HomeMy Public PortalAboutAppendix C_Noise StudyEnvironmentalNoise Assessment
PC-3 EIR
Town of Truckee, California
Job # 20'10-108
Prepared For:
De Novo Planning Group
4630 Brand Way
Sacramento, CA 95819
Attn. Mr. Ben Ritchie
Prepared By:
lnc.
Institute of Noise Control Engineering
April 16,2013
i.c. brennan & associates'/\/\/\/Tottsttlttnts itr ttcousf it s
P.O. Box 6748 - 263 Nevada Street - Auburn, California 95603 -p: (530) 823-0960 -f: (530) 823-0961
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INTRODUCTION
This section discusses the existing noise environment in the project vicinity, and
identifies potential noise impacts and mitigation measures related to development of the
Joerger Ranch / PC-3 Mixed Use Development project. Specifically, this section
analyzes potential noise impacts due to and upon development of the project relative to
applicable noise criteria and to the existing ambient noise environment.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Specific Plan proposes to develop six separate zoning districts dispersed over the
66.61 acre Plan Area, each with specified targeted uses and site development
standards. The six zoning districts and their locations are shown on Figure 1. In addition
to the development of the six zoning districts, the Specific Plan proposes a large lot
tentative map that subdivides the six zoning districts into 14 individual parcels. Table 1
shows the proposed summary of zoning, acreage and development. In addition, the
project includes several roadway and infrastructure construction-related projects.
Table 1: Summary of Zoning, Acreage, and Development Potential
Zoning Designation Acreage Development Potential
Regional Commercial (CR) 11.69 101,843 sf
Regional Support Commercial (CRS) 6.07 52,881 sf
Lifestyle Commercial (CL) 7.59 66,124 sf
Manufacturing/Industrial (M1) 13.57 118,222 sf
Business Innovation Zone (BIZ) 13.97 121,707 sf
Multi-Family Residential (RM) 3.48 42 housing units
Open Space (OS) 10.24 N/A
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Acoustical Terminology1
Acoustics is the science of sound. Sound may be thought of as mechanical energy of a
vibrating object transmitted by pressure waves through a medium to human (or animal)
ears. If the pressure variations occur frequently enough (at least 20 times per second),
then they can be heard and are called sound. The number of pressure variations per
second is called the frequency of sound, and is expressed as cycles per second or Hertz
(Hz).
Noise is a subjective reaction to different types of sounds. Noise is typically defined as
(airborne) sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected or undesired, and may therefore
1 For an explanation of these terms, see Appendix A: "Acoustical Terminology"
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be classified as a more specific group of sounds. Perceptions of sound and noise are
highly subjective. Often, someone’s music is described as noise by another.
Measuring sound directly in terms of pressure would require a very large and awkward
range of numbers. To avoid this, the decibel scale was devised. The decibel scale uses
the hearing threshold (20 micropascals), as a point of reference, defined as 0 dB. Other
sound pressures are then compared to this reference pressure, and the logarithm is
taken to keep the numbers in a practical range. The decibel scale allows a million-fold
increase in pressure to be expressed as 120 dB, and changes in levels (dB) correspond
closely to human perception of relative loudness.
The perceived loudness of sounds is dependent upon many factors, including sound
pressure level and frequency content. However, within the usual range of environmental
noise levels, perception of loudness is relatively predictable, and can be approximated
by A-weighted sound levels.
There is a strong correlation between A-weighted sound levels (expressed as dBA) and
the way the human ear perceives sound. For this reason, the A-weighted sound level
has become the standard tool of environmental noise assessment. All noise levels
reported in this section are in terms of A-weighted levels, but are expressed as dB,
unless otherwise noted.
The decibel scale is logarithmic, not linear. In other words, two sound levels 10 dB apart
differ in acoustic energy by a factor of 10. When the standard logarithmic decibel is A-
weighted, an increase of 10 dBA is generally perceived as a doubling in loudness. For
example, a 70 dBA sound is half as loud as an 80 dBA sound, and twice as loud as a 60
dBA sound.
Community noise is commonly described in terms of the ambient noise level, which is
defined as the all-encompassing noise level associated with a given environment. A
common statistical tool to measure the ambient noise level is the average, or equivalent,
sound level (Leq), which corresponds to a steady-state A weighted sound level containing
the same total energy as a time varying signal over a given time period (usually one
hour). The Leq is the foundation of the composite noise descriptor, Ldn, and shows very
good correlation with community response to noise.
The day/night average level (Ldn) is based upon the average noise level over a 24-hour
day, with a +10 decibel weighing applied to noise occurring during nighttime (10:00 p.m.
to 7:00 a.m.) hours. The nighttime penalty is based upon the assumption that people
react to nighttime noise exposures as though they were twice as loud as daytime
exposures.
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Because Ldn represents a 24-hour average, it tends to disguise short-term variations in
the noise environment.
Table 2 lists several examples of the noise levels associated with common noise sources.
Appendix A provides a summary of acoustical terms used in this report.
Table 2 - Typical Maximum Nose Levels
Common Outdoor Activities Noise Level
(dBA) Common Indoor Activities
--110-- Rock Band
Jet Fly-over at 300 m (1,000 ft)--100--
Gas Lawn Mower at 1 m (3 ft)--90--
Diesel Truck at 15 m (50 ft),
at 80 km/hr (50 mph)--80-- Food Blender at 1 m (3 ft)
Garbage Disposal at 1 m (3 ft)
Noisy Urban Area, Daytime
Gas Lawn Mower, 30 m (100 ft)--70-- Vacuum Cleaner at 3 m (10 ft)
Commercial Area
Heavy Traffic at 90 m (300 ft)--60-- Normal Speech at 1 m (3 ft)
Quiet Urban Daytime--50-- Large Business Office
Dishwasher in Next Room
Quiet Urban Nighttime--40-- Theater, Large Conference Room
(Background)
Quiet Suburban Nighttime--30-- Library
Quiet Rural Nighttime--20-- Bedroom at Night, Concert Hall
(Background)
--10-- Broadcast/Recording Studio
Lowest Threshold of Human Hearing--0-- Lowest Threshold of Human Hearing
Source:Caltrans, Technical Noise Supplement, Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol. November 2009.
Effects of Noise on People
The effects of noise on people can be placed in three categories:
Subjective effects of annoyance, nuisance, and dissatisfaction
Interference with activities such as speech, sleep, and learning
Physiological effects such as hearing loss or sudden startling
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Environmental noise typically produces effects in the first two categories. Workers in
industrial plants can experience noise in the last category. There is no completely
satisfactory way to measure the subjective effects of noise or the corresponding
reactions of annoyance and dissatisfaction. A wide variation in individual thresholds of
annoyance exists and different tolerances to noise tend to develop based on an
individual’s past experiences with noise.
