HomeMy Public PortalAbout4-4_BiologicalResourcesRDEIR4.4 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-1
This section describes the biological resources present or potentially present on the
project site, and discusses potential impacts to these resources that could result
from buildout of the project, as well as associated mitigation measures to offset any
impacts.
A. Regulatory Framework
1. Special-Status Species
Special status plants and wildlife are those species that are 1) listed as rare, threat-
ened, or endangered by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) or the California
Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) under State or federal Endangered Spe-
cies Acts, 2) on formal lists as candidates for listing as threatened or endangered, 3)
on formal lists as species of concern, or 4) otherwise recognized at the federal,
State, or local level as sensitive.
a. Federal Endangered Species Act
Under the Federal Endangered Species Act (FESA), it is unlawful to “take” any
species listed as threatened or endangered. “Take” is defined as to “harass, harm,
pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or attempt to engage in
any such conduct.” An activity is defined as “take” even if it is unintentional or
accidental. Take provisions under FESA apply only to listed fish and wildlife spe-
cies under the jurisdiction of the USFWS and/or the National Oceanic & Atmos-
pheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Consultation
with USFWS or NMFS is required if a project “may affect” or result in “take” of a
listed species.
When a species is listed, the USFWS and/or NMFS, in most cases, must officially
designate specific areas as critical habitat for the species. Consultation with
USFWS and/or NMFS is required for projects that include a federal action or fed-
eral funding if the project will modify designated critical habitat.
b. California Endangered Species Act
Under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA), it is unlawful to “take” any
species listed as rare, threatened, or endangered. “Take” means to “hunt, pursue,
catch, capture, or kill, or attempt to hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill.” CESA
take provisions apply to fish, wildlife, and plant species. Take may result whenever
activities occur in areas that support a listed species. Consultation with CDFW is
required if a project will result in “take” of a listed species.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-2
c. Migratory Bird Treaty Act and California Fish and Game Code
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) prohibits actions that will result in “take” of
migratory birds, their eggs, feathers, or nests. “Take” is defined in the MBTA to
include by any means or in any manner, any attempt at hunting, pursuing, wound-
ing, killing, possessing or transporting any migratory bird, nest, egg, or part thereof.
Migratory birds are also protected, as defined in the MBTA, under Section 3513 of
the California Fish and Game Code. In addition, Section 3503 of the California
Fish and Game Code prohibits the take, possession, or needless destruction of the
nest or eggs of any bird, except as otherwise provided by the California Fish and
Game Code or other regulation.
2. Jurisdictional Waters
Jurisdictional waters include most drainage features (e.g. rivers, streams), open wa-
ter features (e.g. lakes, ponds), and wetlands (e.g. marshes, seeps). Jurisdictional
waters are often regulated by one or more government agencies, as described be-
low.
a. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA), the U.S. Army Corps of Engi-
neers (USACE) regulates the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the
U.S. These are waters that have a connection to interstate commerce, either direct
via a tributary system or indirect through a nexus identified in the USACE regula-
tions. In non-tidal waters, the lateral limit of jurisdiction under Section 404 extends
to the ordinary high water mark (OHWM) of a waterbody or, where adjacent wet-
lands are present, beyond the OHWM to the limit of the wetlands. The OHWM is
defined as “that line on the shore established by the fluctuations of water and indi-
cated by physical characteristics such as a clear natural line impressed on the bank,
shelving, changes in the character of the soil, destruction of terrestrial vegetation,
the presence of litter and debris, or other appropriate means that consider the char-
acteristics of the surrounding area”.1 In tidal waters, the lateral limit of jurisdiction
extends to the high tidal line (HTL) or, where adjacent wetlands are present, be-
yond the HTL to the limit of the wetlands.
1 Title 33: Navigation and Navigable Waters, Chapter Ii: Corps of Engineers, De-
partment of The Army, Department of Defense, Part 328: Definition of Waters of The
United States, 328.3 Definitions.
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CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-3
Wetlands are defined as “those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or
ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under
normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for a
life in saturated soil conditions.” Non-wetland waters essentially include any body
of water, not otherwise exempted, that displays an OHWM.
b. Regional Water Quality Control Board
Under Section 401 of the CWA, the State Water Resources Control Board must
certify all activities requiring a 404 permit. The Regional Water Quality Control
Board (RWQCB) regulates these activities and issues water quality certification for
those activities requiring a 404 permit. In addition, the RWQCB has authority to
regulate the discharge of “waste” into waters of the State pursuant to the Porter-
Cologne Water Quality Control Act (PCWQCA). The RWQCB may also regulate
the discharge of fill within the 100-year floodplain of waters of the State.
c. California Department of Fish and Wildlife
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), through provisions of
Sections 1600-1616 of the State of California Code of Regulations (CCR), is em-
powered to issue agreements for any alteration of a river, stream, or lake where fish
or wildlife resources may be substantially adversely affected. Streams (and rivers)
are defined by the presence of a channel bed and banks, and the conveyance of at
least ephemeral flows. The CDFW regulates wetland areas only to the extent that
those wetlands are part of a river, stream, or lake as defined by CDFW.
The CDFW generally includes, within the jurisdictional limits of streams and lakes,
any riparian habitat present. Riparian habitat includes willows, cottonwoods, and
other vegetation typically associated with the banks of a stream or lake shoreline.
In most situations, wetlands associated with a stream or lake would fall within the
limits of riparian habitat. Thus, defining the limits of the CDFW jurisdiction based
on riparian habitat will typically include any wetland areas. The CDFW has not
defined wetlands for jurisdictional purposes. Wetlands not associated with a lake,
stream, or other regulated area are generally not subject to the CDFW jurisdiction.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-4
3. Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan
The following goals from the Conservation and Open Space Element of the Town
of Truckee 2025 General Plan are applicable to biological resources (see Table 4.4-1).
4. Town of Truckee Development Code
The following chapters from the Town of Truckee Development Code, Article III
– Site Planning and General Development Standards, are applicable to biological
resources.
Chapter 18.30 – Purpose and Applicability
Chapter 18.34 – Flood Plain
Chapter 18.36 – Hillside Development Standards
Chapter 18.38 – Lake and River/Stream Corridor Development
Chapter 18.46 – Open Space/Cluster Requirements
B. Existing Conditions
This section provides a description of the existing conditions on the project site
relative to biological resources. A discussion of the methods for analysis is also
included.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-5
TABLE 4.4-1 TRUCKEE GENERAL PLAN POLICIES PERTAINING TO
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Policy or
Goal No. Goals and Policies
Goal LU-4 Coordinate land development with provision of services and infrastructure.
LU-P4.1
Require new infrastructure and development to be designed and built
to manage stormwater runoff and to minimize or eliminate harmful
impacts to property prone to flooding, water quality, and riparian, wet-
land, and meadow habitats. When infrastructure is replaced or retrofit-
ted, require the upgrading of stormwater management systems to min-
imize or eliminate these impacts.
