1934, with the northern portion
reattached to the Chamberlain District and the southern portion added to the Big
Creek District. The former Cold Meadows Ranger Station, deep within the Frank
Church- River of No Return Wilderness, remains as a Wilderness guard station.
4. Big Creek District was created from the western portion of the Thunder
Mountain Addition. Fred Williams was the first Big Creek District Ranger. Wil-
liams was subsequently the Clerk on the Forest Supervisor's staff, and then
took over the Lake Fork (McCall) District in 1930, a post he held until his death
in 1954. Fred Williams tells of his first experience as Ranger on the Big Creek
District:
"The next season [1922] headquarters was established in a set of old mining
cabins on Smith Creek - the [first] station headquarters had been moved from
Ramey Ridge. Said cabin had been had been used as a barn, no floor or win-
dows - it was quite a classy place. That fall we moved to Edwardsburg... The
move was accomplished with a six horse team and wagons, going up Smith
Creek and down Government Creek [at that time the road down Smith Creek
to Big Creek valley had not been completed]. On the way Hubert Knipe, com-
missary-man, lost all of his property records off one of the wagons going
around a section of slide rock--- In 1923 we established headquarters at what
is now Big Creek Headquarters - the Ranger Station was a 7' x 9' tent, the
warehouse and office consisted of two 14' x 20' tents and the cook shack
was made of whatever old canvas we could find." (Hockaday 1968:33).
The following year, 1924, the large ranger station-commissary building was start-
ed and finished in 1925. This building still stands in good repair. The ranger's
residence was completed in 1925. In 1926 Dan LeVan took over as ranger on
the Big Creek District, remaining in that position until 1950. For a number of years
Ranger LeVan had charge of the Big Creek and Chamberlain Districts concur-
rently. The combined districts included 860,000 acres of wild land, 900 miles of
trails (only 25 miles of road), and 470 miles of telephone line (LeVan personnel
records).
5. South Fork District was recreated from the eastern portion of the Warren
District and newly acquired land along the South Fork. As noted above, the
South Fork ranch was acquired from Tom Carrey in 1925. The old structures
26
were razed and a new ranger station constructed at that site during the winter of
1925-26. Orin Latham was the first ranger of this reconfigured district. In 1932
the majority of the South Fork District was resubordinated to the Warren District,
along with the short- lived Burgdorf District. (Preston 1996:4). At that time the
South Fork administrative site became the South Fork Guard Station and a smal-
ler southern part of the former South Fork District was added to newly-formed
Krassel Ranger District, covering the middle and upper South Fork drainage.
NEW IDAHO NATIONAL FOREST HEADQUARTERS IN MCCALL
It was during Lyle Watts' tenure as Supervisor of the Idaho National Forest that
the Forest Service acquired, for $250, the nine-acre property on Lake Street in
McCall, which was to be the Headquarters of the Idaho National Forest for many
years, replacing the rented property in McCall. This was the site of the Supervi-
sor's Office for 38 years, until the Supervisor and his staff moved in 1961 to
more spacious quarters. This property on Lake Street still has the principal
warehouse, storage buildings, and vehicle maintenance building. The former
Supervisor's Office is now the McCall District Ranger Station. It is now hard
to imagine that this small building, in the winters of the 1950's, was the office
of the Supervisor and his staff, plus the backcountry rangers and their
assistants, including myself. In a 1941 letter, Lyle Watts described that
building:
"I think it was during the winter of 1923-24 that we acquired the site for the
Forest Headquarters and built the office, warehouse, and stable. The build-
ings were built in the dead of winter, mostly by Ranger labor and under a
building limitation of$1000 per building. Incidentally, $1000 wasn't enough
to purchase the materials for the office building so a few of us bought mater-
ials for the front porch, the stairway, and for the completion of the second
story... and had it installed." (Hockaday 1968:38).
So ended the great developmental period of the Idaho National Forest. The
name "Idaho National Forest", however, became a source of confusion when the
Idaho State Department of Forestry was created. Thus, it became appropriate to
change the name. That change became effective on April 1, 1944, when the
Idaho and Weiser National Forests were consolidated and renamed Payette
National Forest. At the same time, the old Payette National Forest, which was
adjacent to the Idaho National Forest on the south, was incorporated into the
existing Boise National Forest. The legacy of the old Idaho National Forest re-
mains an important period of the history of the Forest Service and the history of
the State of Idaho.
27
REFERENCES CITED
Baird, Dennis, and Lynn Baird
1987 "A Campfire Vision: Establishing the Idaho Primitive Area", in Journal
of the West, Vol XXVI, No. 3, July 1987, Manhattan, Kansas.
Carrey, John H.
1968 Mocassin Tracks of the Sheepeaters, Idaho County Free Press,
Grangeville, Idaho.
Cascade News
1917 Newspaper published at Cascade, Idaho; issue of February 16, 1917;
available at Idaho State Historical Library, Boise, Idaho.
Collard, Marjorie McRae
1996 Interview with Peter Preston, pertaining to Thunder Mountain history.
Cook, R. G.
1970 "Senator Heyburn's War Against the Forest Service", in Idaho Yes-
teryears (journal of Idaho State Historical Society), Vol 14, Winter
1970-71, Boise, Idaho.
Defenbach, Byron
1933 Idaho History, Harper Brothers, New York.
Elsensohn, Mary Alfreda
1951 Pioneer Days in Idaho County, Volume II, Caxton Printers, Caldwell,
Idaho.
Helmers, Cheryl
1988 Warren Times, Hennington Publishing Co., Wolfe City, Texas.
Hockaday, James
1968 History of the Payette National Forest, USDA Forest Service, Payette
National Forest, McCall, Idaho.
Idaho County Free Press
1905 Newspaper published at Grangeville, Idaho; issue of Oct 26, 1905;
microfilm available at Idaho State Historical Library, Boise, Idaho.
Idaho Statesman, The
1990 A book by the Gannett Company, Boise, Idaho (publisher of Idaho Daily
Statesman newspaper, Boise, Idaho).
28
Jordan, Grace E.
1961 The King's Pines of Idaho, A Story of the Brown's of McCall, Binfords
and Mort, Portland, Oregon.
Kingsbury, Lawrence A.
1990 Metallic Cartridge Cases From Hays Station, USDA Forest Service,
Payette National Forest, Heritage Program, McCall, Idaho.
LeVan, Dan H.
Memorabilia, personnel records, letters, etc., covering LeVan's Forest
Service career, 1923-1955; provided by Dan LeVan Jr. to Peter Pres-
ton, Mathews, Virginia.
Long Valley Advocate
Newspaper published 1904-1907 at Lardo (now McCall), Idaho.
Microfilm copies available at Idaho State Historical Library, Boise,
Idaho. 1905: Sep 14; 1906: May 24, Aug 9, Aug 26, Dec 13;
1907: Jan 3, Mar 8, May 9.
Mann, Walter G.
1969 June 20, 1969, cover letter to Sam Defier, Forest Supervisor, Payette
National Forest, with undated short stories about his Forest Service
experiences: "Work on the Idaho National Forest", "Survey of the
North Boundary-First Try", "Wild Man Rucker", "My Story of the Hayes
Ranger Station"; available at the McCall Public Library, McCall, Idaho.
McCall Historian
1941 A pamphlet, dated May 1, 1941, prepared as a history project of the
7th/8th grade classes of McCall Elementary School; copy obtained
from a former student.
McRae, Robin
1996 Interview with Peter Preston, pertaining to Cook-McRae family history.
Ortman, Tom
1975 Bury My Soul Near Krassel Hole, unpublished manuscript by a former
Krassel District forester; copy at Krassel Ranger District Office, USDA
Forest Service, Payette National Forest, McCall, Idaho.
Park, Don
1954 Letter to Dan LeVan; held by Sally Park Preston, Mathews, Virginia.
29
Parke, Adelia Routson
1955 Memoirs of an Old Timer, Signal American Press, Weiser, Idaho.
Payette Lakes Star
1918 Newspaper published at McCall, Idaho; issue of July 5, 1918;
available at McCall Public Library, McCall, Idaho.
Pinchot, Gifford
1947 Breaking New Ground, University of Washington Press, Seattle,
Washington. (Autobiography of first Chief of USDA Forest Service).
Preston, Peter
1994 Crossing the South Fork, USDA Forest Service, Payette National
Forest, Heritage Program, McCall, Idaho. •
1996 Life on the Warren Ranger District, 1932-1936; an edited excerpt
from Memoirs of a U.S. Forest Ranger, privately published 1963 by
A. Eugene Briggs; USDA Forest Service, Payette National Forest,
Heritage Program, McCall, Idaho.
Reddy, Sheila D.
1993 Warrens, The Mountain Dream: A History of Early Mining and Ethnic
Diversity in the Idaho Territory, USDA Forest Service, Payette Nation-
at Forest, Heritage Program, McCall, Idaho.
1995 Wilderness of the Heart: An Early History of the Land and the People
of the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness, USDA Forest
Service, Payette National Forest, Heritage Program, McCall, Idaho.
Rothery, Julian
1940 December 28, 1940, three-page letter of recollections, titled "Forest
Inspector"; available at McCall Public Library, McCall, Idaho.
Simpson, G. Val
1998 Interview with Peter Preston, pertaining to Chamberlain Basin history.
Thompson, Glenn A.
1968 February 16, 1968, letter to Ranger Earl F. Dodds, Big Creek District,
Payette National Forest; on file at USDA Forest Service, Payette Na-
tional Forest, Forest Supervisor's Office, McCall, Idaho.
30
U.S. Bureau of the Census
1920 Census, Valley County, Idaho; Yellow Pine and South Fork Precincts;
National Archives, Washington, D.C. (copies on file at Idaho State
Historical Society, Boise, Idaho).
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service
Maps of Idaho National Forest: 1916, 1926, 1940; from files of Payette
National Forest, McCall, Idaho; and National Archives, College Park,
Maryland.
Waite, Bob
1994 To Idaho's Klondike: The Thunder Mountain Gold Rush, 1901-1909;
USDA Forest Service, Payette National Forest, Heritage Program,
McCall, Idaho.
Yale Forest School News
1947 "Julian E. Rothery, Retires," in April 1947 issue (Volume )0XV, No. 2),
Yale University Forest School, New Haven, Connecticut. (Copy
available at McCall, Idaho, Public Library).
31
APPENDIX
66th CO GBESS, 1 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: REPORT
1st Session. I { No. 225.
ADDITION OF CERTAIN LANDS TO ID aT-TO AND PAYETTE
1\ATIOti'AL FORESTS, IDAHO.
AUGUST 8, 1919.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of
the Union and ordered to be printed.
Mr. SMITH of Idaho, from the Committee on the Public Lands,
submitted the following
REPORT ..
[To accompany H. R. 1429.]
The Committee on the Public Lands, to whom was referred the
bill (H. R. 1429) entitled "A bill adding certain lands to the Idaho
National Forest and the Payette National Forest, in the State of
Idaho," having had the same under consideration, report the bill back
with the recommendation that it do pass.