Thus, an important way of predicting a human reaction to a new noise environment is
the way it compares to the existing environment to which one has adapted: the so-called
ambient noise level. In general, the more a new noise exceeds the previously existing
ambient noise level, the less acceptable the new noise will be judged by those hearing it.
With regard to increases in A-weighted noise level, the following relationships occur:
Except in carefully controlled laboratory experiments, a change of 1 dBA cannot
be perceived;
Outside of the laboratory, a 3 dBA change is considered a just-perceivable
difference;
A change in level of at least 5 dBA is required before any noticeable change in
human response would be expected; and
A 10 dBA change is subjectively heard as approximately a doubling in loudness,
and can cause an adverse response.
Stationary point sources of noise – including stationary mobile sources such as idling
vehicles – attenuate (lessen) at a rate of approximately 6 dB per doubling of distance
from the source, depending on environmental conditions (i.e. atmospheric conditions
and either vegetative or manufactured noise barriers, etc.). Widely distributed noises,
such as a large industrial facility spread over many acres, or a street with moving
vehicles, would typically attenuate at a lower rate.
Existing Land Uses in the Project Vicinity
The Truckee-Tahoe Airport, a general aviation facility, is the major land use east of the
Plan area. Areas north, west and south of the Plan Area are characterized by a mix of
low and medium density residential, commercial and recreational uses. The Ponderosa
Golf Course borders a portion of the Plan Area directly to the west.
Other land uses in close proximity, but not adjacent to the Plan Area, include a diverse,
and distinctly different set of land uses. The area west of the Plan Area is dominated by
single and multiple family residential land uses on both sides of Brockway Road, known
within the Town General Plan as the Brockway Road Corridor. This corridor is also
characterized by open space and recreation lands as well as a variety of local-serving
commercial uses fronting Brockway Road.
Existing Background Noise Levels
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During the period of July 16th – July 20th, 2010, j.c. brennan & associates, Inc. conducted
two sets of continuous noise level measurements for a period of 48 hours on the project
site, and in the vicinity of the project site. The results of the noise level measurements
are shown in Table 3. Appendix B graphically shows the results of the continuous noise
level measurements.
The intent of the noise level measurements was to determine the overall daily noise
exposure on the project site, and the temporal distribution of noise levels. Figure 1
shows the location of the continuous and short-term noise measurement sites Based
upon the noise measurement results, the project site and surrounding area can be
characterized as ranging from moderately loud to fairly quiet.. Major noise sources
included local roadway traffic, traffic on State Route 267, and aircraft operations
associated with the Truckee-Tahoe Airport..
Equipment used for all noise level measurements included Larson-Davis-Laboratories
(LDL) Model 820 precision integrating sound level meters. The sound level meters were
calibrated in the field using an LDL Model CAL200 acoustical calibrator to ensure
accuracy.
Table 3 - Existing Ambient Noise Monitoring Results
Average Measured Hourly Noise Levels, (dBA)
Daytime
(7:00 am - 10:00 pm)
Nighttime
(10:00 pm - 7 am)
Site Date Location Duration 24-hr
Ldn Leq L50 Lmax Leq L50 Lmax
Continuous Noise Measurement Sites
7/16/2010 61.7 59.8 58 75.9 53.8 48 69.0 1 7/17/2010
Regional Commercial
Zoning 24 hours 60.3 58.2 56 73.5 52.5 47 67.2
7/19/2010 57.6 51.2 47 70.1 51.2 46 64.5 2 7/20/2010
Multi-Family
Residential Zoning 24-hours 55.8 50.3 48 68.4 49.3 47 62.2
Source - j.c. brennan & associates, Inc. 2010
Existing Roadway Traffic Noise Levels
One of the primary noise sources at the project site is traffic along State Route 267 (SR
267) and the local roadway system. The existing traffic noise on the project site can be
quantified through the continuous noise measurements, or through existing traffic
volumes and truck mix percentages provided by the project traffic consultant and
Caltrans.
j.c. brennan & associates, Inc. utilized the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA
RD77-108) Traffic Noise Prediction Model to determine the existing traffic noise levels
on the project site and the project vicinity. The FHWA model is the analytical method
currently used for highway traffic noise prediction by most state and local agencies. The
FHWA model is based upon the Calveno reference noise factors for automobiles,
medium trucks and heavy trucks, with consideration given to vehicle volume, speed,
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roadway configuration, distance to the receiver, and the acoustical characteristics of the
site.
The FHWA model was developed to predict hourly Leq values for free-flowing traffic
conditions. To predict CNEL values, it is necessary to determine the day/night
distribution of traffic and adjust the traffic volume input data to yield an equivalent hourly
traffic volume.
Average daily traffic (ADT) volumes were provided by the project traffic consultant, and
truck mix percentages for existing conditions were obtained from Caltrans. The effective
day/night split was based upon the measured hourly noise levels on the project site. The
FHWA Model inputs are contained in Appendix C. Table 4 shows the predicted existing
traffic noise levels at a reference distance of 100 feet from the roadway centerline.
Table 4 - Existing Traffic Noise Levels
Distance to Contours (feet) *
Roadway Segment
Ldn/CNEL
@ 100 feet*70 dB CNEL 65 dB CNEL 60 dB CNEL
Donner Pass Rd
Donner Pass Rd
Donner Pass Rd
S. of I-80 East Interchange
East of Bridge Street
West of Bridge Street
60 dB
57 dB
58 dB
21
15
15
45
31
33
96
68
71
S.R. 267
S.R. 267
S.R. 267
S.R. 267
S.R. 267
S.R. 267
I-80 to Brockway
Brockway to Town Limit
Town Limit to Airport Rd
Airport Rd to Northstar Dr
Northstar Dr to Summit
Summit to S.R. 28
66 dB
67 dB
67 dB
66 dB
65 dB
64 dB
54
60
59
54
50
39
117
129
126
117
107
84
252
278
272
253
231
182
Brockway Rd
Brockway Rd
Brockway Rd
Brockway Rd
S.R. 267 to Project Access
Project Access to Martis Valley Rd
Martis Valley Rd to Palisades Dr
Palisades Dr to West River Rd
60 dB
60 dB
64 dB
62 dB
21
21
38
30
46
45
82
65
98
97
176
140
Source: FHWA-RD-77-108 with inputs from LSC, Caltrans and j.c. brennan & associates, Inc.
*Distances to traffic noise contours are measured in feet from the centerlines of the roadways.