Goal LU-7 Encourage clustered residential development to create efficient development patterns,
and to minimize environmental impacts and threats to public safety.
LU-P7.1
For all residential developments, require clustering where appropriate.
Clustered development as defined in this General Plan includes the
following considerations:
Clustering of residential development will allow flexibility of site
design in responding to the natural features and resources of an in-
dividual site.
Clustering means that structures will be located on a site so that
larger areas are left as undeveloped open space.
Undeveloped areas may either be preserved in private or public open
space, or may be a portion of an individual lot, with deed restrictions
prohibiting construction in that portion.
LU-P7.2
Residential development shall be clustered to avoid areas of significant
natural resources, including wildlife habitat and migration corridors and
visual resources.
LU-P7.4
Clustered development shall incorporate preservation of open space
areas as an integral and primary consideration in the overall develop-
ment plan for a site. Considerations in preserving open space through
clustering shall include the following:
Maximizing preservation of open space types that reflect the Town’s
priorities as stated in the Conservation and Open Space Element.
Maintaining an appropriate relationship of the site to the character
and context of adjacent neighborhood areas and nearby and adjoin-
ing open space areas.
Respecting individual site features and characteristics, including
topography, natural features, natural hazards and constraints, and the
presence of sensitive biological resources.
Goal CC-2
Preserve the natural beauty of Truckee, including the Town’s scenic resources, views
and vistas, and the visual quality of the town’s steep slopes, ridge and bluff lines and
hillsides.
CC-P2.10 Encourage the preservation of trees and native vegetation, including
specimen trees, in development projects.
Goal COS-1 Preserve existing open space in Truckee, and increase the amount of desired types of
open space under permanent protection.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
TABLE 4.4-1 TRUCKEE GENERAL PLAN POLICIES PERTAINING TO
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES (CONTINUED)
4.4-6
Policy or
Goal No. Goals and Policies
COS-P1.5
Adhere to the following criteria for open space preserved through di-
rect actions of the Town, through open space and clustered develop-
ment requirements and incentives, and through the development re-
view process:
Provide the maximum possible degree of community benefit, as
expressed through the Vision for Truckee and the guiding principles,
goals and policies of the General Plan.
Preserve open space that, to the greatest possible extent, occurs in
large blocks and is contiguous and connected.
Provide the greatest possible level of public access while respecting
private property rights, sensitive habitat values, and safety concerns.
Provide maximum benefit in terms of habitat preservation.
Enhance the overall character of Truckee as a scenic, mountain
community.
Goal COS-4 Protect areas of significant wildlife habitat and sensitive biological resources.
COS-P4.1
Provide for the integrity and continuity of biological resources open
space, habitat, and wildlife movement corridors and support the per-
manent protection and restoration of these areas, particularly those
identified as sensitive resources.
COS-P4.2
Protect sensitive wildlife habitat from destruction and intrusion by
incompatible land uses where appropriate. All efforts to protect sensi-
tive habitats should consider:
Sensitive habitat and movement corridors in the areas adjacent to
development sites, as well as on the development site itself.
Prevention of habitat fragmentation and loss of connectivity.
Use of appropriate protection measures for sensitive habitat areas
such as non-disturbance easements and open space zoning.
Off-site habitat restoration as a potential mitigation provided that no
net loss of habitat value results.
Potential mitigation or elimination of impacts through mandatory
clustering of development, and/or project redesign.
COS-P4.4
Preserve riparian corridors, Donner Lake and aquatic and wetland areas
through application of setbacks and other development standards that
respect these resources.
COS-P4.5
Development shall be prohibited within established setback areas for
streams and waterways other than the Truckee River, except as other-
wise allowed in the Development Code; such setbacks shall be between
20 and 50 feet on parcels less than 175 feet deep (depending on parcel
depth), and 50 feet on parcels 175 feet deep or more.
Goal COS-5
Maintain biodiversity among plant and animal species in the Town of Truckee and
the surrounding area, with special consideration of species identified as sensitive, rare,
declining, unique, or representing valuable biological resources.
COS-P5.1 Require biological resource assessments for all development in areas
where special status species may be present.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
TABLE 4.4-1 TRUCKEE GENERAL PLAN POLICIES PERTAINING TO
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES (CONTINUED)
4.4-7
Policy or
Goal No. Goals and Policies
COS-P5.2
Protect native plant species in undisturbed portions of a development
site and encourage planting and regeneration of native plant species
wherever possible in undisturbed portions of the project site.
COS-P5.3 Protect to the extent possible federal or State-designated endangered,
threatened, special status or candidate species.
Goal COS-9 Link open space areas in Truckee through a well-connected network of open space
corridors and trails.
COS-P9.1
Provide for links between open space areas, both within Truckee and
beyond the Town limits, to create contiguous habitat areas and enhance
public access through greater connectivity.
Source: Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan.
1. Methods
a. Literature Search
Prior to conducting any field work, LSA Associates, Inc. (LSA) performed database
searches of the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) and California
Native Plant Society (CNPS) Online Inventory referencing the Martis Peak, Truck-
ee, Hobart Mills, Boca, Tahoe City, and Kings Beach California United States Geo-
logical Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles. LSA also obtained a
species list from the USFWS, Sacramento Field Office website, referencing these
quadrangles. Foothill Associates, Inc. (Foothill) also performed a detailed review
of existing literature over a period of more than 20 years regarding wildlife use and
movement on the site and in the region. A list of referenced material is provided in
Appendix E of the 2012 Draft EIR.
LSA and Foothill also reviewed prior biological documentation that was recently
prepared and is associated with the project site. These include:
Biological Resource Analysis for the Tahoe Boca Estates Project Site, prepared by Foot-
hill Associates, Inc., dated August 6, 2004;
Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan Conservation and Open Space Element,
adopted November 16, 2006;
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-8
Draft Environmental Impact Report, Canyon Springs Subdivision, State Clearinghouse
Number 2004052060, prepared by Quad Knopf, dated April 2007;2
Movement and Migration of Mule Deer at the Canyon Springs Site, Truckee, CA, pre-
pared by RMT, Inc., dated October 20, 2009;
Interstate Deer Project, 2010 Loyalton-Truckee Deer Herd Report and Management Plan
Update (Habitat Sections Only), In Partial Fulfillment of PR Grant W-83-R-1, pre-
pared by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, no date is provided
on this document;
Delineation of Waters of the U.S. Canyon Spring, Town of Truckee, #200300655, pre-
pared by Heal Environmental Consulting (HEC), dated January 11, 2011; and
CEQA Significance of Mule Deer at the Canyon Springs Site, Truckee, CA, prepared
by HEC, dated July 28, 2011.
In addition to these reports, staff from Foothill Associates reviewed the technical
tracking and mapping data and other background information that was made avail-
able to the Town by CDFW and Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW) on:
August 27, 2013; January 23, 2014; April 10, 2014; and September 3, 2014.