The area proposed to be included in forest reserves in the pending
bill contains approximately 1,137'500 acres. Of this amount
319,653.14 acres have been surveyd. Appropriations of record
within the area aggregate 20,554.28 acres and are scattered and of
the following classes: Surveyed school section, 16,520 acres; mineral
entries, 561.38 acres; final homestead entries, 1,989.41 acres; unper-
fected homestead entries, 1,433.49 acres, and there is a pending
desert application covering 67 acres. The land is very rugged in
character; is chiefly valuable for forest purposes and for the pro=
tection, of the sources of streams.
Furthermore, as a part of the public domain, the area does not have
the adequate supervision to furnish protection against forest fires.
For a number of years fires have originated in this region that have
proven a menace and a great loss to the forests not only included
within the area of the proposed reserves, but to the timbers of the
forest reserves adjacent. One of the most serious fires of recent years
and that is now raging had its origin in the area proposed to be placed
in forest reserve in the pending bill. Under forest management, the
region would be administered in systematic manner, fire stations
being place at suitable points, and unquestionably greater protection
would be afforded against fire than it has been possible to afford
. heretofore. The rights of entrymen to homestead, mineral lands, or
32
2 ADDITION TO IDAHO AND PAyETTE NATIONAL FORESTS, IDAHO.
other entries are fully protected and it is believed that under.the
administration of the law, lands chiefly valuable for agricultural
purposes that heretofore may not have been acquired will be-acquired
by the homesteader and that mining operations will not be impaired.
The Idaho State Legislature in its fourteenth and fifteenth sessions
held in 1917 and 1919 passed resolutions urging upon Congress the
inclusion of the Thunder Mountain region in forest reserves in line
with the pending bill.
For the convenience of the House, there are added hereto the reports
of the Secretaries of the Interior and Agriculture, addressed to the
chairman of the Committee.
•
DEPARTMENT or THE LVTEa on, .
Washington, June 23,1919. •
Hon.N..7 &marr,
Chairman Committee on the Public Lands,
House of Representatives.
• MY DEAR loin. Survarr:I am in receipt of your request for report on H. R. 1429,
which proposes to add the public lands within a therein-described area in central
Idaho to the Idaho and Payette National Forests.
The area described in the bill is chiefly unsurveyed,and contnin4 approximately
1,137,500 acres. This area is entirely surrounded by national forests, and the middle
forts of the Salmon River forms its eastern boundary. The records of the General
Land Office show that about 27 per cent, or 319,653.14 acres, therein have been sur-
veyed. Such surveys are for the most part recent, and the field notes thereof report
the Iands a generally mountainous and timbered, with heavy undergrowth and
abundant grasses throughout, affording excellent grazing, and that the area is well
watered, with some agricultural lands along the streams and on the adjacent benches.
The lands are now unwithdrawn. The entire area was,however,temporarily with-
drawn for forestry purposes by this department on November 14, 1902, upon recom-
mendation of the Geological Survey, and the greater portion was released from such
withdrawal November 1.7, 1904, and the remainder September 30, 1907, such action
having been recommended by the Department of Agriculture. The 1904 recom-
mendation of that department stated,however, that while then-existing conditions
did not justify reservation at that time, the area was natural forest-reserve land, and
should at some later date be reserved for such purpose, and that there was very little
probability of the title to any considerable amount of the land passing out of the
Government.
The appropriations of record within this area. aggregate. 20,554.28 acres, and are
scattered and of the following classes: Surveyed school sections, 16,520 acres;mineral
entries, 561.38 acres; final homestead entries, 1,989.41 acres; imperfected homestead
entries, 1,483.49 acres; and there is a pending desert application covering 67 acres.
No applications for entry under the eninrged or grazing homestead laws are of record
involved,any lands within the area nvolved, and none of the lands therein have been
designated under either of such acts.
I am not advised as to the necessity for the proposed legislation, and am not suffi-
ciently informed concerning the advisability of reserving the lands for forest pur-
poses to make a specific recommendation. I would suggest a reference of the bill
to the Secretary of Agriculture in view of its purpose, who has probably some data
regarding the area, as it adjoins national forests under his administration.
Cordially, yours,
ALEx NDER T. VOGELSA.\G,
Acting Secretary.
•
DEriaTar.sV-T of AGRICULTURE,
• Washington, June 5, 1919.
Hon. N.T. Snnrorr,
Chairman Committee on the Public Lands,
House of Representatives.
�1dY DEAR MR. SINNorr: Receipt is acknowledged of a copy of the bill(H. R. 1429)
Adding certain lands to the Idaho National Forest and the Payette National Forest,
h1 the State of Idaho, with the request that your committee be furnished a. report
33
2 ADDITIO T TO IDAHO AND P AYETTE NATIONAL FORESTS, IDAHO.
•
other entries are fully protected and it is believed that under.the
administration. of'the law, lands chiefly valuable for agricultural
purposes that heretofore map not have been acquired will be-acquired
by the homesteader and that miring operations will not be impaired.
The Idaho State Legislature in its fourteenth and fifteenth sessions
held in 1917 and 1919 passed resolutions urging upon Congress the
inclusion of the Thunder Mountain region in forest reserves in line
with the pending bill.
For the convenience of the House, there are added hereto the reports
of the Secretaries of the Interior and Agriculture, addressed to the
chairman of the Committee.
DEPARTSIENT OP THE INTERIOR, .
Washington, June 23, 1919. •
Hon.N.J. Snrxoxr,
Chairman Committee on the Public Lands,
House of Representatives •
• IfY DEAR SIB. Sar.rOTr: I am in receipt of your request for report on H. R. 1429,
which proposes to add the public lands within a therein-described area in central
Idaho to the Idaho and Payette National Forests.
The area described in the bill is chiefly unsurveyed, and contains approximately
1,137,500 acres. This area is entirely surrounded by national forests, And the middle
fork of the Salmon River forms its eastern boundary. The records of the General
Land. Office show that about 27 per cent, or 319,653.14 acres, therein have been sur-
veyed. Such surveys are for the most part recent, and the field notes thereof report
the lands a generally mountainous and timbered, with heavy undergrowth and
abundant grasses throughout, affording excellent grazing, and that the area is well
watered,with some agricultural lands along the streams and on the adjacent benches.
The lands are now=withdrawn. The entire area was, however,temporarily with-
drawn for forestry purposes by this department on November 14, 1902, upon recom-
mendation of the Geological Survey, and the greater portion was released from such
withdrawal November 17, 1904, and the remainder September 30, 1907, such action
having been recommended by the Department of Agriculture. The 1904 recom-
mendation of that department stated, however, that while then-existing conditions
did not justify reservation at that time, the area was natural forest-reserve land, and
should at some later date be reserved for such purpose, and that there was very little
probability of the title to any considerable amount of the land passing out or the
Government.
The appropriations of record within this area aggregate. 20,554.28 acres, and are
scattered and of the following classes: Surveyed school sections, 16,520 acres;mineral
entries, 561.38 acres; Anil homestead entries, 1,989.41 acres;=perfected homestead
entries, 1,483.49 acres; and there is a pending desert application covering 67 acres.
No applications for entry under the enlarged or grazing homestead laws are of record
involved,any lands within the area nvolved, and none of the lands therein have been
designated under either of such acts.
I am not advised as to the necessity for the proposed legislation, and am not suffi-
ciently informed concerning the advisability of reserving the lands for forest pur-
poses to make a specific recommendation. I would suggest a reference of the -bill
to the Secretary of Agriculture in view of its purpose, who has probably some data
regarding the area, as it adjoins national forests under his administration.
Cordially, yours,
ALEXANDER T. VOGELSANG,
Acting Secretary.
•
DEPAR.TIIENT OP AGRICULTURE,
Washington, Tune 5, 1919.
Hon. N.J. Snmorr,
Chairman Committee on the Public Lands,
Howe of Representatives.
MY DEAR IIR. SIN rorr: Receipt is acknowledged of a copy of the bill(H. R. 1429)
adding certain lands to the Idaho National Forest and the Payette National Forest,
;'i the State of Idaho, with the request that your committee be furnished a report
33
ADDITION TO IDAHO AND PAYETTE NATIONAL FORF'STS, IDAHO. 3
thereon, together with such suggestions and recommendations as this department
may desire to make.
The bill proposes.to add approximately 1,100,000 acres of public lands in central
Idaho to two existing National Forests, the lands thereafter to be.subject to all laws
affeesing national forests. This area has been examined by forest officers and the
following facts are compiled from their reports:
The center of a compact tract of mountainous public lands, mostly unsurveyed,
',mown as the Thunder Mountain region, lies 100 miles northeast of toise--south of
Salmon River and west of the Middle Fork of Salmon River. The area is surrounded
by.the following national forests: On the north and west, the Idaho;on the west and
south, the Payette; on the east, the Challis and the Salmon. It has never been
improved or protected under the national forest Iaws and regulations. When the
surrounding national forests were created, it is understood that prominent residents
of Idaho strongly objected to its inclusion on account of the fact that a notable mining
boom was then in progress at Dewey and Roosevelt and it was feared that the applica-
tion of Government control would restrict mining operations in such a way that
desirable mineral development in the resionwould be prevented- In 1902 this section
was the scene of great activity and thousands of miners and prospectors were living
in the northeastern part. The boom collapsed several years ago and the population
of the entire area of more than 1.100,000 acres does not now exceed 100 people.
. P P
The Thunder Mountain region is a high,rough mountain region dissected by deep
canyons. The extremes of elevation run from 3,000 to 9,400 feet. Of the entire
area 90 per cent consists of rocky peaks, ridges and slopes and approximately 85 per
cent sustains a.forest cover of mature timber or reproduction, the remain lug 15 per
cent being barren rock.
The approximate total area is 1,116,500 acres, of which only about 16,500 acres have
been alienated,leaving s.net area of 1,100,000 acres of public land.
• The region is distinctly rough and mountainous with a large majority of slopes in
excess of 45 per cent and many of 90 per cent or more. The precipitation varies with
the elevation from 15 to 25 inches annually. Above 5,500 feet altitude killing frosts
occur throughout the growing season. Approximately 400 acres are under cultivation
at the present time. Not to exceed 5,000 acres, or less than one-half of 1 per cent,
have soil or topography suitable for agriculture. Practically the only opportunities
for agriculture exist on the benches and bars along the Middle and South Forks of
Salmon River where alluvial soils are found at comparatively low altitudes.
• At present there are no settlements. The log buildings of the first settlement,
known as Thunder Mountain and located on Monumental Creek just below the mouth
•of the West Fork, are still standing for the most part but have not been occupied for
years. The post office at Yellow Pine consists of a miner's cabin with no settlers or
miners nearer than 3 miles. The post office at Edwardsburg was conducted by an
unsuccessful miner who finally turned his attention to ranching. During boom days
Edwardsburg was Iocally surveyed fora townsite but no action was ever taken. The
town of Roosevelt was established in 1901 and soon became quite a settlement. Many
of the buildings were of sawed timber and substantial in character. It was located on
• Monumental Creek just above the mouth of Mule Creek. In 1907, however, a land-
slide down.Mule Creek dammed the waters of Monumental Creek and the town is now
covered by a.lake. The more substantial buildings were caught by the water and are
now floating about the lake.