Existing Truckee-Tahoe Airport Noise Levels
The Tahoe-Truckee Airport is located to the east of the project site. Based upon the
Nevada County Transportation Commission Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan (ALUC)
for the airport, there are approximately 135 based aircraft with an anticipated 224 based
aircraft in the year 2020. There are approximately 48,000 annual aircraft operations,
with an estimated 120,000 annual operations in the year 2020. Figure 2 shows the
noise contours used for land use compatibility planning.
In addition, noise measurements of individual aircraft operations were conducted in July
of 2010. Maximum noise levels from aircraft operations on the portion of the project site
which is zoned for multi-family residential ranged between 65 dB Lmax and 75 dB Lmax.
Based upon the ALUC, more than 90% of the aircraft operations occur during the
daytime hours (7 am - 7 pm).
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Figure 2 - Truckee-Tahoe Airport Noise Contours for Compatibility Planning
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Federal Criteria
There are no federal regulations related to noise that apply to the Proposed Project.
State
The State Building Code, Title 24, Part 2 of the State of California Code of Regulations
establishes uniform minimum noise insulation performance standards to protect persons
within new buildings which house people, including hotels, motels, dormitories,
apartment houses and dwellings other than single-family dwellings. Title 24 mandates
that interior noise levels attributable to exterior sources shall not exceed 45 dB Ldn or
CNEL in any habitable room. Title 24 also mandates that for structures containing noise-
sensitive uses to be located where the Ldn or CNEL exceeds 60 dB, an acoustical
analysis must be prepared to identify mechanisms for limiting exterior noise to the
prescribed allowable interior levels. If the interior allowable noise levels are met by
requiring that windows be kept close, the design for the structure must also specify a
ventilation or air conditioning system to provide a habitable interior environment.
Town of Truckee General Plan Noise Element Goals and Policies
The following Town of Truckee General Plan Noise Element goals and policies relative
to this project.
Goal 1:
Minimize community noise exposure to excessive noise by ensuring
compatible land uses relative to noise sources.
Policy 1.1:
Allow new development only if consistent with the ground transportation noise
compatibility guidelines and policies of this Element. Noise measurements used
in establishing compatibility shall be measured in dBA CNEL and based on worst
case noise levels, either existing or future, with future noise levels to be predicted
based on projected 2025 levels.
Policy 1.2:
Require new development to mitigate exterior noise to “normally acceptable”
levels in outdoor areas where quiet is a benefit such as in the backyards of
single-family homes.
Policy 1.3:
Enforce the California Noise Insulation Standards for interior noise levels
attributable to exterior sources for all proposed new single- and multi-family
residences. (Note: This is an interior noise level of 45 dB Ldn/CNEL)
Goal 2:
Address noise issues through the planning and permitting process.
Policy 2.1:
Require mitigation of all significant noise impacts as a condition of project
approval.
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Policy 2.2:
Require preparation of a noise analysis which is to include recommendations for
mitigation for all proposed projects which may result in potentially significant
noise impacts to nearby noise sensitive land uses.
Policy 2.3:
Require preparation of a noise analysis which is to include recommendations for
mitigation for all proposed development within noise impacted areas that may be
exposed to levels greater than “normally acceptable.”
Policy 2.4:
Discourage the construction of sound walls and require development projects to
evaluate site design techniques, building setbacks, earthen berms, alternative
architectural layouts and other means to meet noise reduction requirements.
Goal 3:
Reduce noise levels from sources such as domestic uses, construction
and car stereos, and from mobile sources, including motor vehicle traffic
and aircraft operations.
Policy 3.13:
Require the following standard construction noise control measures to be
included as requirements at construction sites in order to minimize construction
noise impacts.
Equip all internal combustion engine driven equipment with intake and
exhaust mufflers that are in good condition and appropriate for the
equipment.
Locate stationary noise generating equipment as far as possible from
sensitive receptors when sensitive receptors adjoin or are near a
construction project area.
Utilize “quiet” air compressors and other stationary noise-generating
equipment where appropriate technology exists.
The project sponsor shall designate a “disturbance coordinator” who
would be responsible for responding to any local complaints about
construction noise. The disturbance coordinator will determine the cause
of the noise complaint and will require that reasonable measures
warranted to correct the problem be implemented. The project sponsor
shall also post telephone number for excessive noise complaints in
conspicuous locations in the vicinity of the project site. Additionally, the
project sponsor shall send a notice to neighbors in the project vicinity with
the information on the construction schedule and the telephone number
for noise complaints.
The Town of Truckee Noise Element guidelines which are applicable to the land uses
located in the project vicinity are provided in Table 5.
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Table 5 - Town of Truckee Noise Compatibility Guidelines
Town of Truckee Development Code
The Town of Truckee Development Code essentially contains the Noise Ordinance
referred to in the Town of Truckee Noise Element policies.
Section 18.44.020 of the development code states that noise complaints associated with
the types of commercial uses (loading docks, stationary noise sources, etc.) would be
directed to the Community Development Department.
Section 18.44.040 states that exterior noise levels, when measured at a noise-sensitive
receiving land use, shall not exceed the noise level standards set forth in Table 6 (Table
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3-8 in the Code). In the event that the ambient noise environment exceeds the Table 6
standards, the applicable standards shall be adjusted to equal the ambient noise level.
In addition, the Table 6 standards shall be reduced by 5 dB for simple tone noises,
noises consisting primarily of speech or music, or for recurring impulsive noises.
Table 6 - Noise Standards by Receiving Land Use Town of Truckee Development Code
Cumulative Duration of Intrusive Sound
Noise Metric
Daytime
(7 am to 10 pm)
Nighttime
(10 pm - 7 am)
Hospital, Library, Religious Institution, Residential or School Uses:
Cumulative period of 30 minutes per hour
L50
55
50
Cumulative period of 15 minutes per hour
L25
60
55
Cumulative period of 5 minutes per hour
L08
65
60
Cumulative period of 1 minute per hour
L02
70
65
Level not to be exceeded for any time during hour
Lmax
75
70
Commercial Uses:
Cumulative period of 30 minutes per hour
L50
65
60
Cumulative period of 15 minutes per hour
L25
70
65
Cumulative period of 5 minutes per hour
L08
75
70
Cumulative period of 1 minute per hour
L02
80
75
Level not to be exceeded for any time during hour
Lmax
85
80
Note: Each of the noise limits specified above shall be reduced by 5 dBA for impulsive or simple tone noises or
for noises consisting of speech or music.
If the existing ambient noise levels exceed that permitted in the first four noise-limit categories, the
allowable limit shall be increased to encompass the ambient.
Source: Town of Truckee, Title 18- Development Code, Chapter 18.44 – Noise, Amended March 6, 2009
Section 18.44.070 – Exceptions states that the provisions of the chapter do not apply to
noise sources associated with non-single family residential construction provided that
the activities do not take place before 7 a.m. or after 9 p.m. on any day except Sunday,
or before 9 a.m. or after 6 p.m. on Sunday. The provisions of the chapter do not apply to
noise sources associated with single family residential construction on a single family lot.