The special status species lists obtained from the CNDDB, CNPS, and USFWS,
and literature listed above, were reviewed to determine which species could poten-
tially occur on the project site. Those species with potential to occur on the project
site based on literature review and habitat requirements were compiled into a cu-
mulative list presented in Table 4.4-2.
b. Field Surveys
While numerous field survey have been performed by different biologists over the
past 20 or more years, current field surveys were conducted by EIR biologists
from LSA as recently as November 1, 2013 and in 2011 on June 8, June 30, and
July 11. EIR biologists from Foothill Associates also conducted a field survey April
5, 2011.
2 The 2007 Draft EIR prepared for the project site by Quad Knopf was completed
and comments were provided by the public and interested agencies; however, no Final EIR
was prepared and the 2007 Draft EIR was not certified. Comments submitted on the 2007
Draft EIR were taken into consideration for the preparation of this Draft EIR.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-9
In addition, EIR biologists from Foothill Associates provided a third party peer
review of the data collected during field studies conducted by HEC in 2011 be-
tween May 3 and July 6, and in 2010 on August 30, September 1-2, and between
October 13 and December 16.
i. General Biology and Focused Plant Surveys
The June 8, 2011 survey was conducted by LSA biologist Jeff Bray and consisted of
a general reconnaissance level survey of the project site. Since a substantial amount
of field work and reporting has been conducted on the project site (i.e. Foothill
Associates 2004, and HEC, 2010-2011, and LSA, 2011), the intent of the June 8,
2011 survey was to determine if site conditions had changed considerably since the
previous surveys had been conducted and to verify their accuracy. The June 8,
2011 survey was conducted by walking meandering transects through the project
site and documenting site conditions while referencing existing mapping. In addi-
tion, wildlife observed on the project site was identified and recorded.
The June 30 and July 11, 2011 surveys were conducted by LSA botanists Lucie
Adams and Jeannette Halderman, and consisted of focused surveys for special sta-
tus plants, primarily Plumas ivesia (Ivesia sericoleuca). Records for this species are
located adjacent to the project site plants listed in Table 4.4-2 as potentially occur-
ring on the project site and were also included in the survey (except mosses). Dur-
ing the month prior to conducting the survey, LSA monitored a known population
of Plumas ivesia in the vicinity of the project site to determine when the local
population was blooming and clearly identifiable, and then scheduled the focused
plant surveys during that time. The surveys were conducted by walking meander-
ing transects through suitable habitats on the project site and identifying all plants
within the survey area to a suitable level of taxonomy to determine the status.
EIR biologist, Jeff Bray of LSA, conducted a field survey on November 1, 2013 to
further evaluate the Jeffrey pine and sagebrush plant communities.
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ha
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t
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s
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n
d
ne
a
r
w
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,
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n
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f
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,
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e
f
f
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e
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p
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,
a
n
d
as
p
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.
L –
T
h
e
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e
f
f
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p
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c
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m
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n
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th
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l
l
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b
a
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k
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t
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s
,
a
t
2
,
0
0
0
–
8,
0
0
0
f
t
e
l
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v
a
t
i
o
n
;
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e
q
u
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r
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d
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l
l
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k
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f
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ne
s
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L
o
w
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p
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y
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s
.
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a
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g
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TO
W
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C
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TAB
L
E
4.
4
-
2
SPE
C
I
A
L
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TA
T
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S
SPE
C
I
E
S
POT
E
N
T
I
A
L
L
Y
OCC
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R
R
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N
G
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T
H
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CAN
Y
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N
SPR
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N
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SUB
D
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O
N
PRO
J
E
C
T
SIT
E
(CO
N
T
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D
)
4.4-12
Co
m
m
o
n
N
a
m
e
/
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t
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c
N
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p
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s
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m
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n
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.
A –
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s
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t
a
b
l
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a
b
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t
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t
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s
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t
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t
s
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t
e
.
In
v
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t
e
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r
a
t
e
s
Am
p
h
i
b
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s
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a
d
d
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l
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s
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b
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l
a
No
n
e
K
n
o
w
n
f
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m
S
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r
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N
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v
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M
a
d
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a
,
Ma
r
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s
a
,
M
o
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N
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a
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P
l
a
c
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r
,
P
l
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u
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a
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a
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t
s
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m
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d
o
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s
.
A –
T
h
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a
q
u
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c
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s
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s
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t
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n
o
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p
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e
n
n
i
a
l
a
n
d
,
th
e
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f
o
r
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,
a
r
e
n
o
t
s
u
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t
a
b
l
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h
a
b
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t
a
t
f
o
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t
h
i
s
s
p
e
c
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s
.
Co
l
d
S
p
r
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n
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c
a
d
d
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s
f
l
y
Le
p
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d
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s
t
o
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a
e
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m
a
n
a
e
No
n
e
L
o
c
a
l
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
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n
t
h
e
n
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
S
i
e
r
r
a
N
e
v
a
d
a
.
Fo
u
n
d
i
n
c
o
l
d
s
p
r
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n
g
s
a
t
6
,
7
0
0
f
e
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t
e
l
e
v
a
t
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o
n
,
t
h
a
t
a
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r
m
a
n
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t
l
y
s
h
a
d
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d
.
L
a
r
v
a
e
a
r
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r
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s
t
r
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c
t
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d
t
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p
r
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n
g
so
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r
c
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s
.
T
h
e
c
y
l
i
n
d
r
i
c
a
l
l
a
r
v
a
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c
a
s
e
i
s
m
a
d
e
f
r
o
m
s
t
o
n
e
s
.
A –
T
h
e
a
q
u
a
t
i
c
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
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j
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c
t
s
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a
r
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n
o
t
p
e
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e
n
n
i
a
l
a
n
d
,
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
a
r
e
n
o
t
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
h
a
b
i
t
a
t
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
s
p
e
c
i
e
s
.
Ki
n
g
s
C
a
n
y
o
n
c
h
r
y
p
t
o
c
h
i
a
n
c
a
d
d
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s
f
l
y
Cr
y
p
t
o
c
h
i
a
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x
c
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l
l
a
No
n
e
K
n
o
w
n
f
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m
t
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y
p
e
l
o
c
a
l
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t
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n
d
f
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m
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a
g
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e
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a
c
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s
of
L
o
w
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r
K
i
l
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
a
r
y
,
N
e
v
a
d
a
C
o
u
n
t
y
.
R
e
s
t
r
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c
t
e
d
t
o
co
l
d
s
p
r
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g
s
t
r
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a
m
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
.
A –
T
h
e
a
q
u
a
t
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c
r
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s
o
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r
c
e
s
o
n
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p
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n
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n
d
,
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s
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t
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b
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TAB
L
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4.
4
-
2
SPE
C
I
A
L
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S
SPE
C
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E
N
T
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L
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SUB
D
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N
PRO
J
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T
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(CO
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)
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Co
m
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N
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2
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t
;
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o
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–
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.
e
l
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t
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o
n
.