The area is entirely surrounded by national forests,and for this reason, as well as on
account of the topography, it is an integral part of the Payette and the Idaho Forests
and is necessary to their satisfactory administration and protection from fire. The
three areas are so interlocked that an intelligent and comprehensive plan for the ad-
ministration,protection,and improvement of the Idaho and Payette Forests demands
also the the extension of road, trail,and telephone systems through a large part of the
Thunder Mountain region.
Conservative estimators state that the region contains fully 3,000,000,000 feet b. m.
of such commercial timber as yellow pine, Douglas fir, Englemann spruce, and lodge-
pole pine. The best of the commercial timber lies in the northwestern portion;and,
while at the present time it is quite inaccessible, it is, nevertheless, a forest property
of high value. The extensive areas which have been swept clean by repeated forest
fires are reproducing well in lodgepole and red fir. Lumbering is an unknown industry
in the region. No commercial mill has ever been run. One man has a small mill on
Big Creek, where he saws lumber for his own use, and small mills is ere at one time
operated at the Century mine on Monumental Creek and at Eagle mines on Big Creek.
It is estimated that a total area of approximately 300,000 acres of timber, having a
value of at least$1,000,000, has been destroyed by fires. Protection is necessary both
for the timber and the watershed. As the result of the destruction of timber alon
•
34
ADDITION TO IDAHO AND PAYEZTE NATIONAL FORESTS, IDAHO. 3
thereon,,together with such suggestions and recommendations as this department
may desire to make.
The bill proposes.to add approximately 1,100,000 acres of public lands in central
Idaho to two existing National Forests, the lands thereafter to be.subject to all laws
affecting national forests. This area has been examined by forest officers and the
following facts are compiled from their reports:
• The center of a compact tract of mountainous public lands, mostly unsurveved,
Imown as the Thunder Mountain region, lies 100 miles northeast of toise--south of
Salmon River and west of the Middle Fork of Salmon River. The area is surrounded
by.the following national forests: On the north and west, the:Idaho;on the west and
south, the Payette; on the east, the Challis and the Salmon. It has never been
improved or protected under the national forest laws and regulations. When the
surrounding national forests were created, it is understood that prominent residents
of Idaho strongly objected to its inclusion on account of the fact that a notable mining
boom was then in progress at Dewey and Roosevelt and it was feared that the applica-
tion of Government control would restrict mining operations in such a way that
desirable mineral development in the region would be prevented. In 1902 this section
was the scene of great activity and thousands of miners and prospectors were living
in the northeastern part. The boom collapsed several years ago and the population
of the entire area of more than 1.100,000 acres does not now exceed 100 people.
The Thunder Mountain region is a high,rough mountain region dissected by deep
canyons. The extremes of elevation run from 3,000 to 9,400 feet. Of the entire
area 90 per cent consists of rocky peaks, ridges and slopes and approximately 85 per
cent sustains a forest cover of mature timber or reproduction, the remaining 15 per
cent being barren rock.
The approximate total area is 1,114,500 acres,of which only about 16,500 acres have
been alienated, leaving a net area of 1,100,000 acres of public land.
• The region is distinctly rough and mountainous with a large majority of slopes in
excess of 45 per cent and many of 90 per cent or more. The precipitation varies with
the elevation from 15 to 25 inches annually. Above 5,500 feet altitude killing frosts
occur throughout the growing season. Approximately 400 acres are under cultivation
at the present time. Not to exceed 5,000 acres, or leas than one-half of 1 per cent,
have soil or topography suitable for agriculture. Practically the only opportunities
for agriculture exist on the benches and bars along the Middle and South Forks of
Salmon River where alluvial soils are found at comparatively low altitudes.
. At present there are no settlements. The log buildings of the first settlement,
lmown as Thunder Mountain and located on Monumental Creek just below the mouth
•of the West Fork, are still standing for the most part but have not been occupied for
years. The post office at Yellow Pine consists of a miner's cabin with no settlers or
miners nearer than 3 miles. The post office at Edwardsburg was conducted by an
unsuccessful miner who finally turned his attention to ranching. During boom days
Edwardsburg was locally surveyed for.a townsite but no action was ever taken. The
town cf Roosevelt was established in 1901 and soon became quite a settlement. Many
of the buildings were of sawed timber and substantial in character. It was located on
•• Monumental Creek just above the mouth of Mule Creek. ILL 1907,however, a land-
slide down Mule Creek dammed the waters of Monumental Creek and the town is now
covered by a.lake. The more substantial buildings were caught by the water and are
now floating about the lake.
The area is entirely surrounded by national forests,and for this reason, as well as on
account of the topography, it is an integral part of the Payette and the Idaho Forests
and is necessary to their satisfactory administration and protection from fire. The
three areas are so interlocked that an intelligent and comprehensive plan for the ad-
ministration,protection, and improvement of the Idaho and Payette Forests demands
also the the extension of road, trail,and telephone systems through a large part of the
Thunder Mountain region.
Conservative estimators state that the region contains fully 3,000,000,000 feet b. m.
of such commercial timber as yellow pine,'Douglas fir, Engle:mann spruce, and lodge-
pole pine. The best of the commercial timber lies in the northwestern portion;and,
while at the present time it is quite inaccessible, it is, nevertheless, a forest property
of high value. The extensive areas which have been swept clean by repeated forest
fires'ire reproducing well in lodgepole and red fir. Lumbering is an unknown industry
in the region. No commercial mill has ever been run. One man has a small mill on
Big Creek, where he saws lumber for his own use, and small mills n ere at one time
operated at the Century mine on Monumental Creek and at Eagle mines on Big Creek.
It is estimated that a total area of approximately 300,000 acres of timber, having a
value of at least$1,000,000, has been destroyed by fires. Protection is necessary both
• for the timber and the watershed. As the result of the destruction of timber alum :
•
34
4 ADDITION TO IDAHO AND PA:1`i21:r; NATIONAL FORmSTS, IDAHO.
Marble Creek, the high-water period is now at least a month earlier than in earlier
days when the watershed was timbered. The fires are reported to have been set at
the time of the mining boom, probably in order to clear mountain sides. At resent
they result largely from lightnrn and from careless methods of unregulated sheep.
grazers. Since there is no ors n,zation for combating such fires, they constitute a
great menace to the valuable timber of the national forests on the west, which are
extremely difficult to protect from their most remote and unprotected side.
A large and important watershed is involved, as the Thunder Mountain region
supplies at least 1,000 second-feet of water to the Columbia River at low water period.
Reservoir sites are numerous. It is roughly estimated that more than 100,000 horse-
power could be generated from.the waters arising in the area.
The region includes no natural wonders, large lakes or features of special scenic.
interest. Deer and trout are plentiful and there are said to be a few sheep and goats.
The mineral resources have been exploited for 25 years and the assessment work is
still being performed on a.large number of cleime, but the hundreds of c leimg which
were located during the boom of 1901 have since been abandoned. Some high grade
ore has been found and the general belief is that the region contains an abundance
of low-grade ore, the exploitation of which awaits large scale operations and good
facilities for transportation which do not exist at the present time. The Dewey Mines
west of Thunder Mountain are still worked spasmodically. Several miners make a
precarious living but most of them depend upon earnings from other sources to secure
• their supplies. Quite recently there has been development of the cinnabar properties
on Fern and Cinnabar Creek and antimony properties near Yellow Pine Basin. One
mining company, it was stated, was producing one tank per day of cinnabar worth.
w 5105. The antimony mines are also producing a limited amount of metal. In July,
< 1918, the State Mine Inspector called particular attention to the deposits of these
metals in a special bulletin. In his report for 1912 ha deplored the inaccessible con-
dition of the country and states that proper transportation facilities would result
F. in "a most valuable asset to the State in the creation of new business,as the resources
z of this section of the State are of such a definite nature in both timber and mineral
i as to warrant the prospect of building up a labor market worth 510,000,000 a year."
The nearest railway points are McCall and Cascade. The former is about 75 miles.
< distant from the area by wagon road and the latter about 40 mile. There is an auto-
,°L mobile stage from McCall to Warren,and powerful machines can get as far as the South
Fork. At the time of the boom and for several years later there was a fairly compre-
hensive road system connecting the different points of interest to minim men. At
FE resent this system is deteriorated, 0zades destroyed, and bridges rotted out, until
. it is practically impossible to travel-the country by other means than a saddle horse.
• Stretches of the old roads remain, but in order to put the transportation facilities of
the country on a proper modern basis heavy expe.jaditures would be necessary in
reducing grades,restoring bridges,and fixing the remaining stretches of the old miners'
roads. The examiner estimates that approximately 5400,000 would be needed to
open up the country well to modern travel. Furthermore, for suitable protection
from fire,trails would have to be restored,and about 75 miles of telephone would have
to be built at an early date. The estimated cost of the trails would be$50.000 and of'
the telephones about$13,000. While there figures seem large,it must be remembered
that at one time there was a system of roads and trails which was fairly adequate and
that the suggested improvements represent. in part, the depreciation which has
occurred through lack of care of the public facilities which then existed. The
longer the region goes without attention to improvements the greater will be the
eventual expenditure necessary to open it up to human use and occupation.
Sheep to the number of nearly 300,000 head have grazed on the area without resmc-
tion or regulation during the past year with the result that the watershed is being•
seriously affected. A fair estimate of the carrying capacity of the entire country has
been placed from 75,000 to 100,000 head of sheep. The highest estimate was placed
by a sheepman at 150,000 head. •As the slopes are steep, overgrazing invariably
results in serious erosion.
Officers of the Payette National Forest issued more than 75 crossing permits to
eheepmen who desired to enter the Thunder Mountain region in 1913. The country
is of such a character that close supervision is absolutely necessary to avoid disastrous
overgrazing. The number of sheep going into the country is increasing each year,
and already the south end of the area is not much better than a dust bed.
The increasing number of sheep grazed each year has alarmed the settlers and the•
miners, and they realize that their surest protection is through regulation of grazing.
They are also very favorably disposed toward the possibilities for better transportation
and communication which might result if the area were protected like the national
forests.
35
•
4 ADDITION TO IDAHO AND P.5.1.hx.1:11 NATIONAL FORRSTS, IDAEO.
Marble Creek, the 11th-water period is now at least a month earlier than in earlier
days when the watershed was timbered. The fires are reported to have been set at
the time of the mining boom, probably in order to dear mountain sides. At present
they result largely from lightmntt and from careless methods of unregulated sheep.
grazers. Since there is no organization for combating such fires, they constitute a
great menace to the valuable timber of the national forests on the west, which are
extremely difficult to protect from their most remote and unprotected side.