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Project-Related Noise Level Increase Criteria
Besides the Town Noise Element and Draft Development Code standards, the
significance of project-related noise level increases may be determined by comparison
of no-project noise levels to the expected change in noise levels which will occur
because of the project. It is generally recognized that an increase of 3 dB is usually
required before most people will perceive a change in noise levels, and an increase of 5
dB is required before the change will be clearly noticeable. A common practice is to
assume that a minimally perceptible increase of 3 dB represents a significant increase in
ambient noise levels.
Table 7 is based upon recommendations made in August 1992 by the Federal
Interagency Committee on Noise (FICON) to provide guidance in the assessment of
changes in ambient noise levels resulting from aircraft operations. The
recommendations are based upon studies that relate aircraft noise levels to the
percentage of persons highly annoyed by the noise. Although the FICON
recommendations were specifically developed to assess aircraft noise impacts, these
criteria have been applied to other sources of noise similarly described in terms of
cumulative noise exposure metrics such as the CNEL or Ldn. This metric is generally
applied to transportation noise sources, and defines noise exposure in terms of average
noise exposure during a 24-hour period with a penalty added to noise that occurs during
the nighttime. According to Table 7, an increase in the traffic noise level of 3 dB or more
would be significant where the ambient noise level is between 60 dB and 65 dB CNEL.
Table 7 - Significance of Changes in Cumulative Noise Exposure
<60 dB +5.0 dB or more
60-65 dB+3.0 dB or more
>65 dB +1.5 dB or moreSource: Federal Interagency Committee on Noise, Federal Agency Review of Selected Airport Noise Analysis Issuses, August 1992
Vibration Standards
Vibration is like noise in that it involves a source, a transmission path, and a receiver.
While vibration is related to noise, it differs in that in that noise is generally considered to
be pressure waves transmitted through air, whereas vibration usually consists of the
excitation of a structure or surface. As with noise, vibration consists of an amplitude and
frequency. A person’s perception to the vibration will depend on their individual
sensitivity to vibration, as well as the amplitude and frequency of the source and the
response of the system which is vibrating.
Vibration can be measured in terms of acceleration, velocity, or displacement. A
common practice is to monitor vibration measures in terms of peak particle velocities in
inches per second. Standards pertaining to perception as well as damage to structures
have been developed for vibration levels defined in terms of peak particle velocities.
The Town of Truckee does not contain specific policies pertaining to vibration levels.
However, vibration levels associated with construction activities are discussed in this
report.
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Human and structural response to different vibration levels is influenced by a number of
factors, including ground type, distance between source and receptor, duration, and the
number of perceived vibration events. Criteria have been developed by Caltrans,
showing the vibration levels which would normally be required to result in damage to
structures. The vibration levels are presented in terms of peak particle velocity in inches
per second.
The threshold for damage to structures ranges from 2 to 6 in/sec. One-half this minimum
threshold or 1 in/sec p.p.v. is considered a safe criterion that would protect against
architectural or structural damage. The general threshold at which human annoyance
could occur is noted as 0.1 in/sec p.p.v.
PROJECT NOISE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
STANDARDS OF SIGNIFICANCE
CEQA guidelines state that implementation of the project would result in significant noise
impacts if the project would result in either of the following:
a. Exposure of persons to or generation of noise levels in excess of
standards established in the Town of Truckee General Plan Noise
Element or the Town of Truckee DevelopmentCode.
b. Exposure of persons to or generation of excessive groundborne
vibration or groundborne noise levels.
c. A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the
project vicinity above levels existing without the project. The
substantial increase in noise levels is defined as being 3 dB if the
resulting total noise level would exceed that considered “normally
acceptable” for a given land use category.
d. A substantial temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise
levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the
project. A substantial increase in noise levels is defined as being
3 dB if the resulting total noise level would exceed that considered
“normally acceptable” for a given land use category.
e. For a project located within an airport land use plan or, where
such a plan has not be adopted, within two miles of a public
airport or public use airport, where the project would expose
people residing or working in the area to excessive noise levels.
f. For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip, where the
project would expose people residing or working in the project
area to excessive noise levels.
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Traffic Noise Prediction Methodology:
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Model
(FHWA RD-77-108) was again used for the prediction of traffic noise levels. The model
is based upon the CALVENO noise emission factors for automobiles, medium trucks and
heavy trucks, with consideration given to vehicle volume, speed, roadway configuration,
distance to the receiver, and the acoustical characteristics of the site.
To determine the future traffic noise levels on the project site and in the project vicinity,
and relative increases in traffic due to the project, j.c. brennan & associates, Inc. used
local roadway traffic information provided by the project traffic consultant. Appendix C
shows the complete inputs to the FHWA Noise Prediction Model.
Tables 8 and 9 show the predicted Existing 2012 No Project and 2012 Plus Project and
the 2032 No Project and 2032 Plus Project Scenarios for traffic noise levels.
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18
Tables 8 and 9 indicate that the project will not result in significant increases in traffic
noise levels as compared to the criteria shown in Table 7.
Truckee - Tahoe Airport Noise Impact Methodology
As a means of evaluating noise levels associated with the Truckee-Tahoe Airport, the
noise contours contained in the County Airport Land Use Plan will be compared to the
criteria contained in the Truckee General Plan Noise Element land use compatibility
criteria.
On-Site Retail/Commercial Noise Source Impact Assessment Methodology
The types of commercial uses which are expected to be included within the portion of
the project site which is designated for mixed use commercial and retail are expected to
range between the 5,000 and 8,000 square feet in size, and can include large box
stores. The most significant noise-producing components of this project with respect to
the potential effects on nearby residential uses, are on-site truck traffic circulation and
associated loading activities. Each of these noise sources were evaluated separately
through a combination of noise level measurements and application of accepted noise
prediction methodologies.
Predicted Exterior Noise Levels Due to On-Site Truck Traffic and Loading Dock Activities
While all of the uses located within the commercial development will potentially generate
on-site truck traffic, the greatest potential for that truck traffic to create excessive noise
will occur along truck access and delivery routes. These routes generally occur along
the back sides of commercial developments, although many small truck deliveries such
as UPS deliveries can occur at the front facades..