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l
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s
M
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y
–
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u
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y
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U –
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a
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g
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f
t
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l
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m
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M
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20
1
1
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to
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t
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-17
ii. Jurisdictional Delineation
HEC conducted field investigations for the jurisdictional delineation on August 30,
and September 1 and 2, 2010. The jurisdictional delineation was performed in ac-
cordance with the 1987 USACE Wetland Delineation Manual5 and the Interim
Regional Supplement to the Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Man-
ual: Western Mountains, Valleys, and Coast Region (2008)6 and included collection
of vegetation, soils, and hydrology data. The delineation effort is summarized in a
report, Delineation of Waters of the U.S. Canyon Spring, Town of Truckee,
#200300655, dated January 11, 2011 (included in Appendix D of the 2012 Draft
EIR. 7
iii. Mule Deer Use and Migration Analysis
The April 5, 2011 survey was conducted by Foothill biologist Brian Mayerle and
consisted of a general reconnaissance level survey of the project site. Field investi-
gations were conducted by RMT and HEC for the use of the project site by the
Verdi subunit of the Loyalton-Truckee mule deer herd throughout the fall of 2009
and spring of 2011. The studies involved an extensive field study that utilized cam-
era stations to collect detailed data of this deer herd movement on the project site
and consultation with staff from CDFW. The 2009 and 2011 mule deer reports
prepared by HEC and peer reviewed by Foothill Associates are included in Appen-
dix E of the 2012 Draft EIR.
EIR biologists from Foothill also provided a third-party review of data on this mule
deer herd provided by staff at CDFW and NDOW. As discussed above in Section
1.a. Literature Search, CDFW and NDOW prepared the 1982 Loyalton-Truckee Deer
Herd Management Plan and began conducting long-range studies on this mule deer
herd in the fall of 2009. While this is an ongoing study, the first set of data was
provided to the Town in August 2013. This included a summary of the conclusions
of mule deer studies to-date in the Interstate Deer Project, 2010 Loyalton-Truckee Deer
5 Environmental Laboratory, 1987. “ACOE of Engineers Wetlands Delineation
Manual,” Technical Report Y-87-1, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, MS.
6 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2008. Interim Regional Supplement to
the USACE of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual: Western Mountains, Valleys, and
Coast Region (Version 2.0), ed. J.S. Wakeley, R.W. Lichvar, and C.V. Noble. ERDC/EL
TR-10-3. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center.
7 These wetland boundaries were verified by the USACE on October 11, 2011. The
previous delineation was verified by the USACE on June 7, 2005. The current delineation
includes more riverine emergent wetlands and wet meadow than the previous delineation.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-18
Herd Report and Management Plan Update (Habitat Sections Only), In Partial Fulfillment of
PR Grant W-83-R-1 and technical tracking and mapping data sets of the deer that
were radio-collared for the study. This report and technical data are provided in
Appendix A of this Revised Draft EIR.
2. Setting
Based on the findings from Foothill’s April 5, 2011 and LSA’s June 8, 2011 general
reconnaissance level survey, it was determined that the site conditions were pre-
dominantly unchanged from the conditions reported in previous analysis prepared
for the project site. As a result, the following discussion of the existing setting is
based largely on the findings from the previous analysis prepared for the project
site.
The approximately 290-acre project site is predominantly undeveloped forest,
scrub, and meadow habitats. A well-developed network of unpaved roads and
trails is distributed throughout the site. This network extends into adjacent lands
on all sides of the project site. The project site is accessed by surrounding subdivi-
sion residents and experiences year-round unregulated and unauthorized use. In
the winter, the site is used by cross-country and backcountry skiers, snowshoers,
and snowmobile users. In other seasons the project site is used by hikers, dog
walkers with unleashed pet dogs,8 mountain bikers, equestrians, and off-road vehi-
cle users. The only formal development on the project site is the Liberty Energy –
California Pacific Electric Company’s overhead high-power transmission line and
associated access road that spans the project site in a southwest-northeast orienta-
tion for approximately 2,300 feet.
The project site is a forested area with meadows and wetlands that trend north-
westerly through the central and southern portions of the site. The site is charac-
terized by rolling topography that generally slopes gently downward to the north-
west along two ridges. Slopes are generally 1 to 10 percent, but with some isolated
areas exceeding 30 percent. Elevations on the site range from approximately 5,920
8 According to Municipal Code, Title 8, Animal Control, Chapter 8.01, Humane
Animal Control, Section, 8.01.420, Animals Running At Large, it is unlawful for any person
owning or having possession, charge, custody, or control of any animal to cause, permit or
allow the animal to stray, run or in any other manner to be at large in or upon any public
street, sidewalk, park, school ground, or other public place, or upon any private place or
property without consent of the owner or person in control of such private place or proper-
ty.
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4.4-19
feet above mean sea level (MSL) in the northwest to 6,120 feet above MSL in the
southeast.
a. Plant Communities
Nomenclature for plant communities was based on A Guide to Wildlife Habitats of
California9 with additional information provided by A Manual of California Vegeta-
tion,10 Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural Communities of California,11 and
Terrestrial Vegetation of California.12 The previous analysis prepared for the project
site was also referenced to describe pebble meadows.
Plant communities occurring on the project site are described below, and include
Jeffery pine, sagebrush, wet meadow, and pebble meadow. Common plant and
wildlife species observed, or expected to occur, in these communities are also not-
ed. Figure 4.4-1 illustrates the plant communities on the project site.
i. Jeffrey Pine
Jeffrey pine communities are distributed through the Klamath Mountains into
southwestern Oregon, across the Sierra Nevada into western Nevada, and south-
ward into the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges into northern Baja California.
Jeffery pine vegetation communities range in elevation from approximately 200 to
9,500 feet. The assemblage of this vegetation community type is dependent on
several site specific factors including but not limited to climate, topography, and
soil composition. Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) is the dominant species found in the
upper canopy. Other tree species commonly associated with Jeffrey pine commu-
nities include Ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), sugar pine (P. lambertiana), white-fir
(Abies concolor), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.menziesii), lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta murrayana), incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), canyon live oak (Quercus
chrysolepis), California black oak (Q. kelloggii), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides).
9 Mayer, K.E. and W.F. Laudenslayer, Jr., eds., 1988. A Guide to Wildlife Habitats
of California. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Sacramento, CA.
10 Sawyer, John O. and Todd Keeler-Wolf, 1995. A Manual of California Vegetation.
California Native Plant Society. Sacramento, CA.
11 Holland, R., 1986. Preliminary Descriptions of Terrestrial Natural Communities
of California. State of California. California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Rancho
Cordova, CA.
12 California Native Plant Society (CNPS), 1988. Terrestrial Vegetation of California.
Michael G. Barbour and Jack Major, eds., University of California, Davis. California Native
Plant Society. Sacramento, CA. v + 1020 pp.