A large and important watershed is involved, as the Thunder Mountain region
supplies at least 1,000 second-feet of water to the Columbia River at low water period.
Reservoir sites are numerous. It is roughly estimated that more than 100,000 horse-
power could be generated from the waters arising in the area,.
The region includes no natural wonders, large lakes or features of special scenic-
interest. Deer and trout are plentiful and there are said to be a few sheep and goats.
The mineral resources have been exploited for 25 years and the assessment work is
still being performed on a large number of c-la,rnq, but the hundreds of cleims which
were located during the boom of 1901 have since been abandoned. Some high grade "
ore has been found and the general belief is that the region contains an abundance
of low-grade ore, the exploitation,of which awaits large scale operations and .good
facilities for tsportation which do not exist at the present time. The Dewey Manes
west of Thunder Mountain are still worked spasmodically. Several miners make a
precarious living but most of them depend upon earnings from other sources to secure
N. their supplies. Quite recently there has been development of the cinnabar properties
on Fern and Cinnabar Creek and antimony properties near Yellow Pine Basin. One
mining company, it was stated, was producing one tank per day of cinnabar worth
$105. The antimony mines are also producing a limited amount of metal. •In July,
< 1918, the State Mine Inspector called particular attention to the deposits of these
metals in a special bulletin. In his report for 1912 ha deplored the inaccessible con-
= dition of the country and states that proper transportation facilities would result
in "a most valuable asset to the State in the creation of new business, as the resources
z of this section of the State are of such a definite nature in both timber and mineral
= as to warrant the prospect of building up a labor market worth$10,000,000 a year."
The nearest railway points axe McCall and Cascade. The former is about 75 miles.
< distant from the area by wagon road and the latter about 40 miles. There is an auto-
Le mobile stage from McCall to Warren,and powerful machines can get as far as the South
Po Fork. At the time of the boom and for several years later there was a fairly compre-
hensive road system connecting the different points of interest to mining men. At
E resent this system is deteriorated, orades destroyed, and bridges rotted out, until
. it is practically impossible to travel the country by other means than a saddle horse.
Stretches of the old roads remain, but in order to put the transportation facilities of
the country on a proper modern basis heavy expepditures would be necessary in
reducing grades,restoring bridges,and fixing the remain; o stretches of the old miners'
roads. The examiner estimates that approximately $400,000 would be needed to•
open, up the country well to modern travel. Furthermore, for suitable protection
from fire,trails would have to be restored,and about 75 miles of telephone would have
to be built at an early date. The estimated cost of the trails would be 550.000 and of
the telephones about$13,000. While there figures seem large,it must be remembered
that at one time there was a system of roads and trails which was fairly adequate and
that the suggested improvements represent. in part. the depreciation which has
occurred through lack of care of the public facilities which then existed. The-
longer the region goes without attention to improvemenfis the greater will be the
eventual expenditure necessary to open it up to human use and occupation.
Sheep to the number of nearly 300,000 head have grazed on the area,without restric-
tion or regulation during the past year with the result that the watershed is being-
seriously affected. A fair estimate of the carrying capacity of the entire country has
been placed from 75,000 to 100,000 head of sheep. The highest estimate was placed
by a sheepman at 150,000 head. •As the slopes are steep, overgrazing invariably
results in serious erosion.
Officers of the Payette National Forest issued more than 75 crossing permits to
sheepmen who desired to enter the Thunder Mountain region in 1918. The country
is of such a character that close supervision is absolutely necessary to avoid disastrous
overgrazing. The number of sheep going into the country is increasing each year,
and already the south end of the area is not much better than a dust bed.
The increasing number of sheep grazed each year has alarmed the settlers and the
miners, and they realize that their surest protection is through regulation of grazing.
They are also very favorably disposed toward the possibilities for better transportation
and communication which might result if the area were protected like the national
forests.
35
•
ADDITION TO IDAHO AND PAYETTE 1`TA5IO1TAL FORESTS, IDAHO. 5
In 1009. a petition was presented askant for the transfer of approximately 161,000
acres of this area to the Idaho National Forest. Legislation to accomplish this, how-
ever, was not enacted. In 1917, the fourteenth session of the State Legislature of
Idaho, by a vote of 64 to 1 in the House, and 34 to 1 in the Senate, passed a joint
memorial addressed to Congress praying for the establishment of a national forest
upon the entire area for reasons set forth in the TnPn,nrial, During the fifteenth ses-
sion of the Idaho Legislature a pim1ia.r memorial was adopted by unanimous vote.
The lands within a this region are exactly the type which the law.contemplates
should be included in national forests. With the exception of a very small percentage
of agricultural lands,practically all of which already has been claimed by settlements
which would not be adversely affected by this measure,this area is essentially national-
forest Iand. At the present time the timber, watershed values, range, and trans-
portation facilities are being ruined by the lack of protection and proper management.
This condition is gradually growl worse as time goes on. Under proper national
forest tnanagement,there areas coup be utilized by stockmen to the limit of the range
capacity and overgrazing would be prevented. No doubt this would result in increas-
ing the number of live stock which the range,in its improvished condition, can now-
properly- support. 'Yining operations can be pursued as fully and freely under na-
tzonaI forest management as upon the public domain. Any unoccupied tracts of
land chiefly valuable for agriculture could be applied for by prospective settlers,
act of June 1906 (34 Stat. 233). At
and listed for homestead entry under the 11,
try
lands could secure, without expense, the
the same time settlers upon unsurveyed sap ,
p
advantage of early surveys, enabling them
patent
them to submit final proof and
to their homesteads. Protection from fire, and the construction of suitable roads and
trails to help develop.these natural resources would develop this land into a real
national asset where it as now a menace to the surrounding timber on adjoining national
forests.
For these reasons this department approves the passage of the bill.
Very truly, yours, D.F.HOUSTON, Secretary.
0
•
36
ADDITION TO IDAHO AND PAYETTE NleSIO?`TAL FOBESTS, Iii EO. 5
In 1J09. a petition was presented asldn;for the transfer of approximately 161,000
acres of this area to the Idaho National Forest. Legislation to accomplish this, how-
ever„ was not enacted. In 1917, the fourteenth session of the State Legislature of
Idaho, by a vote of 64 to 1 in the House, and 34 to 1 in the Senate, passed a joint
. memorial addressed to Congress praying for the establi5araent of a national forest
upon the entire area for reasons set forth in the memorial During the fifteenth ses-
sion of the Idaho Legislature a eb 1nr memorial was adopted by unanimous vote.
The lands within this region are exactly the type which the law.contemplates
should be included in national forests. With the exception of a.very small percentage
of agricultural J9nr34,practically all of which already has been claimed by settlements.
which would not be adversely affected by this measure,this area is essentially national-
forest land. At the present time the timber, watershed values, range, and trans-
portation facilities are being ruined by the lack of protection and proper manageoement.
This condition is gradually growl worse as time goes on. Under proper national
forest management,these areas could be utilized by stockmen to the limit of the range
capacity and overgrazing would be prevented. No doubt this would result in increas-
ing the number of live stock which the range,in its improvished condition, can now
properly support. Mining operations can be pursued as fully and freely under na-
tional forest management as upon the public domain. Any unoccupied tracts of
land chiefly valuable for agriculture could be applied for by prospective settlers,
and listed for homestead entry under the act of Tune 11, 1906 (34 Stat., 233). At
the same time settlers upon unsurveyed lands could secure, without expense, the
advantage of early surveys, enabling them to submit final proof and secure patent
to their homesteads. Protection from fire,and the construction of suitable roads and
trails to help develop.these natural resources would develop this land into a real
national asset where it is now a menace to the surrounding timber on adjoining national
forests.
For these reasons this department approves the passage of the bill.
Vey truly,yours,
D.F.HOusTOx,Secretary.
0
•
•
•
36
RICHARD E. MCARDLE APPOINTzD CHItF
OF TEz JNITzD SiATeS FOREST SzhViCE
Timber Topics June-Jule, 1Q52
;:e,„ 4/1aTS 611T-P 40 Y-AS OF AUVE SzhVIOL.
A 'ointment of Richard e. Mcerdle as chief of the Forest
Service, J.S. Department of Agricultere, was announced
recently by Secretary Brannan. He will succeed eyle F.
Watts, chief forester for the Past nine years weo en
-
flounced his decision to retire from active duty.
McArdle began his forest service career in 1924 as a
junior forester assigned t ) trim Pacific Northwest rorest
and Range zxeeriment Station in Portland. He worked en
varicus research eeoject, at the station for ten yeers
with time out for three years of graduate study during
this tine.
From 1939 to 1942, 4atts served as regions forester of
the Pacific eerthwest Region with headquarters in e rtl-nd.
Great Leader
Paying tribute to 4atte, Secretary Brannan said, "He
his been one of tee no t effective and ouara,7eour, lead-
ers of the Forest Service in tee eeat tradition of it
service to the beflerieen neolle. jnaer his guidance,
forestry h' s teken m Loh greater part in the Agreeel-
tare. iliS other essociatee gad i will miss Lyle watts
very muc , bet we eve qensed at the eroseeets of having
his dvice and counsel reedily available „luring his
we. ) earned retirement."
Matte' retirement from active duty as chief of tue Forest
Service will mark the completion of a public career ser-
vice of nearle 40 years. He has headed the federal agency
sinoc-i 1943.
Starting as a fire guard in a western national forest,
he worked ue through the eanks to the nation's to :
forestry osition. In recognition of is outstanding
eablic service, eiatts in 1950 received the Department
of Agriculture's distinguished 3 rvice award "for dis-
tinguished end effective leadership in advancing the
conservetion of forest resources in the enited States
and internationany ." He was commended for his work in
stimulating imeroved forestry -)r ,cticses in this ceunery,
for his stalwert deeense of labile interests in the use
of forest resources and for his ime)rtant role in the
develo ment of e world forestry organization.
McArtlo ( Oonto )
K5 Years .oc orienoe
A 0-oeer government forestor, Dr. McArdle has been a
member of the Fooest Service for more than 25 years.
Sine 191,4 he has served as Assistt=nt Chief in charge
of coo ,erative fovestry )roora.:s. Under his 10 ,dersnia,
the federal ,rograms earriel on in cooperation with the
stotos to encourage and facilitate the rotection and
s )ind management of the country' s forests have been
great y accelerated.
McArdle's earlier oovernmental foLestry s-rvice
ed tha directorshil of two legilnal foreot exerimpnt
stations. He conducted im 'ortant research work on fire
control and ti.aber growth and yield. Daring a yeer' s
absence from the Forest Se -vice in 1934-35, he served
as dean of the forestry sohooL at the .niversity of
IN, served overseas with the 4.3. Army during
World War I.