Although design plans are not available for the commercial uses, the loading docks
could be located at any location on the sites zoned for commercial use. Since it is not
possible to determine the typical daily or peak hour number of trucks which may provide
deliveries at this time, the typical truck activity for the center can be based upon
observations of other commercial uses. It is expected that peak hour activity would
occur in the mornings and will consist of up to four (4) tractor-trailer truck deliveries, and
up to four(4) step-size vans per peak hour. Based on file data for these types of heavy
truck passages and unloading activity noise level data, the sound exposure level (SEL)
at a reference distance of 50 feet from a loading dock, and 30 feet from the truck
circulation route is approximately 85 dB, and a maximum noise level of 80 dB. Typical
medium truck arrivals and departures and unloading are approximately 78 dB SEL and
73 dB Lmax at 50 feet. Based upon the data described above, the following formula can
be utilized to determine the hourly noise level due to the truck traffic passbys and
loading dock activities:
Leq = 85 + 10 * (log Neq) - 35.6, dB where:
85 is the mean sound exposure level (SEL) for a heavy truck arrival and departure (80
for medium trucks), and 10 * (log Neq) is 10 times the logarithm of the number of truck
arrivals and departures during an hour, and 35.6 is 10 times the logarithm of the number
seconds in an hour.
19
Based upon the above formula, the hourly Leq generated during the peak hour of truck
activity with four heavy truck arrival/departure and unloading and four medium truck
arrival/departure and unloading, would be approximately 56 dB Leq/L50, and 80 dB
Lmax at a distance of 50 feet.
Based upon the analysis, the loading docks would either need to be located a minimum
distance of 160 feet from the nearest residential area, or include mitigation for shielding
loading dock activities.
On-Site Manufacturing and Industrial Noise Impact Methodology
Parcels zoned for Manufacturing or Industrial uses are generally located in areas which
are a considerable distance from any noise-sensitive uses, and adjacent to either S.R.
267 or the airport environs. However, these types of uses can have in noise sources
and associated noise levels which exceed acceptable noise level criteria and can cause
annoyance. Since no specific uses have been identified on the areas zoned for
manufacturing or industrial use, it is difficult to determine specific impacts.
j.c. brennan & associates, Inc. conducted reference noise level measurements for
industrial facilities in the Yuba County Industrial Park. Noise measurements included
operations at the Hanson Truss, Inc., American Wood Fibers, and Medallion Millwork
sites. Sources measured included a combination of woodworking equipment (i.e., saws,
routers, hammers, nail guns), vacuum units, mobile equipment (i.e., fork lifts, trucks),
among other site-specific equipment. The reference noise level data indicated typical
levels of 62 dB Leq, 58 dB L50 and 67 dB Lmax at a distance of 500 feet.
Construction Noise Impact Assessment Methodology
During the construction phases of the project, noise from construction activities would
add to the noise environment in the immediate project vicinity. Noise levels from
construction activities are expected to occur as part of the project development, and
infrastructure improvements. Activities involved in construction would generate
maximum noise levels, as indicated in Table 10, ranging from 76 to 90 dB at a distance
of 50 feet. Construction activities would be temporary in nature and are anticipated to
occur during normal daytime working hours.
Noise would also be generated during the construction phase by increased truck traffic
on area roadways. A significant project-generated noise source would be truck traffic
associated with transport of heavy materials and equipment to and from construction
sites. This noise increase would be of short duration, and would likely occur primarily
during daytime hours.
20
Table 10 - Construction Equipment Noise
Type of Equipment Maximum Level, dB at 50 feet
Backhoe 78
Compactor 83
Compressor (air) 78
Concrete Saw 90
Dozer 82
Dump Truck 76
Excavator 81
Generator 81
Jackhammer 89
Pneumatic Tools 85
Source: Roadway Construction Noise Model User’s Guide. Federal Highway Administration. FHWA-HEP-
05-054. January 2006.
Construction Vibration Impact Methodology
The types of construction vibration impact include human annoyance and building
structural damage. Human annoyance occurs when construction vibration rises
significantly above the threshold of perception. Building damage can take the form of
cosmetic or structural. Table 11 shows the typical vibration levels produced by
construction equipment.
Table 11 - Vibration Levels for Varying Construction Equipment
Type of Equipment Peak Particle Velocity @ 25 feet
Approximate Velocity Level (VdB)
@ 25 feet
Large Bulldozer 0.089 (inches/second) 87 (VdB)
Loaded Trucks 0.076 (inches/second) 86 (VdB)
Small Bulldozer 0.003 (inches/second) 58 (VdB)
Auger/drill Rigs 0.089 (inches/second) 87 (VdB)
Jackhammer 0.035 (inches/second) 79 (VdB)
Vibratory Hammer 0.070 (inches/second) 85 (VdB)
Vibratory Compactor/roller 0.210 (inches/second) 94 (VdB)
Source: Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Guidelines, May
2006
21
SPECIFIC PROJECT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Exterior Traffic Noise Impacts at the Project Site
Impact 1: Based upon the analysis, the predicted future traffic noise at residential zoned
parcel would be less than 60 dB CNEL, the future traffic noise at the office, commercial
and industrial zoned parcels would be less than 75 dB CNEL. Therefore, this is a less
than significant impact:
Mitigation for Impact 1: None Required
Interior Traffic Noise Impacts on the Project Site for All Options
Impact 2: Typical construction practices will result in an exterior to interior reduction in
traffic noise levels of 20 dB to 25 dB. Predicted traffic noise levels at proposed
residential uses are not expected to exceed 60 dBA CNEL. Therefore, interior noise
levels are expected to comply with the 45 dBA CNEL standard. Therefore, this is a
less than significant impact.
Mitigation for Impact 2: None Required.
Traffic Noise Impacts at Existing Residences Due to Increased Traffic from the
Project Site
Impact 3: Based upon the comparison of predicted increases in traffic noise associated
with the project, and comparing those increases to the criteria contained in Table 7, the
project will not result in a significant increase in overall traffic noise levels. Therefore,
this is a less than significant impact.
Mitigation for Impact 3: None Required.
Truckee - Tahoe Airport Noise Impacts
Impact 4: Based upon the locations of the Truckee-Tahoe Airport noise contours, none
of the project site will be exposed to aircraft noise levels which exceed the Town of
Truckee Noise Compatibility Guidelines. Therefore, this is a less than significant impact.
Mitigation for Impact 4: None Required.
On-Site Retail/Commercial Noise Source Impacts
Impact 5: On-site truck traffic and loading dock activities could exceed the Development
Code hourly noise level criteria at the existing residences located to the south and
across S.R. 267. The peak hour of truck activity with four heavy truck arrivals/departure,
and unloading and four medium truck arrivals/departures and unloading, would be
approximately 56 dB L50 and 80 dB Lmax at a distance of 50 feet. This is a
potentially significant impact.
Mitigation for Impact 5: Implementation of the following noise mitigation measures
would reduce this impact to a less than significant level.