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Jeffrey pine is the most common plant community on the project site, totaling ap-
proximately 225.65 acres. Within the Jeffery pine community, an under story com-
ponent is present and consists of woody shrub species, notably bitterbrush (Purshia
tridentata), mountain sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata vaseyana) and rabbitbrush (Eri-
cameria nauseosus). An herbaceous ground layer is present and consists of mules ears
(Wyethia mollis), mountain violet (Viola purpurea purpurea), needle grass (Achnatherum
sp.), and squirrel tail grass (Elymus elymoides). Because of the food value of the Jef-
frey pine seeds, bark, and foliage, Jeffrey pine communities typically provide sub-
stantial foraging habitat for wildlife.13 Species expected to use these food sources
include mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), squirrels (Sciurus sp.), chipmunks (Tamias
sp.), and other mammal species. In addition, this community provides the neces-
sary nesting cover for several bird species such as brown creeper (Certhia americana),
hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), white-breasted
nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis); and Steller’s jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), great horned owl (Bubo
virginianus), and northern saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus).
ii. Sagebrush
Sagebrush communities form a discontinuous strip along the eastern and north-
eastern borders of California, occupying dry slopes and flats in elevations ranging
from approximately 1,600 to 10,500 feet. Generally, a species of sagebrush (Artemi-
sia sp.), defines this under story layer, but often bitterbrush, rabbitbrush, or another
species of sagebrush which typically constitutes an associate component, will dom-
inate this vegetation community type. However, bitterbrush is not the dominate
species throughout the entire community on the project site. Tree species may
occur in low densities within this vegetation community. As with Jeffrey pine vege-
tation community types, the assemblage of this vegetation community type is de-
pendent on several site-specific factors, including but not limited to climate, topog-
raphy, and soil composition.
The sagebrush community on the project site comprises approximately 59.71 acres
and is dominated by mountain sagebrush; associate shrubs include bitterbrush, low
sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula), and rabbitbrush. In addition, a variety of grasses and
herbaceous plant species were observed within this community including mountain
dandelion (Agoseris sp.), mules ears, mountain larkspur (Delphinium depauperatum),
lotus (Acmispon americanus var. apericanus), common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and
needle grass.
13 Mayer, K.E. and W.F. Laudenslayer, Jr., eds., 1988. A Guide to Wildlife Habitats
of California. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Sacramento, CA.
Match Line
M
a
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t
i
s
P
e
a
k
R
o
a
d
LEGEND
Biological Study Area
Snags
Plant Communities (290.73 ac)
Sagebrush Series (59.71 ac)
Jeffery Pine Series (225.65 ac)
Pebble Meadow (0.70 ac)
Wet Meadow (4.67 ac)
SOURCE: Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Foothill Associates (2004); Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
FIGURE 4.4-1
Canyon Springs Subdivision
Plant Communities
Match Line
Gle
n
s
h
i
r
e
D
r
i
v
e
M
a
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t
i
s
P
e
a
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R
o
a
d
0 200 400
FEET
I:\DCV1101\GIS\plant_comm.mxd (8/19/11)
Match Line Martis Peak Road
LEGEND
Biological Study Area
Snags
Plant Communities (290.73 ac)
Sagebrush Series (59.71 ac)
Jeffery Pine Series (225.65 ac)
Pebble Meadow (0.70 ac)
Wet Meadow (4.67 ac)
SOURCE: Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Foothill Associates (2004); Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
FIGURE 4.4-1
Canyon Springs Subdivision
Plant Communities
Match Line
Glenshire Drive
M
a
r
t
i
s
P
e
a
k
R
o
a
d
0200 400
FEET
I:\DCV1101\GIS\plant_comm.mxd (8/19/11)
Source: LSA. Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Foothill Associates (2004); Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
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PLANT COMMUNITIES
FIGURE 4.4-1
2000 400 FeetNORTH
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This community provides habitat for several game species such as pronghorn (An-
tilocapra americana), sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), and migratory deer herds.
In addition, sagebrush communities are occupied by birds such as gray flycatcher
(Empidonax wrightii), magpie (Pica sp.), sage thrasher (Orescoptes montanus), and vari-
ous other songbirds and hawks; and mammals such as ground squirrel (Spermophilus
sp.), jackrabbit (Lepus sp.), kangaroo rat (Dipodomys sp.), and sagebrush vole (Lagurus
curtatus). Wildlife observed within this community on the site includes dove (Zenai-
da sp.) and chipmunk.
In addition, evidence (scat and tracks) of mule deer were observed during the field
surveys.
iii. Wet Meadow
Wet meadows are distributed throughout the mountains of the Sierra Nevada and
occur within almost every forest type, including Jeffrey pine. Meadows are areas
typically dominated by herbaceous plant species such as grasses and sedges (Carex
spp.); occasionally, when water persists, willows (Salix spp.) and/or other woody
shrub species may occur. Tree species are typically low in cover, or absent alto-
gether. Meadows are often, but not always, jurisdictional wetlands.
Wet meadow habitat on the project site comprise 5.29 acres and consists of two
main systems: one in the southwestern portion of the site, and the other in the cen-
tral portion of the site. Both meadow systems are fed by off-site perennial springs;
Buck Springs recharges the meadow system in the southwestern portion of the site
and an unnamed spring east of the site recharges the meadow system in the central
portion of the site. These systems have a gentle gradient and are generally dry by
mid-summer except in the upstream areas directly influenced by the springs. This
community is within the area designated as open space.
Vegetation communities within the meadow systems on the site are dependent
upon prolonged saturated soil conditions. As such, the vegetation communities
occurring within the meadow systems on the site are composed of those plant spe-
cies which can tolerate prolonged saturated soil conditions such as sedges, rushes
(Juncus spp.), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa), meadow barley (Hordeum
brachyantherum), Richardson’s muhly (Muhlenbergia richardsonis), Kentucky blue grass
(Poa pratensis pratensis), Parish’s yampah (Perideridia parishii), toad-lily (Montia cham-
issoi), primrose monkey flower (Mimulus primuloides), clover (Trifolium spp.), camas
(Camassia quamash), and Oregon checkerbloom (Sidalcea oregana).
Seasonal wetland communities provide foraging habitat and a temporary water
source for a wide variety of wildlife. Wildlife typically occurring in this community
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4.4-24
includes invertebrates, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Fauna similar to those
observed, or expected to occur, in the surrounding communities on the site are
expected to occur in the seasonal wetland communities.
iv. Pebble Meadow
Pebble meadows are a habitat type that occurs on and in the vicinity of the project
site and appears to be uncommon. This community is not formally defined but
was described in the previous analysis done for the project site and is recognized by
the local professional community. Precise assessments of the plant community
composition and the relative rarity of this habitat type have not been conducted,
but it is possible that this community would meet the criteria of a sensitive habitat.