A native of Lexington, Ky., McArdie was raised in aor-
folk, Va. He is a graOunte of the university of Michi-
gan, where he rooeived the bachelor of science degree
in forestry in 19'd3, an A. S. in . 92" and a eh. D.
degree in 1930. He was ocrt-time instructor in for-
eatry at Michigan alivernity from 1927 to 1 '30.
FAO Aotivities
Prior to his aopoilatmeut aa Chief Forenter, Arltts'
forestry cereer inolude service in four of the ten
nationa, foreat regions, two of which he heade as c.a ., .
regional forester. He also sent several dears in re-
searco work, including five years as director of the
Northern Rocky Mountain Aoeest and aange oJeoriment
station at Missou,a, M)nt . oe was the organizer and
first head of the sohool of forestry at Utah State
Agricoltural College.
4att e. is clooirman of the standing advisory comeittee
on forestry of t .e inited oations Food and Agricultural
Organization. He took an activo sort in the orgoniza-
tion and develooment of Coe forestry branch of ?AO and
was technioal advisor to t ,e .S. delegate .o general
sessions of FAO in Quebec in 1945; Ocelenhagen in 1946;
4ashington„ D.C. In 1943 and 1949; and Rome in 1951.
He was also a i,S. ielegate to the Inter-American Con-
fersnoo on t, o Conservation of 14,newable Natural He-
sourcoo in Denver in l%3, and attended the dnited
Nations . clentifio Conferenoe on the ;onservation and
Jtilization of Rcsouroes at Lake Succors in 1949.
. NI r
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DISCOVER AMERICA ,
DWO 8966 BEST BY CAR
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U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest Service
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On Friday, April 3, 1970, following 38
years with the Forest Service and 13
years as Regional Forester of the Inter-
mountain Region, Floyd Iverson retired
to an active life of traveling and gardening.
Mr. Iverson's achievements are recognized
not only by those who worked with him
and those who follow in his path, but by
many leaders in the community and nation.
His outstanding leadership as Regional
Forester was recognized in 1962 when he
was presented a Superior Service Award
by the Secretary of Agriculture. In 1967
he received the Distinguished Service
Award of the Federal Executives Associ-
ation for Utah. In 1964 Mr. Iverson was
awarded the Utah State University
Bridger Award for outstanding achieve-
, 410
ment in the field of conservation. He was
a recipient of the American Motors Con-
" servation Award in 1969.
j�9` aaxms i x.;
An editorial published in 1967 sums up
the feelings of many people who know
and respect Floyd Iverson.
. . . Never before have the various and
sometimes opposing demands upon the
woods, ranges, streams and other re-
sources been greater or the job so delicate
in balancing these demands with basic mul-
tiple use and `greatest good"guidelines.
Because of the rocky thin-soil precarious-
ness of mountain watersheds, past neglect
and poor management and special eco-
nomic problems of some users, sound
management has been especially sensitive
the last 30 years in the Region, especially
Utah and Idaho. Mr. Iverson has made dif-
ficult and touchy decisions on grazing and
had them sustained on appeal. While do-
ing what a good administrator had to do,
often in the face of strong opposition, he
and his staff managed also to initiate co-
ordinated programs with stockmen, col-
leges and others, with increasing attention
to restoring vegetation, so that in many
respects the Intermountain Region leads
the nation in conservation . . . . The
honors to Floyd Iverson do credit to the
whole agency which for years has led in
esprit de corps and achievement.
Because he has worked hard these many
years to make our story possible, the Year-
book for 1970 is dedicated to Floyd Iverson.
i
Wen I was in forestry school, there and solitude. Much work needs to be done
was much talk about the expected future to protect and improve the environment.
demands on National Forest resources.
Experts were projecting user trends into I am optimistic about the future because
the 1970's and beyond. Some of their I believe in our land management abilities
predictions seemed rather grim. — and I believe in our American way of
life. With proper planning and use, the
These gloomy forecasts were brought to National Forests will continue to provide
mind recently when I heard a fellow for- wholesome outdoor recreation while
ester quip: "Today is the tomorrow we meeting the heavy demands for natural
worried about yesterday. Now we know resources. We can and will meet the chal-
why." lenge of providing a quality environment
that reaches into the lives of all people.
But is it really all that bad? I, for one,
think not. While no one can deny that we While facing the realities of today, we
are facing tremendous challenges, only the continue to be concerned about tomor-
prophets of doom insist they cannot be row. Making sure that it arrives in good
solved. condition is our mission. How we work
Certainly an increased use of National to fulfill this mission is what our Year-
Forests and demand for products has book for 1970 is all about.
been experienced. There are enormous
jobs facing us. Forest lands must become ..l���f kdZte--'iOz-- --e--_
increasingly productive while accommo- VERN HAMRE
dating more people who seek recreation Regional Forester
INTERMOUNTAIN REGION
FOREST SERVICE
U. S. DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE
OGDEN, UTAH 111DAED
2'J
MUM KIVADA
, D,
if 01 11 .1
•
A day never passes that National Forests and by managers. But we learn from our
do not enter your life in some way — mistakes.
offering you recreational opportunities — Today in the Intermountain Region there
fulfilling your needs as a user — or just are scars to erase and wounds to heal.
comforting you with the knowledge that There are also benefits to reap.
they exist.
There are benefits to reap because the
And a day never passes that the actions of underlying principle of National Forest
people — either directly or indirectly —do management is based on the idea that con-
e not affect National Forests. The actions servation means wise use. Resources must
may hurt or they may help. The effects be used so there will be a continuing sup-
may be short lived or they may be ply for now and for future generations.
irreversible.
National Forests give generously as long
It is an oft-repeated fact that National as we are reasonable with our requests.
Forests belong to the public and are held Unfortunately, people sometimes demand
in trust now and for future generations by too much and their actions create environ-
the Forest Service. This is a simplified mental imbalance.
statement of an awesome responsibility. In order to prevent and solve problems
involved with use of resources, the causes
We believe we have done a good job must be recognized. As land managers and
through the years,but we realize that our users, we must all understand precisely
judgment has not been always without how we influence our National Forests
fault. Mistakes have been made by users and how they in turn affect our lives.
,
w fi-, p � r .. ' p ��a4 i w �}ilia Mw�iNi w wi 1u wSi w i w
The Forest Service cooperates
, , g �g ntw 1 h F �' �fhol 7'''''71,'—'4"'P''''-'1111104,0 `'. , ,
with all land management '
agencies in markin safe p T.�+ �� n t Iwhx :;,..,,,,,4,,,,,
li
routes for snowmobiles.
Many snowmobile groups are
working for Safety and Ye ''.,,,,*:_::,,,74'1...° fin y w Ny `w t ,�lw n
source protection. . �. , - " , pw�61 ,
a
1
ta
F
4
lkf In the autumn of 1970 a wo-
' "- men's conservation convoca
r ,.
tion at Redfish Lake in Idaho
was co-sponsored by the
X7"1 Idaho Federation of Women's
� Clubs and the Idaho State i�
Federation of Garden Clubs �� _ ,
in cooperation with the For- ewT `
est Service. Representatives
4 Ise
of women's organizations,
�� %er
State agencies, and private � � r..t. ,I or
industry exchanged thoughts ° +�� �� :
with legislators, educators, «,�, �*
land managers,and other �!
interested persons. This group �" �l�
represents the Idaho ,, ��
Division of American Associ � Of
ation of University Women, "°
the League of Women Voters, �l=ti 1 ' _iger Idaho Federation of State '-'7-""•, --�---
b.--Ilt,'� Wit*$' Y�
.� \\llt't11
Garden Clubs, Idaho Federa- tMMYl4 f►�Il '�� i` ,�,
tion of Business and Pro- .. � ������ w
fessional Women,and . i ti�t'�taiMkl ate°
Idaho Daughters of the "" " "�V� t�i ��xti �_
4- American Revolution.
s
`, y 11101re-' ."`..".*°,,, *
e, 4
„I, .,. _A ',./),"..„, . , , ''
1 , ., IP
Forest Officer discusses with
interested forest users the
environmental planning ' s "> ,
6 »
factors of a special area. k �� - x �
The land being studied is part `
of the Idaho Batholith m g
central Idaho. �` f '
..
s
1 '
V s,
s - St o . y %
't" yea ' ,f r.
a, `
h 4 'A A
( t it
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,,,,.,,,, i , IT. 4,, ,,,,,v
A Responsibility
Shared
�he Forest Service is responsible for man- In this age of environmental awareness it
aging the National Forests to provide for is popular to question and condemn all
today's needs in a way that will assure a that has been done to date in the name of
plentiful supply of resources and a quality progress. Questioning is good, but if all
environment for tommorow. That respon- activity were stopped, civilization could
sibility is shared with other Federal and take giant strides backward. On the other
State agencies. It is also shared with the hand, to allow uncontrolled activity would
substantial portion of people in this coun- be disastrous to the natural world —
try who are concerned about land use including the human race.
decisions. Their voices are heard in public We believe progress can be measured in
meetings and in discussions with National Forests not only by how well
representative groups and individuals.
We welcome this contribution. the needs of today are being met but by
how well the increasing needs of our
Women are taking an ever increasing in- growing country can continue to be met.
terest in the world about them. They are
listening and learning and teaching. Boys The Congress recognizes that each person
and girls are active in outdoor oriented should enjoy a healthful environment and
groups. They are aware and concerned that each person has a responsibility to
about their world and are participating in contribute to the preservation and en-
conservation and cleanup projects. Sports- hancement of the environment.
men appreciate the outdoors and work Environmental Quality Act
through their organizations to improve it.
Each person has a stake in the wise man-
agement of National Forests.
i
Man often demonstrates his ability to
meddle with nature and impose his works
on the countryside. Many damaged water-
sheds and flooded drainage basins bear
testimony to his activities. Scarred land-
scapes and polluted air are other evidence
of man's presence.
However, all scars on the land are not the
work of man. Nature, without man's
help, is often self destructive. To make
amends for human errors as well as for
other destructive forces, the Forest Ser-
V�hen vice studies damaged areas and then helps ps
nature speed the healing process.
nature needs When wildlife habitat deteriorates, it is
often a sign that the quality of man's
h elpenvironment is also in danger. The Forest
r Service works with State fish and game
agencies to identify and correct the envi-
ronment-destroying conditions that
threaten survival of wildlife. Frequently,
limiting factors must be manipulated to
favor a certain species. One friend of wild-
life has said that preservation to keep a
species from extinction is at least as
sacred as creation.
Research is underway on planning re-
' ' creation areas to avoid crowding and pol-
lution, revegetating surface mine sites,
)r,
repairing damaged watersheds, planning
roads, and planting trees. In many locali-
ties in the Intermountain Region, deter-
mined action is paying off in improved
` quaMuch lity work re of air,mains water, soil to be and done.vegetation.
A trout species from a pre glacial era was dis-
art. ` covered living in Pine Creek of the Humboldt
National Forest in the summer of 1970. The
area is being protected by a Secretary of Agri-
culture's U-6 Closure until research has re-
A newly hatched sandhill crane needs people vealed the environmental needs of the rare
who care. unnamed subspecies of cutthroat trout.