22
Mitigation N1A:
Loading docks and truck circulation routes should be located at a minimum of 160 feet
from the residential uses. If these activities are located closer than 160 feet when
tentative maps are prepared, a qualified acoustical consultant shall determine
appropriate mitigation measures, including barrier heights and configurations, locating
loading docks on the opposite sides of the buildings from the residential uses, enclosed
loading docks, and depressed circulation routes and loading docks.
On-Site Industrial and Manufacturing Noise Source Impacts
Impact 6: Industrial and Manufacturing noise sources could exceed the Development
Code hourly noise level criteria at the existing residences located to the south and
across S.R. 267, and both existing and proposed residences to the west across S.R.
267. Noise levels could exceed the Development Code standards at distances up to
1,000 feet . This is a potentially significant impact.
Mitigation for Impact 6: Implementation of the following noise mitigation measures
would reduce this impact to a less than significant level.
Mitigation N2A:
New proposed uses located on lots zoned for Industrial and Manufacturing should have
those projects designed to comply with the Development Code hourly noise level criteria.
The projects should be evaluated by a qualified acoustical consultant to determine
compliance and if required, recommend appropriate mitigation measures, including
barrier heights and site configurations, time of day restrictions.
Construction Noise Impacts
Impact 7: Activities associated with construction on the project site and for roadway
improvement projects will result in elevated noise levels within the immediate area.
Activities involved in construction would typically generate maximum noise levels
ranging from 85 to 90 dB at a distance of 50 feet. Construction activities could result in
periods of elevated noise levels at existing residences. This impact is considered
potentially significant.
Mitigation for Impact 7: Implementation of the following noise mitigation measures
would reduce this impact to a less than significant level.
Mitigation N3A:
Construction activities should adhere to the requirements of the Town of Truckee with
respect to hours of operation, muffling of internal combustion engines, and other factors
which affect construction noise generation and it=s effects on noise-sensitive land uses.
Equip all internal combustion engine driven equipment with intake and
exhaust mufflers that are in good condition and appropriate for the
equipment.
23
Locate stationary noise generating equipment as far as possible from
sensitive receptors when sensitive receptors adjoin or are near a
construction project area.
Utilize “quiet” air compressors and other stationary noise-generating
equipment where appropriate technology exists.
The project sponsor shall designate a “disturbance coordinator” who
would be responsible for responding to any local complaints about
construction noise. The disturbance coordinator will determine the cause
of the noise complaint and will require that reasonable measures
warranted to correct the problem be implemented. The project sponsor
shall also post telephone number for excessive noise complaints in
conspicuous locations in the vicinity of the project site. Additionally, the
project sponsor shall send a notice to neighbors in the project vicinity with
the information on the construction schedule and the telephone number
for noise complaints.
Mitigation N3B:
Construction activities should be restricted between the hours of 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.
Monday through Friday, and between the hours of 8 a.m. and 7 p.m. on Saturdays. No
construction activities should occur on Sundays and holidays.
Construction Vibration Impacts
Impact 8: Construction of the Proposed Project could result in temporarily vibration
levels during construction. Although the impact may be noticeable at distances within 50
feet, the vibration levels are not expected to result in any type of structural damage. This
would be a less than significant impact.
Mitigation for Impact 8: None Required
Cumulative Setting, Impacts, and Mitigation Measures
Cumulative Setting
The geographic extent of the cumulative setting for noise includes neighboring parcels
which includes the State Park to the west, commercial to the north, single family
residences to the east, as well as roadways affected by the proposed development,
including portions of Donner Pass Road, Coldstream Road, Deerfield Drive, and Interstate
80. Cumulative development conditions for which the proposed project would
contribute would primarily result from increased vehicular traffic on area roadways, as
well as some noise sources associated with the commercial portion of the project site.
Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Cumulative Increases in Ambient Noise Levels
Cumulative Impact 1:
Implementation of the proposed project, in combination with existing, approved,
proposed, and reasonably foreseeable development, would not result in a substantial
24
contribution to exterior cumulative noise levels. This would be a less than cumulatively
considerable impact.
The project’s contribution to future cumulative exterior noise levels would be primarily
associated with potential increases in vehicle traffic noise along area roadways and
stationary noise sources associated with the commercial and industrial components of
the project.
Area roadways primarily affected by the proposed project include portions of S.R. 267,
Donner Pass Road and Brockway Road. Predicted future cumulative exterior traffic
noise levels with and without implementation of the proposed project are summarized in
Tables 8 and 9. As depicted, implementation of the proposed project alternatives would
result in projected increases ranging from 0 to 2 dB along these primarily affected
roadway segments.
Noise levels associated with the commercial, industrial and manufacturing portions of
the project site will add to the background noise environment. The potential for this
impact is specific to the nearest residences to the south and west of the site. However,
based upon background noise measurements conducted on the site, and mitigation
measures required to reduce overall noise levels associated with the on-site activities,
the resulting increase in noise levels will be less than 3 dB. Therefore, the project’s
contribution to noise increases in the cumulative setting area is considered less than
cumulatively considerable.
Mitigation Measure
None required.
Appendix A
Acoustical Terminology
Acoustics The science of sound.
Ambient Noise The distinctive acoustical characteristics of a given space consisting of all noise sources audible at
that location. In many cases, the term ambient is used to describe an existing or pre-project condition
such as the setting in an environmental noise study.
Attenuation The reduction of an acoustic signal.
A-Weighting A frequency-response adjustment of a sound level meter that conditions the output signal to
approximate human response.
Decibel or dB Fundamental unit of sound, A Bell is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of the sound pressure
squared over the reference pressure squared. A Decibel is one-tenth of a Bell.
CNEL Community Noise Equivalent Level. Defined as the 24-hour average noise level with noise occurring
during evening hours (7 - 10 p.m.) weighted by a factor of three and nighttime hours weighted by a
factor of 10 prior to averaging.
Frequency The measure of the rapidity of alterations of a periodic signal, expressed in cycles per second or
hertz.
Ldn Day/Night Average Sound Level. Similar to CNEL but with no evening weighting.
Leq Equivalent or energy-averaged sound level.
Lmax The highest root-mean-square (RMS) sound level measured over a given period of time.
L(n) The sound level exceeded a described percentile over a measurement period. For instance, an hourly
L50 is the sound level exceeded 50% of the time during the one hour period.
Loudness A subjective term for the sensation of the magnitude of sound.
Noise Unwanted sound.
Peak Noise The level corresponding to the highest (not RMS) sound pressure measured over a given period of
time. This term is often confused with the AMaximum@ level, which is the highest RMS level.
RT60 The time it takes reverberant sound to decay by 60 dB once the source has been removed.
Sabin The unit of sound absorption. One square foot of material absorbing 100% of incident sound has an
absorption of 1 sabin.