Plants observed in the pebble meadows on the project site include wooly balsam-
root (Balsamhoriza lanata), Parish’s yampah, knotweed (Polygonum californicum), a small
rayless daisy (Erigeron sp.), Sierra onion (Allium campanulatum), one sided bluegrass
(Poa secunda var. secunda), Bridge’s gilia (Gilia leptalea), mountain violet (Viola purpurea)
one spike oat grass (Danthonia unispicata), and Meadow death camas (Toxicoscordion
venenosus var. venenosus). This habitat may also support a locally rare plant species,
wild buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium).14 This community is within the area desig-
nated as open space.
b. Snags
Snags are standing dead trees that provide important habitat features for many spe-
cies, especially birds. These microhabitats provide feeding habitat for woodpeckers
and nesting and roosting habitat for cavity nesters, including owls, woodpeckers,
and bats. Approximately 72 snags occur on the project site. There are also a few
large, overly mature trees in the area that could eventually die and become snags.
The locations of snags were observed on the site and are shown in Figure 4.4-1.
c. Aquatic Resources
Aquatic resources on the project include the wet meadow community described
above and several ephemeral and intermittent drainages. The hydrology of ephem-
eral drainages is typically driven by surface water (i.e. runoff), while intermittent
drainages also include some component of subsurface discharge. In the Sierra Ne-
vada, peak flows coincide with snowmelt and rainstorm events. Vegetation occur-
ring in these seasonal creeks is typically limited. However, emergent and riparian
vegetation may occur along the shoreline of and adjacent to these communities,
14 Adrian Juncosa, PhD. Botany, President EcoSynthesis Scientific & Regulatory Ser-
vices, personal communication with LSA staff, June 21, 2011.
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respectively. On the project site, ephemeral and intermittent drainage comprise
1.84 acres, of which, 0.65-acre supports wetlands. The aquatic resources on site are
within the area designated as open space.
d. Wildlife Corridors
Wildlife corridors are used for both movement and migration purposes. Move-
ment corridors are traditional routes used by wildlife to travel within their home
range, and allow them to access food, cover, and water on a daily and seasonal ba-
sis. Movement corridors typically provide wildlife with undisturbed cover and for-
aging habitat and are generally composed of several trails following topographic
features such as drainages, ridgelines, and the bases of major topographic slopes or
prominent hills in contiguous spans of forested, riparian, riverine, and woodland
communities. The width of movement corridors varies depending on the topogra-
phy. Migration corridors apply to wildlife that travel annually between ranges in
the summer and winter. Movement and migration corridors are an essential ele-
ment of home ranges of a variety of wildlife, including the Verdi subunit of the
Loyalton-Truckee mule deer herd. This subunit is known to utilize the project site
and surrounding area for foraging, movement and migration. The project site and
surrounding area includes open space habitat to accommodate wildlife movement.
e. Special-Status Species and Sensitive Habitats
LSA reviewed the specific habitats required by each species listed in Table 4.4-1,
and the specific habitats and habitat conditions present on the project site. Based
on this evaluation, LSA determined the likelihood of each species listed in Table
4.4-2 to occur on the project site. Special status species that were observed on the
project site, or determined to potentially occur on the site based on availability of
suitable habitat or other factors such as nearby occurrences (i.e. at least a “Low”
potential for occurrence in Table 4.4-2), are discussed more fully below. Species
determined unlikely to occur on the project site (based on these same factors, or
negative survey result), are also documented in Table 4.4-2, and are not discussed
further in this report.
i. Special-Status Wildlife
The following special-status wildlife species listed in Table 4.4-2 were determined
to have the potential to occur on the project site.
a) Sierra Nevada Red Fox
The Sierra Nevada red fox (Vulpes vulpes necator) is a State threatened species; it has
no federal status. This species ranges from the Cascades down to the Sierra Neva-
das and utilizes a variety of forested habitats in the subalpine and alpine regions
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usually interspersed with meadows, barren rocky areas, or alpine fell fields.15 This
species uses dense vegetation and rocky areas for cover and den sites.
The project site does not contain densely vegetated or rocky areas that Sierra Ne-
vada red fox typically utilize for cover and denning, but the forested habitats on the
project could potentially provide foraging habitat for this species. However, the
relatively high level of current human disturbance would likely discourage this spe-
cies from using the project site. In addition, while there are CNDDB records for
this species in the vicinity of the project site, the majority of the records for this
species in the central part of the state are located much further to the west. Con-
sidering these factors, there is low potential for Sierra Nevada red fox to occur on
the project site.
b) Bats (including Silver-haired Bat)
Several bat species (e.g. Myotis sp.), including the silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noc-
tivagans), could potentially occur on the project site. Bat habitat consists of foraging
habitat and both day and night roosts; certain day roosts are also used as maternity
and winter roosts. Bats are nocturnal mammals, leaving day roosts around dusk to
forage. Day roosts are typically in enclosed areas that provide thermal protection
for bats, such as caves, buildings, crevices or openings in bridges, tree cavities, and
sloughing bark. Night roosts may be located in more open areas (e.g. the underside
of a bridge deck) where bats can rest while digesting their food. The majority of
North American bats feed on insects, which are captured on the wing using echo-
location.
The Jeffrey pine community and snags on the project site provide potential habitat
for tree-roosting bats, and bats could forage over the wet meadow and sagebrush
habitats. During the winter, bats in North America that roost in trees year round
generally occur in coastal regions or where freezing temperatures (i.e., 32 degrees)
are infrequent.16 In Truckee, the average temperature November through February
15 Zeiner D.C., W.F. Loudenslayer Jr., K.E., Mayer, and M.White, eds. 1988. Cali-
fornia’s Wildlife Vol. III: Mammals. State of California: The Resource Agency. Depart-
ment of Fish and Wildlife. Sacramento, CA.
16 Cryan, P.M., and J.P. Veilleux. 2007. Migration and the use of Autumn, Winter,
and Spring roosts by tree bats. In: M.J. Lacki, J.P. Hayes, and A. Kurta (eds.). Bats in forests:
Conservation and management. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
153-175.
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is 31 degrees and the average low temperature during this period is 18 degrees17.
Considering the low winter temperatures at the project site, it is unlikely that bats
use trees or snags on the site as winter roosts.
Bats are most susceptible to disturbance at roost sites during the breeding season,
due to presence of pregnant females and non-volant pups, and during the winter
when many bats enter torpor. During the rest of the year, many bat species are
migrating or otherwise less likely to be strongly tied to roost sites and, therefore,
less susceptible to disturbance. The nearest CNDDB record for bats is for the
silver-haired bat, approximately nine miles northwest of the project site, but the
lack of records is likely due to a lack of survey effort rather than an indication of
the distribution of bats. No bats or sign of bats (e.g. urine staining, guano) were
observed during site surveys, but due to the presence of suitable breeding season
roost habitat and suitable foraging habitat, there is a moderate potential for bats to
occur on the project site.
c) Bald Eagle
The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a State endangered species. This species
was previously federally threatened, but has been delisted. Bald eagles forage in
large bodies of water including oceans, lakes, and rivers. This species feeds pri-
marily on fish but will also eat small mammals, waterfowl, seabirds, and carrion.