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U. S. Weather Bureau meteorologists at the
Boise Interagency Fire Center provide daily fire
weather briefings and fire weather forecasts to
Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service
fire experts. These three agencies combine their
talents and resources to protect all lands in the
West from wildfire.
° k^ uw.,*-- M4TW PAOP
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Molding
the environment
,,..... , .. ,. ,.. ,.. ,,,,,,..
.., .. , , . . . , , , Coordinating land uses with stream im-
provement projects provides pure water,
msµ: -f'`. a— stable stream channels, and healthy tt
fisheries.
. , ,�
Fuel breaks are located to limit fire
V spread. Wide strips of critical land near
14 if -tIc, � well-traveled roads, recreation sites, and
. d° r city suburbs are treated to eliminate
sirlffi, 1 .,: t ry flash fuels while maintaining soil protec
ft (` �; tion and cover.
�' ,� Healthier and more productive forests are
, . '" created through the science of breeding
' .•; , '', '. 2 It•'.410", ° °, better trees in Forest Service nurseries.
a` i ,: ''.I'' � w 0--_,,, " v The chaining of sagebrush and juniper in-
, i
E = s = ` '. „` creases palatable forage for livestock and
wildlife. Range management programs bal-
1 ance seasons of use with forage productiv-
ity in order to sustain ground cover and
he land manager of the seventies is a maintain esthetic values. Controlled hunt- 1
combination of scientist, artist, and ing seasons, set by State fish and game
diplomat. Forms, colors, and textures of officials, help adjust the number of wild
the landscape are his media. Through animals to the available food supply.
scientific analysis he identifies the limiting
factors of the resources — through public These are but a few of the ways the For-
involvement he develops an understanding est Service manipulates environmental
of the social and economic needs of people. factors in order to fulfill responsibilities
Helping the land manager develop resource as trustee for future generations. To do
management programs are professionals so requires the understanding and support
from over 120 scientific disciplines. of the people.
-7-4, /,,, ,,--,,;/„,z.e.__,,„ ... .4,,,/,..,
ores chief
Town hall meeting
with Jack Ward
Boise's concerns
Thomas draws 170 (INWARD). He pointed to the tion, and welcomed the chance
decline of species such as salm- to direct its policy`'
By Martin S. Johncox on, bear and some birds, which "I think it's in a time of flux.
The Idaho Statesman he said indicate the overall Now they have to be more peo-
health of a forest. ple-oriented. They're being in-
While middle, not the extremes, While he listened intently, vaded by people, and they need
will participate in the"reinven Thomas was noncommittal on to be able to answer their needs,
tion of the Forest Service," the broad range of issues raised like recreation, as well as fuel,
agency chief Jack Ward Thomas during the three hour session at forage and wildlife," said Eliza-
told a Boise audience Saturday. the Red Lion Hotel Down beth Smith of Boise.
"If people adopt an extreme towner. The discussion was "Recreation is the growing
position, they'll define the deci- vague and philosophical, avoid- use of the forest. Traditional
sion space,but they don't partic- ing the hot button issues like uses, such as commodity extrac-
ipate in a final solution," said wilderness, salmon preserva tion, are decreasing," said Mike
Thomas, who spoke at a town tion, expansion of the Air Force McConnell, president of the
hall meeting. It was the fourth training range near Mountain I Treasure Valley Trail Machine
of nine such meetings the Forest Home and revising the Endan Association. "Answers aren't
gered Species Act. going to come from the extreme
Service's top man is conducting g g extreme,
around the country. But after the meeting, several
but from the middle, such as
expressed their own plans for recreation. There are man
"Those people that are interest- many
reform. If I were going to forms of recreation and they all
ed in talking about solutions will change things, I would privatize have to be accommodated."
have the most say," Thomas said. a lot of it, like the wilderness. If The Associated Press and the
But people with widely differ- the environmental groups want New York Times Wire Service
ing views were among the 170 the wilderness, let them manage contributed to this story.
who attended the meeting, mak it," said David Little, an Em-
ing easy solutions unlikely, mett >'rancher and farmer. "I
"We're over controlled. Re-
think the Forest Service does a
creation is wonderful, but oth good job, considering all the in e
ers
land,f said Dorothy live offn th of put they have from all sides."
Boise, who owns mining claims. Kris Siess, another member of
She said she's not allowed to use INWARD,said the Forest Service
heavy equipment on her land. <<I should focus on administering
can't go out there with a pick smaller timber sales, rather than
and shovel. I'm there
years old." selling to large companies. He
80 On the other hand, an envi said this would benefit people
ronmentalist said "short-term more in smaller communities.
timber profits should not dictate The agency is moving away
forest policy." from old-fashioned forestry and
"Stream quality and water is expanding its traditional role
quality have been degraded, and of managing the forests for tim-
quality massive erosion degraded,hill-
market It's turning to
sides," said Wade Gruhl with market surveys, focus groups
the Idaho Non-Violent Wilder- and town hall meetings to figure
ness Area Rescue and Defense out its new role. The Forest Ser-
vice manages about 44 percent
of Idaho's 83,557 square miles.
Several people at the meeting
said they understood the agency
was trying to change its direc-
Pa y ette changed rules to cut Lambe
The objections were over logging in
(Note:This is the second in a two-week series II f`' 4 i-r the South Fork of the Salmon River, ,
of stories about the effect of the federal timber -.:J 3 ,,,,, .1 drainage and goals for fish habitat listed
salvage law on the Payette National Forest). in the forest plan,Alexander said.
BY ROGER PHILLIPS �� Among the goals was"to provide
The Spar-News a ,• , habitat to support fishable popula-
�, Lions of naturally spawning and rearing
The Payette National Forest amended its own , , ,- try and salmon by 1997."
master plan numerous times,relaxed environ-
mental standards for timber sales and scheduled f`; After the 1994 fires, Alexander
large salvage timber sales in controversial °'� . ..,, said he did not believe the goal was
roadless areas over the past two years,according --1, going to be met. On the other hand,
to a federal review. t 4 .abiding by it would have eliminated
The Payette took the actions,all legal, under € ;, any fire salvage logging in the South
.he so-called timber salvage amendment.The law Fork.
was passed by Congress in 1995 and President ,� x "There was a tough call to be made
2linton signed it into law in July of that year It ,�4 z there,"Alexander said "My call was
:xpired in December 1996. "' `` r to officially state we weren't meeting
During its 18 month life,the amendment ° ,, that (objective) or say we can't har-
wiped the Payette to sell more timber in 1996 .- vest anything off the South Fork."
han it had sold since 1972. �� He defended his decision to log
In order to offer those sales,the Payette u, ' and feels the river benefited from the
elaxed standards for soil,water,fish habitat, g salvage projects.
risual qualities and other areas on several sales, "We harvested timber and,as part
according to a federal intetaagency review of the sales, we rocked roads which
.eleased last fall. ., a source of sediment," Alex-
Also,the Payette proceeded with salvage _ ander said We felt,overall,we were over objections from other federal agencies t benefiting the situation."
he interagency report found. As for other forest plan amend-
All of the Payette's actions were legal under ,,.I , , ments,he said it is not uncommon to
he salvage amendment. In fact,the Payette amend the plan for changing condi
vithstood four legal challenges in U.S. District lions. The forest plan has been
:ourt brought by environmental groups.Three of Second of a two part series amended 68 times since it was adopted
hose decisions were appealed to the Ninth in 1988,he said.
ircuit Court of Appeals and two were upheld. While the volume of salvage timber offered, "The fact we amended some dur
here has been no decision yet on the third. sold and harvested was considerably more than it ing the salvage is consistent with what
The federal audit,conducted by the U.S. has been in recent years,Payette Forest Supervi-
we've been doing,"Alexander said.
eneral Accounting Office,said such legal sor Dave Alexander estimated only about 6 The amendments were not made
allenges to salvage sales were rare nationwide. percent of the 290,000 acres that burned on the arbitrarily,he said,nor was it against
There were 11,435 salvage sales on federal Payette in 1994 was actually harvested. any laws to make those changes.
nd under the amendment,and only 16,or.01 "When you're only cutting on 6 percent,it's If you're going to make an amend
ment,you have to base it on data and
-rcent,of those were challenged.Three of those tough to say we couldn't have cut more,"
monitoring,"he said."We're certainly
e sales were on the Payette,and the fourth Alexander said. "Whether we should have cut not amending the forest plan to break
allenge was to the Thunderbolt salvage sale, more is a subjective issue at this point." the law."
hich was on both the Payette and Boise forests. The interagency review was performed by a
The GAO review,released in February,found team consisting of personnel from the forest et,f2_,, I -
e Payette could have sold more timber if the service,Bureau of Land Management,Environ- ° -
rectives from Washington D.C.had not mental Protection Agency,U.S. Fish and
anged during the life of the salvage amend- 1 Wildlife Service and the National Marine
ent. Other findings by the interagency.,? risheries Service. The team con Back Page)
review team were invalid because the ducted a review of the salvage sale •�etttng aside torest plan require-
environmental requirements the Pay- program last year and released its ments to complete soil inventories
ette supposedly relaxed were covered findings in October. and requirements to complete a six-
by other laws and directives,or they The interagency report found the step process for riparian area
were irrelevant,Alexander said Payette altered its Land and Re- management.
For instance,the riparian and soil source Management plan, • Allowing activities that would
surveys cited were not needed be- commonly known as the forest plan, •
not meet forest plan visual quality
cause they were already covered b by modifying standards and guide- objectives over one to five years.
Y lines set forth in the plan to •Adding more land disturbances
regulations issued by the forest ser- accommodate salvage sales. than previously allowed,which meant
vice chief to protect drainages that are Payette forest Supervisor Dave Y g
salmon habitat. the Payette did not meet its goals for
Alexander also noted that visual Alexander said he did not necessarily improving fish habitat.
quality objectives were essentially agree with the findings of the inter- •Allowing increased one-way fly-
quality a agency team. ing distance for helicopter logging.
moot point.The salvage sales did not The modifications that relaxed fish
meet the objectives, but neither did ..I believe in each of those cases
the fire-killed trees remaining after there are questions whether the team habitat improvement goals also"elic-
the interpreted correctly and whether the ited strong objections from National
the fires.So whether or not there was things they interpreted were valid," Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS),
logging,the objectives would not have Alexander said. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
been met,he said. Specifically, the standards and the Environmental Protection Agency
He also pointed out the helicopter guidelines that the interagency team and some members of the public,"the
logging issue was an economic, not said were modified for salvage sales report stated.
an environmental,decision. included.
s �
?I/9/2'191S 0 d14
A legendary firefighter who was
both inventor and hero is to be 1 dr z
honored with a memorial called
The ip
Project
By Betsy Russell came out,they could not sit on
Idaho Spokesman-Review the rocks because they were so
hot beside the creek."