Threshold
of Hearing The lowest sound that can be perceived by the human auditory system, generally considered to be 0
dB for persons with perfect hearing.
Threshold
of Pain Approximately 120 dB above the threshold of hearing.
Impulsive Sound of short duration, usually less than one second, with an abrupt onset and rapid decay.
Simple Tone Any sound which can be judged as audible as a single pitch or set of single pitches.
Ap
p
e
n
d
i
x
B
Ho
u
r
L
e
q
L
m
a
x
L
5
0
L
9
0
0:
0
0
4
9
.
8
6
7
.
4
4
5
3
8
1:
0
0
5
0
.
5
6
7
.
2
4
4
3
8
H
i
g
h
L
o
w
Ave
r
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e
H
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Average
2:
0
0
4
6
.
4
6
4
.
9
4
1
3
6
L
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q
(
A
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62
.
3
5
6
.
0
5
9
.
8
5
9
.
4
4
6
.
4
5
3
.
8
3:
0
0
4
8
.
6
6
4
.
7
4
3
4
0
L
m
a
x
(
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
)
83
.
9
7
0
.
3
7
5
.
9
8
1
.
9
6
3
.
9
6
9
.
0
4:
0
0
5
0
.
2
6
5
.
1
4
5
4
1
L
5
0
(
M
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)
59
.
4
5
3
.
9
5
7
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5
5
6
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1
4
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.
9
4
7
.
5
5:
0
0
5
3
.
6
7
3
.
3
5
0
4
3
L
9
0
(
B
a
c
k
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53
.
9
4
6
.
5
5
0
.
8
5
0
.
3
3
5
.
6
4
2
.
2
6:
0
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5
9
.
4
8
1
.
9
5
6
5
0
7:
0
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5
9
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4
7
0
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3
5
8
5
2
C
o
m
p
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d
L
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d
B
6
1
.
7
8:
0
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0
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5
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1
.
9
5
7
5
0
%
D
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t
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n
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y
8
7
%
9:
0
0
5
9
.
9
8
0
.
3
5
7
4
9
%
N
i
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t
t
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e
E
n
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y
13
%
10
:
0
0
5
9
.
6
7
2
.
9
5
7
5
0
11
:
0
0
6
0
.
3
8
2
.
2
5
8
5
0
12
:
0
0
5
9
.
0
7
5
.
7
5
7
5
0
13
:
0
0
5
9
.
8
7
7
.
2
5
8
5
2
14
:
0
0
6
0
.
9
7
3
.
2
5
9
5
4
15
:
0
0
6
0
.
4
7
0
.
3
5
9
5
4
16
:
0
0
6
0
.
5
7
4
.
8
5
9
5
3
17
:
0
0
6
2
.
3
8
3
.
9
5
9
5
3
18
:
0
0
5
9
.
1
7
1
.
5
5
8
5
1
19
:
0
0
5
8
.
3
7
6
.
5
5
7
4
9
20
:
0
0
5
7
.
3
7
4
.
1
5
5
4
9
21
:
0
0
5
6
.
0
7
4
.
1
5
4
4
6
22
:
0
0
5
5
.
8
7
2
.
8
5
3
4
7
23
:
0
0
53
.
8
6
3
.
9
5
2
4
7
PC
-
3
24
h
r
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
N
o
i
s
e
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
-
S
i
t
e
1
Da
y
t
i
m
e
(
7
a
.
m
.
-
1
0
p
.
m
.
)
Fr
i
d
a
y
,
J
u
l
y
1
6
,
2
0
1
0
St
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
Ni
g
h
t
t
i
m
e
(
1
0
p
.
m
.
-
7
a
.
m
.
)
Ld
n
=
61
.7
dB
PC
-
3
24
h
r
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
N
o
i
s
e
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
-
S
i
t
e
1
Fr
i
d
a
y
,
J
u
l
y
1
6
,
2
0
1
0
Ap
p
e
n
d
i
x
B
20
.
0
30
.
0
40
.
0
50
.
0
60
.
0
70
.
0
80
.
0
90
.
0
12
A
M
4
A
M
8
A
M
1
2
P
M
4
P
M
8
P
M
Ho
u
r
o
f
D
a
y
Sound Level, dB
Le
q
Lm
a
x
L5
0
L9
0
Ap
p
e
n
d
i
x
B
Ho
u
r
L
e
q
L
m
a
x
L
5
0
L
9
0
0:
0
0
5
1
.
4
6
2
.
8
4
8
4
2
1:
0
0
4
8
.
7
6
3
.
7
4
3
3
8
H
i
g
h
L
o
w
Ave
r
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
L
o
w
Average
2:
0
0
4
6
.
6
6
1
.
6
4
3
3
7
L
e
q
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
60
.
3
5
5
.
9
5
8
.
2
5
6
.
4
4
6
.
6
5
2
.
5
3:
0
0
4
8
.
7
6
9
.
0
4
3
3
7
L
m
a
x
(
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
)
82
.
0
6
7
.
4
7
3
.
5
8
1
.
7
6
1
.
6
6
7
.
2
4:
0
0
4
9
.
1
6
7
.
8
4
2
3
5
L
5
0
(
M
e
d
i
a
n
)
58
.
7
5
2
.
7
5
5
.
8
5
3
.
0
4
2
.
4
4
6
.
6
5:
0
0
5
0
.
9
6
6
.
2
4
6
4
1
L
9
0
(
B
a
c
k
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r
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d
)
52
.
0
4
5
.
2
4
8
.
2
4
6
.
7
3
4
.
8
4
0
.
6
6:
0
0
5
4
.
9
6
7
.
7
5
1
4
5
7:
0
0
5
7
.
1
7
7
.
8
5
3
4
5
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
d
L
d
n
,
d
B
6
0
.
3
8:
0
0
5
8
.
0
7
5
.
1
5
5
4
6
%
D
a
y
t
i
m
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E
n
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r
g
y
8
6
%
9:
0
0
5
7
.
1
6
7
.
4
5
5
4
6
%
N
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g
h
t
t
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14
%
10
:
0
0
5
8
.
0
7
5
.
3
5
6
4
7
11
:
0
0
5
7
.
7
7
7
.
2
5
5
4
7
12
:
0
0
5
7
.
8
7
7
.
4
5
6
4
9
13
:
0
0
5
8
.
2
6
9
.
3
5
7
5
0
14
:
0
0
5
8
.
4
6
8
.
8
5
7
5
1
15
:
0
0
5
9
.
9
7
1
.
8
5
9
5
2
16
:
0
0
5
9
.
3
7
2
.
7
5
8
5
1
17
:
0
0
5
9
.
0
7
0
.
8
5
7
4
9
18
:
0
0
5
8
.
1
7
3
.