Bald eagles build large stick nests in tall trees or on cliffs, usually within one mile of
water.
No suitable nesting or wintering habitat is present on the project site, but the po-
tential exists for bald eagles to forage on the project site. The CNDDB includes
one record for bald eagles in the vicinity of the project site, approximately four
miles to the north near the north shore of Boca Reservoir. No bald eagles were
observed on or near the project site during previous surveys, but since marginal
foraging habitat is present, there is a low potential for bald eagle to occur on the
project site.
d) Lewis’s Woodpecker
The Lewis’s woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) is a USFWS Bird of Conservation Con-
cern; it has no State status. This species nests in snags within open forests and
woodlands with a brushy understory. It forages by gleaning insects from surfaces or
hunts insects in the air.
17 http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USCA1163
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The Jeffrey pine community on the project site provides suitable foraging and nest-
ing habitat for this species. There are no CNDDB records for Lewis’s woodpecker
but this species is known from the Old Greenwood project site located approxi-
mately 3 miles to the west. No Lewis’s woodpeckers were observed on the project
site during any of the surveys. Since this species is known from the local vicinity
and the project site supports suitable habitat, including numerous snags, there is a
moderate potential this species could occur on the project site.
e) Northern Goshawk
The northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) is a State species of special concern; it has
no federal status. This species nests in many of the mountain ranges in California
including the North Coast Ranges, the Sierra Nevada, Klamath, Cascade, and
Warner Mountains, and prefers middle and higher elevations. The northern gos-
hawk nests in coniferous forest, usually on north-facing slopes near water, and is
extremely defensive of nesting territory.
The lack of north-facing slopes and permanent water precludes goshawks from
nesting on the project site, but the Jeffrey pine community provides potential for-
aging habitat for this species. There are several CNDDB records for goshawk in
the vicinity of the project site; the two nearest records are within five miles to the
south near Martis Peak. Due to the lack of suitable nesting habitat, there is low
potential for goshawk to occur on the project site.
f) Willow Flycatcher
The willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) is a State endangered species; it has no
federal status. Willow flycatchers inhabit low, dense thickets of willows along the
edges of wet meadows, ponds, or other slow moving or still water sources above
2,000-foot elevation. Willow flycatchers require the dense thickets for foraging and
nesting.
The plant communities on the project site do not provide suitable nesting habitat
for willow flycatcher. However, suitable nesting habitat is located south of the
project site at Buck Springs and to the west near Glenshire Lake, and this species
could potentially occur on the project site. The nearest CNDDB record for willow
flycatcher is approximately one mile northeast of the project on a densely wooded
island in the Truckee River; two more CNDDB records are located approximately
four miles southwest of the project site near the Martis Creek National Recreation
Area. No willow flycatchers were observed on the project site during any of the
surveys. Since potential nesting habitat is present in the vicinity of the project site
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and this species is known from the local vicinity, there is a moderate potential for
willow flycatcher to occur on the project site.
g) Yellow Warbler
The yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia brewsteri) is a State species of special concern;
it has no federal status. Yellow warblers typically nest in riparian habitats and pre-
fer willows, cottonwoods, aspens, sycamores, and alders for both nesting and for-
aging, but will also nest in montane shrubbery.
The project site provides marginal nesting habitat for yellow warbler and more
suitable nesting habitat occurs south of the project site at Buck Springs and to the
west near Glenshire Lake. The closest CNDDB record for yellow warbler is ap-
proximately eight miles to the west near Donner Lake. This species was not ob-
served on the project site during any of the surveys. Since potential nesting habitat
is present on the site and in the vicinity, and this species is known from the local
vicinity, there is a moderate potential for yellow warbler to occur on the project
site.
h) Nesting Birds
In addition to the Lewis’s woodpecker and yellow warbler, discussed above, many
bird species could potentially nest on the project site. Although many of these bird
species do not have any special status designation, nesting birds, the nests, and eggs
are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the State Fish and Game Code,
as described above in Section A.1, Regulatory Framework, Special-Status Species.
Suitable nesting habitat occurs in both the Jeffrey pine and sagebrush communities
on the project site; snags also provide potential habitat for cavity-nesting birds. As
a result, there is a high potential for birds to nest on the project site.
ii. Other Wildlife of Concern
Mule deer are a common wildlife species in the vicinity of the project site and are
widely distributed throughout the Sierra Nevada range. The mule deer does not
have a special status designation; however, as noted in their May 23, 2011 and
March 1, 2013 correspondence with the Town (included in Appendix B of the
Draft EIR and Appendix A of this Revised Draft EIR, respectively), the CDFW is
particularly concerned about the impacts to habitat (movement) and migration cor-
ridors of the Verdi subunit of the Loyalton-Truckee mule deer herd as a result of
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residential development and recreational use in the project area18 and increased
edge effects.19
As noted in “Section B.2 Setting, Wildlife Corridors,” this mule deer herd is known
to utilize the project site and surrounding area for foraging, movement and migra-
tion.
In general, mule deer tend to confine their daily movements to discrete home rang-
es, using the same winter and summer home ranges in consecutive years. Mule
deer disperse by moving beyond the home range to distances of up to five miles.
This movement results in the establishment of a new home range. Seasonal migra-
tions from higher elevations (summer ranges) to lower winter ranges are associated,
in part, with decreasing temperatures, severe snowstorms, and snow depths that
reduce mobility and food supply. Deep snows ultimately limit useable range to a
fraction of the total range.
The Verdi subunit of the Loyalton-Truckee mule deer herd migrates annually from
Nevada along the Truckee River and disperses into the Martis Valley, located
southeast of the Town, in the spring season. Critical fawning habitat for this deer
herd occurs near Dry Lake, located approximately 1.5 miles south of the project
site, and near Lookout Mountain, located approximately seven miles southwest of
the project site. After fawning, this deer herd leaves the fawning habitat and dis-
perses into the Martis Valley to forage prior to migrating back into Nevada. Por-
tions of the deer herd must cross the Truckee River and Interstate 80 in order to
disperse into the Martis Valley in the spring season and migrate back to Nevada in
the autumn.
In recent years, the deer population declines in the Northern/Central Sierra have
been substantial.20 Deer populations may be at the lowest levels in the last 50 years
and perhaps no one knows which factors are most important.21 The various causes
for the reduction in deer populations are likely from habitat loss, fires, develop-
18 Jeff Drongesen, Environmental Program Manager, CDFW. Written correspond-
ence to Denyelle Nishimori, Senior Associate, Town of Truckee, May 23, 2011.