Ed Pulaski may be best known See is an avid hiker and ama-
for the firefighting tool he in- teur historian who noticed that
vented, a cross between an ax the historic tunnel site and the
and a hoe that bears his name and trail leading to it have been de-
still is used in firefighting today. teriorating,and feared they could
But Pulaski's heroics during soon be lost forever.
the 1910 wildfires that devastat- Now,a Silver Valley group is
ed the forests of North Idaho, working to restore the historic
Eastern Washington and Mon- site and trail,build a new trail-
tana tell an even more compelling head and historic markers and
story—one that Silver Valley eventually create a national wild-
residents hope will draw tourists fire education center and muse-
and others to a historic site,trail um at the trailhead site.
and interpretive center. "It's already on the National
Long before he invented the Register of Historic Places,"See
handy tool that kept forest fire- said."And so is the escape route."
fighters from having to carry both The project is now known as
an ax and a hoe,Pulaski was a the Pulaski Project,and work is
Forest Service ranger in Wallace scheduled to start this summer on
in August 1910 when the woods restoring,realigning and marking
exploded into a firestorm,trap- the trail and the tunnel entrance.
ping 1,800 firefighters between At the behest of Idaho Sen.Larry
Wallace and Avery. Craig,Congress has appropriat-
Drawing on his knowledge of ed nearly$300,000 for the Forest
the area,Pulaski led his 45-man Service to take on the project.
crew to safety in an abandoned Rep.Mary Lou Shepherd,D-
mine,now known as the Pulaski Prichard, this month told the
Tunnel. There, they lay face House State Affairs Committee
down through a suffocating night about the project and the story.
of smoke and heat.Their leader Eventually, a$15 million inter-
kept some from panicking and pretive center and museum is en-
heading outside to certain death visioned,to serve as a national
with the end of his pistol.He beat center for wildfire education.
out flaming timbers at the mine's A"fire room"would give vis-
entrance with horse blankets and itors the experience of the sights,
mine water he gathered in his hat. sounds and smells of a raging
Though the whole group lost wildfire,she said.
consciousness during that night, The House committee agreed
including Pulaski,nearly all sur- to introduce a resolution Shep-
vived,and crawled back through herd proposed to"express sup-
the smoking,charred woods to port and encouragement for the
Wallace in the morning. efforts of the Pulaski project,and
"The fire was so hot that it acknowledge the dedication of
killed the fish in the creek,"said the wildfire fighters,past,pre-
Jim See, a guidance counselor sent and future."
and teacher at Mullan High Former Rep.Don Pischner,R-
School."When the firefighters Coeur d'Alene,has been work-
7--(T
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Photo courtesy of Museum of North Idaho
,4"4$4t4
This undated photo was taken at the mouth of War Eagle Mine,now known as the Pulaski Tunnel,near
Wallace.The tunnel is named for Ed Pulaski,who invented the handy tool that kept forest firefighters
from having to carry both an ax and a hoe.He was a Forest Service ranger in Wal lace in August 1910
when thewoodsexploded intoafirestorm,trapping 1,800firefighters between Wallace and Avery.
Drawing on his knowledge of the area,Pulaski led his 45 man crewto safety in the abandoned mine.
Pictured are Joe Helm,left,and a man identified only as McKay.
ing with the project. rector Steve Guerber said he pen, so we can identify exactly
"My dad knew Ed Pulaski,"Pis thinks the Pulaski Project is"a where the trail is."
diner said."In my generation,Ed great idea,"that could both pre The tunnel itself is too dan
Pulaski was this big hero." serve and make more accessible gerous for public access,he said,
When the backers had access "the site where a significant his- but possibilities include an over-
problems to part of the trail, toric event took place." look or structure where visitors
Pischner discovered that the land The trailhead is about half a would be able to peer into the old
is now owned by his employer, mile south of Wallace. From mine.
Stimson Lumber.Soon,there was there, the trail runs about two
a letter of agreement for access, miles to the tunnel.
including easements and possi See said, "We're going on.a
bly a land sale. hike with the engineers in April,
Idaho Historical Society Di- once the snow allows that to hap
,_ ,/,,,,,,„„„,
Fans track down grave g.11
of ire o lk hero
. ,
Ranger renowned �:�° __ . .* 111:
for saving 40 men � ' - 4
during 1910 blaze ' '
,,,, :The Associated Press ! }
COEUR D'ALENE—The re- ®� t'"
discovery D'a firefighting folk ` ° ., , „
hero's gravesite has local history .,
buffs and city officials hoping it °
will raise interest in Western his- `_ � �..:
D,
to
Ed Pulaski was an early-day *..
ranger for the U.S.Forest Service €
and inventor of the firefighting tool "
that bears his name.The ranger �wM
was also known for helping to save ,: ;
dozens of firefighters during a ma z .,
jor Wallace area wildfire 94 years �# ,
g
a Though a handful of distant rel- x t `' _ "'
atives knew where Pulaski was , '�� _+`;
buried,the fact had long eluded = 4*/ p.
local historians,including Wallace ` ,, -
resident Ron Roizen.Even officials >'
from Coeur d'Alene's Forest
Cemetery did not know he was , PoA 1 `*lie buried there. g
"It's a discovery,but only sort �:
of a discovery,"Roizen said. � �'' ' ' 4 vi. ,
Roizen is a member of the Pu
laski Project,a group that hopes
to create a national wildfire edu4 - 4 it. ,41701:::„., ,cation center in Wallace.So far, '
the group has secured$300,000 in '.
federal funding to build an in
pretive trail to the hillside mine
shaft where Pulaski and 45 fire-
fighters found refuge during the ;,
"Big Blowup"wildfire of 1910.
When one of the men panicked File photo
and tried to leave the cramped Ed Pulaski,a ranger for the U.S.Forest Service and inventor of the fire-
quarters,according to several ac- fighting tool that bears his name,is remembered for helping to save
counts,Pulaski drew his gun and dozens of firefighters duringa Wallace-area wildfire in 1910.Officials
said,"The first man who tries to from Coeur d'Alene's Forest Cemetery only recently found out he was
leave this tunnel I will shoot." buried there.
They all stayed inside,eventu-
ally passing out from the suffo- Recreation Department was also nephew,77-year-old Doug Casey
cating heat.Five of the men nev- excited to learn that Pulaski had of Woodland,Wash.Although the
er woke up. been buried at the Forest Ceme- title is written in stone,Pulaski's
Pulaski rarely spoke of that day tery. blood probably didn't run blue,
but tended the graves of the dead "We had no idea.We know the Casey said.
men faithfully and remained the name.We have his tool and use Pulaski's wife Emma believed
ranger in Wallace until he retired them in city parks," said the de- her husband came from the same
in 1930.His lungs were forever partment's director, Doug East line as Brig.Gen.Casimir Pulaski,
weakened by the fire,relatives said. wood.,"This got everybody excit- a Revolutionary War hero and Pol-
Roizen said information on Pu- ed.Hes revered as a hero." ish nobleman.Ed Pulaski likely
laski's final years is limited.Roizen The granite tombstone also adds scoffed at the notion,but Emma
learned of the location of his grave a colorful twist to Pulaski's story, had other ideas,Casey said.
from Arizona State University Pro Roizen said.The name on the in- There's one other twist to the
fessor and fire expert Stephen scription is Count Edward C.Pu Pulaski grave story, Casey said.
Pyne,who was doing research for laski. Emma also made sure that neither
his book,"Year of the Fires:The The unlikely royal title sent of their markers listed a hairthdate.
Story of the Great Fires of 1910." Roizen searching for more facts. "She never wanted anybody to
Coeur d'Alene's Parks and He contacted Pulaski's grand- know how old she was,"he said.
WELCOMEto your National Forests, America's
Playgrounds.
The Northern Region of the Forest Service in.
cludes 16 National Forests with a total area of 26
million acres in eastern Washington, northern
Idaho, Montana, and the western Dakotas. Multiple
use management of National Forest resources pro-
vides sustained yields of recreation, forage, wood,
water.. and wildlife.
Local counties share in the revenue from Na-
tional Forests. Twenty -five percent of revenue
from timber sales, grazing, special -use permits, and
other earnings is returned to counties containing
National Forest land. Federal law requires that
counties use these funds for roads and schools.
.,r i.,, ” - ' ,
n
Along with water, forage, wood, and wildlife.
National Forest recreation plays an important role
in the economy of many local communities and
the States of the Northern Region. There's outdoor
recreation for everyone: hunting, boating, fishing,
hiking, swimming, camping, picnicking, riding,
mountain climbing, winter sports, and sightseeing
in a wonderland of nature.
There are more than 26,000 miles of roads and
23,000 miles of developed trails in these 16 Na-
tional Forests. Nearly 12,000 miles of fishing
streams and over 190,000 acres of lakes provide
almost unlimited opportunities for healthful out-
door recreation. More than 5,700 family units have
been constructed at more than 500 camp and pic-
nic grounds. Recreation facilities also include boat-
rays`
launching ramps. developed beaches, winter sports
sites, organizational camps, and special -use com-
mercial resorts. ;
CAMP OR PICNIC almost anywhere in the
National Forests. A directory of developed camp-
grounds and picnic areas is available from the Dis-
trict Forest Ranger or the Forest Supervisor. Nu-
merous small, roadside and back - country campsites
beckon the more venturesome.
Along main roads, camping may be restricted to
developed campgrounds. These restricted areas are
signed. During periods of high forest fire danger,
specific areas may be closed to public travel or
camping. When in doubt, check with the Forest
Ranger.
Developed campgrounds provide a parking spur,
table, fireplace, toilets, and water. Showers, laun-
dry facilities. and hot water are not provided.
Camp trailers or track- mounted housekeeping units
may be set up on parking spurs.
Most developed campgrounds now require a
charge. These are marked in the camp - picnic direc-
tory and are signed. Time limits, if any, are posted
at each campground. Horses are not permitted in
developed campsites. Firearms cannot be used in
recreation areas.
Public boat - launching ramps are provided at
some National Forest lakes. State boating laws
apply.
PP Y .
Scenic lakes, fringed with forested slopes and
towering peaks, offer opportunities for .swimming,
canoeing, boating, fishing, and water skiing. White -
water and wild -river boating are at their best on the
Flathead, Lochsa, Selway. Salmon, and Snake
Rivers.
Miles of quiet trails lead through green cathe-
drals, over windswept ridges, along glaciers, streams
and lakes, and down high - walled canyons. Plan
your back - packing trip with the help of the local
Forest Ranger. There is good climbing in many
areas, such as the Mission, Selkirk. Beartooth. and
Bitterroot Mountains. Besides Granite Peak
(12,799 feet), there are more than 25 other nearby
peaks in the Beartooth Primitive Area that reach
Seeley Lake C:enpground, Lolo National Forest
N
- -3' i the Gallatin National Forest -
Summit Lake, Spanish Peaks Primitive Area, 111
above the 12,000 -foot level in the crisp, alpine air.
Commercial guide and packer services and comfort-
able guest ranches are available throughout the
Region.