6
5
6
4
8
19
:
0
0
6
0
.
3
8
2
.
0
5
5
4
7
20
:
0
0
5
5
.
9
7
1
.
6
5
4
4
8
21
:
0
0
5
6
.
0
7
2
.
3
5
4
4
8
22
:
0
0
5
5
.
0
6
4
.
3
5
3
4
7
23
:
0
0
56
.
4
8
1
.
7
5
1
4
4
PC
-
3
24
h
r
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
N
o
i
s
e
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
-
S
i
t
e
1
Da
y
t
i
m
e
(
7
a
.
m
.
-
1
0
p
.
m
.
)
Sa
t
u
r
d
a
y
,
J
u
l
y
1
7
,
2
0
1
0
St
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
Ni
g
h
t
t
i
m
e
(
1
0
p
.
m
.
-
7
a
.
m
.
)
Ld
n
=
60
.3
dB
PC
-
3
24
h
r
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
N
o
i
s
e
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
-
S
i
t
e
1
Sa
t
u
r
d
a
y
,
J
u
l
y
1
7
,
2
0
1
0
Ap
p
e
n
d
i
x
B
20
.
0
30
.
0
40
.
0
50
.
0
60
.
0
70
.
0
80
.
0
90
.
0
12
A
M
4
A
M
8
A
M
1
2
P
M
4
P
M
8
P
M
Ho
u
r
o
f
D
a
y
Sound Level, dB
Le
q
Lm
a
x
L5
0
L9
0
Ap
p
e
n
d
i
x
B
Ho
u
r
L
e
q
L
m
a
x
L
5
0
L
9
0
0:
0
0
4
6
.
9
6
1
.
1
4
5
4
0
1:
0
0
4
5
.
7
5
8
.
9
4
3
3
8
H
i
g
h
L
o
w
Ave
r
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
L
o
w
Average
2:
0
0
4
4
.
5
5
8
.
5
4
2
3
9
L
e
q
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
56
.
4
4
6
.
6
5
1
.
2
5
7
.
1
4
4
.
5
5
1
.
2
3:
0
0
4
5
.
2
5
8
.
3
4
3
4
0
L
m
a
x
(
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
)
80
.
8
6
0
.
7
7
0
.
1
8
0
.
5
5
8
.
3
6
4
.
5
4:
0
0
4
8
.
3
6
7
.
7
4
5
4
2
L
5
0
(
M
e
d
i
a
n
)
50
.
5
4
4
.
2
4
6
.
8
5
3
.
6
4
2
.
1
4
6
.
1
5:
0
0
5
7
.
1
8
0
.
5
4
9
4
5
L
9
0
(
B
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
)
46
.
8
4
1
.
7
4
3
.
8
4
9
.
4
3
7
.
8
4
1
.
9
6:
0
0
5
5
.
0
6
9
.
0
5
4
4
9
7:
0
0
5
6
.
4
8
0
.
8
5
0
4
7
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
d
L
d
n
,
d
B
5
7
.
6
8:
0
0
5
5
.
8
7
9
.
7
5
0
4
6
%
D
a
y
t
i
m
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
6
2
%
9:
0
0
5
2
.
5
7
0
.
5
4
7
4
4
%
N
i
g
h
t
t
i
m
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
38
%
10
:
0
0
4
9
.
8
6
8
.
5
4
6
4
2
11
:
0
0
5
1
.
3
7
5
.
6
4
5
4
2
12
:
0
0
4
7
.
5
7
1
.
9
4
4
4
2
13
:
0
0
4
7
.
4
6
0
.
9
4
6
4
4
14
:
0
0
4
7
.
9
6
8
.
4
4
5
4
3
15
:
0
0
4
6
.
8
6
0
.
7
4
6
4
4
16
:
0
0
4
8
.
3
6
9
.
5
4
6
4
4
17
:
0
0
4
6
.
6
6
2
.
2
4
6
4
3
18
:
0
0
4
9
.
2
7
5
.
4
4
5
4
3
19
:
0
0
4
7
.
8
6
1
.
2
4
7
4
3
20
:
0
0
5
0
.
9
7
0
.
0
4
8
4
4
21
:
0
0
5
1
.
7
7
6
.
4
4
9
4
6
22
:
0
0
4
8
.
5
6
2
.
2
4
7
4
3
23
:
0
0
48
.
6
6
4
.
1
4
6
4
1
PC
-
3
24
h
r
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
N
o
i
s
e
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
-
S
i
t
e
2
Da
y
t
i
m
e
(
7
a
.
m
.
-
1
0
p
.
m
.
)
Mo
n
d
a
y
,
J
u
l
y
1
9
,
2
0
1
0
St
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
Ni
g
h
t
t
i
m
e
(
1
0
p
.
m
.
-
7
a
.
m
.
)
Ld
n
=
57
.6
dB
PC
-
3
24
h
r
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
N
o
i
s
e
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
-
S
i
t
e
2
Mo
n
d
a
y
,
J
u
l
y
1
9
,
2
0
1
0
Ap
p
e
n
d
i
x
B
20
.
0
30
.
0
40
.
0
50
.
0
60
.
0
70
.
0
80
.
0
90
.
0
12
A
M
4
A
M
8
A
M
1
2
P
M
4
P
M
8
P
M
Ho
u
r
o
f
D
a
y
Sound Level, dB
Le
q
Lm
a
x
L5
0
L9
0
Ap
p
e
n
d
i
x
B
Ho
u
r
L
e
q
L
m
a
x
L
5
0
L
9
0
0:
0
0
4
4
.
1
6
0
.
6
4
1
3
7
1:
0
0
4
5
.
7
6
3
.
5
4
1
3
8
H
i
g
h
L
o
w
Ave
r
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
L
o
w
Average
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0
0
4
6
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0
5
8
.
5
4
5
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1
L
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54
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3
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8
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1
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3
3:
0
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m
a
x
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m
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72
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6
5
9
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7
6
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4
6
7
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5
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5
6
2
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2
4:
0
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7
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5
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52
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6
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7:
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15
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0
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4
4
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4
5
16
:
0
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1
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1
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4
4
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4
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17
:
0
0
4
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1
6
7
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4
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4
6
18
:
0
0
4
9
.
4
6
8
.
6
4
7
4
5
19
:
0
0
4
9
.
8
7
0
.
3
4
7
4
4
20
:
0
0
4
9
.
8
6
8
.
5
4
8
4
4
21
:
0
0
4
9
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4
5
9
.
7
4
8
4
5
22
:
0
0
5
0
.
3
6
6
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2
4
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4
6
23
:
0
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48
.
6
5
9
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2
4
7
4
3
PC
-
3
24
h
r
C
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t
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N
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M
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1
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14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ma
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