Be careful with fire in your National Forests. A
careless moment can destroy trees that took 100
years to grow. Build your campfire in a safe place.
Be sure it is out when you leave. Use caution when
smoking. Extinguish all tobacco. Report forest
fires and range fires promptly to the nearest Forest
Service official.
i
WINTER SPORTS areas in the National F,,r
ests „1' 1, "i -r 1.,h, enders \1'ashinKton .nn1
Montana i'I* , id,.
and talent.
ll,,ro spectacular downhill run- -
open _noivfieldt , deep powder ,now, and genic
vistas in high - country gun. From November to
April, there is skiing for the novice as well its the
expert.
National Forest winter sports areas have been
developed in cooperation with private developers
and local ski clubs. These winter playgrounds. well
designed and carefully managed to meet Forest
Service safety requirements, are operated under
National Forest special -use permits.
A handy "Ski Guide" is available at Forest Sery
ice offices. It gives detailed information about
tows, lifts, terrain, she inftruction. location.
season, elevation, days t
,tryy.',1'
c 8rea PA
lions at the 16 t
h,•.i, ,.I,I:r !' , kc \1. yet i,,i _ ,,' m,,.
HUNT
deer. h,rl
Forea� f Ilz niimV,er in .•�,: ,t' inu,inni i i,,,r
ur ce,: 1; hiKh %line deer I, the principal h g Kane,•
animal- phew ar «• m „re than in.,).000 white tailed
and 2 t5,000 mule deer in the Northern
Gates of the Mountains, Helena National Fnr"st
National Forests. Grizzly bear are generally con-
fined to the wildest and most primitive areas.
Sportsmen also take turkey; ruffed, pheasant sharptail and blue grouse, geese;
ducks. State Fish & Game Department offices can
provide information about hunting seasons, per-
mits, residence requirements, and bag limits.
Forest Ranger Stations have detailed hunting
maps. National Forest Wilderness and Primiand
Areas are open to sportsmen• Licensed
o meat and
outfitters can add much to your enjoyment
hunting success in these roadless, back - country
areas. hotog
Along the quiet trails, the naturalist and photog-
rapher will see a variety of songbirds, as well as
hawks, eagles, and owls. In the shaded groves,
along the quiet pools, and out on the windswept
range, you'll often see gopher, chipmunk, beaver,
porcupine, woodchuck, rabbit, squirrel, and other
small animals.
SCENIC DRIVES take National Forest visitors
through quiet, beautiful, and historic country.
Lewis & Clark Highway, in the Lolo and Clear-
water National Forests, parallels the historic route
across the Bitterroot Mountains.
Beartooth Highway, through the Custer, Galla-
tin, and Shoshone National Forests, ascends to
over an 11,000 -foot elevation along the Montana -
Wyoming border. It offers an awe - inspiring majes-
tic mixture of raw, rugged, natural beauty. A For-
est Service map folder "Beartooth Country
will
be helpful in planning your travel in this alpine
country.
AFF
YOU ARE ALWAYS WELCOME at National
Forest fire lo,,koul< Alin) ,an he reached over
Forest Service roads; others require trail travel.
West of Riggins, Idaho, Forest roads take you to
Heaven's Gate in the Nezperce National Forest for
west Rowhud Lake, Custer National Forest
Bass Canyon Trail, Bitterroot National forest
a horizon -to- horizon view of the Seven Devils and
North America's deepest gorge, Hell's Canyon.
Paved, all- weather roads take you along the Madi-
son River to the Madison Canyon Earthquake Area
in the Gallatin National Forest in Montana.
From July through September, motorists can
enjoy a 60 -mile self - guided tour of high range
county in the Gravelly Mountains of the Beaver -
Rlafational Forest.
S at the National Forest Supervisors' Offices
o rmation about the many other scenic
WILDERNESSrecreation opportunities are
varied. Here visitors find areas maintained in their
natural, undeveloped state as restful retreats, offer-
ing relief from society's mechanized and highly
organized way of life.
The Bob Marshall Wilderness, Selway- Bitterroot
Wilderness, Anaconda - Pintlar Wilderness, Gates of
the Mountains, and Cabinet Mountains Wild Area,
and five Primitive Areas include slightly more than
three and one -third million acres of the most
rugged and beautiful mountain country in the
West. These areas are devoted to recreational, sce-
nic, scientific, educational, conservation, and his-
toric uses. Intimacy with nature is one of the price-
less experiences in these rugged areas; they are
peaceful and timeless.
You can drive your car close to the boundaries
of most of these areas. Aircraft landing fields ure
located near some wild, Wilderness, and Primitive
Areas. After leaving your car or plane, You
have to travel by foot or horseback.
Local Forest Rangers can provide you with
maps and help you plan your back- couniu i trip,
r
recommend routes and campsites, give y
mates, or about availbility or other needs. Hikers sho s
uld nottravelcthe
horses,
high country alone.
Clear lakes and streams provide excellent fishing
in some of these areas. All areas are open to hunt-
ing and fishing under State Fish & Game Depart-
ment regulations. For the scientist and nature stu-
dent, the geology and ecology guarantee fascinat-
ing study.
Big Mountain, Flathead National Forest
r tv
` Snow Bowl, Lolo National Forest
Recognizing that Primitive :areas will not re-
main if not protected, the Forest Service, over t
years ago, Pioneered in safeguarding Ameri ca's Wil-
derness heritage• estic samples of primeval
Untamed lands. maj
America, are part of the National Forests.
Wilderness Pr underAwhc ha hesareascwere
different regulations Wilderness is the basic
designated. In all of them, roads, and
resource. Commercial prohibited ti No permanent
motorized travel are
t for essential
developments are per except and
administrative facilities, such as fire to ahib t the
Ranger Stations. Thuipment in Act
ilderness Areas.
use of motorized equipment
Other special recreation areas in the Northern
Region:
Ross Creek Scenic Area in Kootenai National
Forest
Roosevelt Grove of Ancient Cedars in Kaniksu
National Forest
Sacajawea Historical Area in Beaverhead Na-
tional Forest
Upper Priest Lake Scenic Area in the Kaniksu
National Forest
Madisol, aver Canyon Geological Area in Galla-
tin Natiu t tresl,
LAKES AND STREAMS in the National
Forests are open to fishing. Protection and im-
provement of the fish habitat are it responsibility
of the Forest Service. State Fish and GarDcatch et
merits establish seasons, issue permits,
limits, and enforce fishing regulations.
More than 1.2 million fishing visits are recorded
each year in these National Forests, s aretseldom y
remote streams and high alpine
fished.
Trout species include cutthroat, kamloops, Ger-
man brown, rainbow, Doily Fiahermen, eastern brook,
steelhead, and golden.
kanee and Chinook salmon, sturgeon, whitefish,
perch, pike, and bass.
PLEASE!
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NOR�IIERN REGION
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1 - .” �('� � : � ��^ f �I, r� •. REGION ONE
r���,,,. n. I,.,. �� � � � l I � ” _ �,,,��. vs�- ._ .w.
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_ FOREST SERVICE /NORTHERN REGION
National National Forest
� Forests Acreage
Montana ...........10 16,635,520
Idaho ..............5 6,865,891
Washington ..........1 1,215,977
South Dakota ......... 73,489
16 24,826,980
National National Grasslands
Grasslands Acreage
North Dakota ........3 1,104,438
South Dakota ........1 _ 155,426
4 1,259,864
NATIONAL FORESTS are truly "Lands of
Dlany Uses." Under the requirements of the Multi-
ple Use Act of 1960 (Public Law 86 -517), the For-
est Service manages National Forest lands to pro-
vide sustained yields of all renewable resources:
recreation, forage, wood, water, and wildlife. As
more and more people come to depend on Nation-
al Forests for goods and services, the need for care-
fully designed resource management is obvious.
Congress has directed that these public lands be
managed so all renewable resources are utili:;ed in
the combination that will best meet the needs of
the American people.
In following the multiple use management prin-
ciple, asingle Forest Service Ranger District can
provide a harvest of timber, forage for sheep and
cattle, food and shelter for game animals, water
supplies for a city, a good fish habitat, and a vari-
ety of recreational opportunities. Mining is also
permitted.
Each year the Columbia and Missouri Rivers re-
ceive approximately 36 million acre -feet of water
r} from the watersheds of the Northern Region. Har-
Approximately 350,000 cattle, sheep, horses,
and mules graze in the Northern Region's National
Forests and National Grasslands.
Hunter success data from the Region's 16 Na-
tional Forests show there is no better big -game
hunting anywhere in the 48 contiguous States.
The 11,070 miles of fishing streams and nearly
195,000 acres of lakes in this Region provide over
a million visitor days of recreation use each year.
The Forest Service of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture is dedicated
to the principle of multiple use man-
agement of the Nation's forest re-
sources for sustained yields of wood,
water, fcrage, wildlife, and recreation.
Through forestry research, coopera-
tion with the States and private forest
ow ers, an management of the Na-
BEAVERHEAD NATIONAL FOREST
Skihi St. & Highway 91, Dillon, Montana 59725
Phone 6832312
BITTERROOT NATIONAL FOREST
316 N. 3rd. St., Hamilton, Montana 59840
Phone 3633131
CUSTER NATIONAL FOREST
2602 1st. Ave. N., Billinys, Montana 59103
Phone 2456711
DEERLODGE NATIONAL FOREST
107 E. Granite, Butte, Montana 59701
Phone 792 -1251
FLATHEAD NATIONAL FOREST
290 N. Main, Kalispell, Montana 59801
Phone 7563696
GALLATIN NATIONAL FOREST
Federal Building, Bozeman, Montane 58715
Phone 587.4511
HELENA NATIONAL FOREST
616 Helena Ave., Helena, Montana 59601
Pf�one 4429040
KOOTENAI NATION Mo ;0 nE59 23
418 Mineral Ave., Libby,
Phune 293 -6211
LEWIS &CLARK NATIONAL FOREST
Federal Building, Greet Folls, Montane 59401
Phone 453 -7878
LOLO NATIONA Mo ana 59801
2801 Russell, Missoula,
Phone 5496511
CLEARWATER NATIONAL FOREST
State Hiyhway 7, Orofino, Idaho 83644
Phone 472.7371
COEUR d'ALENE NATIONAL FOREST
23rd &Coeur d'Alene, Coeur d'Alene, Idahu 83814
Phone 684 -8281
KANIKSU NATIONAL FOREST
Dover Highway, West of Sandpoint, Idaho 83864
Phone 2836111
NEZPERCE NATIONAL FOREST
319 East Mai Phone 9839i160 Idaho 83530
$T. JOE NATIONAL F deho 83881
222 SeventhP onet24 &2531
COLVILLE NATIONAL FOREST
895 South Main, Colville, Washington 99114
Phone 88'12581
Forest Service Aerial Fire Depot 111, 7 miles
...r nti�coula; Northern Forest Fire Labo1A10 F �a I•