19 Tina Bartlett, Regional Manager, CDFW. Written correspondence to Denyelle
Nishimori, Senior Associate, Town of Truckee, March 1, 2013.
20 CDFW, 1998. Report to the Fish and Game Commission: An Assessment of Mule and
Black-tailed Deer Habitats and Populations in California
21 Personal communication between Jeff Finn, California Department of Fish and
Wildlife Biologist and staff at Foothill Associates, July 12, 2004.
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ment, dams, vehicle collisions, and both grazing and overgrazing by introduced
livestock. Suspension of Mountain Lion hunting in 1990 may also play a role in
reduced mule deer populations. Winter range and key winter range have been nega-
tively impacted by the Martis Creek fire, development, and livestock grazing. His-
toric overgrazing has led to the replacement of native grasses by sagebrush.22 Bit-
terbrush, found on the project site, is the most important browse (graze) species,
and fawn survival is closely correlated to browse production. Bitterbrush leader
growth is correlated with annual precipitation.23 Periods of dry weather can lead to
both decreased browse production and more frequent fires, both of which are un-
predictable and negatively impact the deer populations.
The protection and enhancement of key mule deer winter, foraging, migratory, and
fawning habitat are vital to their long-term survival. As illustrated in the 2009 and
2011 mule deer reports prepared by RMT and HEC and reviewed by Foothill, as
well as the 2010 report and tracking data provided by CDFW and NDOW, there is
a high potential for this mule deer herd to utilize the project site and surrounding
area for foraging, movement and migration. However, there is no data showing the
project site to be a major or important migratory corridor for mule deer. Recent
data suggests that only a few individual mule deer use the site as a migration corri-
dor or for forage at any given time.24 For example, some of the recent CDFW and
NDOW data sets of radio-collared deer in the project vicinity, in particular, data
sets for two tracked animals, revealed a pattern of occurrences southeast of the
project site. The first mule deer (#93171) had nine data points recorded within the
southeastern corner of the project site. This represents less than one-quarter of a
percent (i.e. 0.21 percent) of the approximately 4,300 data points recorded by
CDFW and NDOW from 2010 to 2013. A second mule deer (radio collar #93172)
was not recorded within the project boundary in approximately 5,449 data points
recorded from 2010 to 2013.
The critical fawning habitat for this deer herd occurs in two distinct locations ap-
proximately 1.5 miles south and approximately 7 miles southwest of the project
22 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tahoe National Forest, 1968. Habitat Manage-
ment Plan: Loyalton-Truckee Deer Herd Unit.
23 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tahoe National Forest, 1968. Habitat Manage-
ment Plan: Loyalton-Truckee Deer Herd Unit.
24 Data sets of radio-collared deer in the project vicinity provided by the California
Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2013 and 2014.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-32
site; therefore, there is a low potential for fawning habitat for this mule deer herd
on the project site.
iii. Special-Status Plants
Of the special status plants in Table 4.4-1, 13 plants were determined to have the
potential to occur on the project site based on the presence of suitable habitat. As
described above in Section B.1, Methods, Field Surveys, LSA conducted focused
survey for these special-status plants in June and July 2011, which is during the
normal blooming period for these species when plants are most easily identifiable.
In addition, for Plumas ivesia, since there are several records for this species near the
project site, LSA monitored a nearby population of Plumas ivesia to determine when
this species was blooming, and then scheduled the focused survey on the project
site during the known 2011 blooming period for this species.
Since the 2011 focused plant surveys on the project site were appropriately timed
and resulted in negative findings, and considering that none of the special-status
plants were observed during previous focused surveys of the project site in 2004 by
Foothill Associates, Inc. and in 1990 by Eco-Analysts, these plant species are not
expected to occur on the project site.
a) Mosses
Three mosses could potentially occur on the project site: Bolander’s bruchia (Bru-
chia bolanderi) – CNPS List 2, Broad-nerved hump moss (Meesia uliginosa) – CNPS
List 2, and three-ranked hump moss (Meesia triquetra) – CNPS List 4. Bolander’s
bruchia occurs in meadows and seeps; the broad-nerved and three-ranked hump
moss occur in bogs and fens.
The wet meadow and other wetlands areas on the project site, being seasonal, are
only marginally suitable for these mosses, especially the broad-nerved and three-
ranked hump moss which, as stated previously, occur in bogs and fens. Mosses
were not included in the focused plant surveys conducted in June and July, 2011.
Since only marginal habitat is present on the project site, there is a low potential for
these three mosses to occur.
iv. Sensitive Habitats
Sensitive habitats that occur on the project site include wet meadows, pebble
meadows, and migration corridors. Wet meadows and pebble meadows are de-
scribed above in Section B.2, Setting, Plant Communities. While a wildlife move-
ment and migration corridor is not any one particular habitat such as a wet meadow
or a pebble meadow, the Town recognizes wildlife movement and migration corri-
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-33
dors as sensitive resources as identified in the Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan
Conservation and Open Space Element Goal COS-4, Policies P4.1 and P4.2 de-
scribed above in Section A.3, Regulatory Framework, Town of Truckee 2025 General
Plan. As described above in Section B.2, Setting, Wildlife Corridors, the Verdi sub-
unit of the Loyalton-Truckee mule deer herd is known to utilize the project site and
surrounding area for foraging, movement and migration. These habitats are within
the area designated as open space.
f. Jurisdictional Waters
Jurisdictional waters, as referenced in this document (and as discussed above in
Section A.2, Regulatory Framework, Jurisdictional Waters), include wetlands and
non-wetland waters potentially subject to regulation by the USACE as waters of the
U.S. pursuant to Section 404 of the CWA and/or the RWQCB as waters of the
State pursuant to Section 401 of the CWA or the PCWQCA. These areas, as well
as any associated riparian vegetation, may also be subject to regulation by CDFW
pursuant to Sections 1600-1616 of the CCR. Unless otherwise noted, waters of the
State are identical to waters of the U.S.
A total of 7.78 acres of jurisdictional waters occur on the project site, as described
below and shown in Figure 4.4-2.25 These waters are within the area designated as
open space.
25 These wetland boundaries were verified by the USACE on October 11, 2011. The
previous delineation was verified by the USACE on June 7, 2005. The current delineation
includes more riverine emergent wetlands and wet meadow than the previous delineation.
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Drainages (1.84 ac)
Riverine Wetlands (0.065 ac)
Wet Meadow (5.29 ac)
SOURCE: Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
FIGURE 4.4-2
Canyon Springs Subdivision
Jurisdictional Waters
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LEGEND
Biological Study Area
Jurisdictional Waters
Drainages (1.84 ac)
Riverine Wetlands (0.065 ac)
Wet Meadow (5.29 ac)
SOURCE: Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
FIGURE 4.4-2
Canyon Springs Subdivision
Jurisdictional Waters
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TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
FIGURE 4.4-2
JURISDICTIONAL WATERS
3000 600 FeetNORTH
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-35
i. Wetlands
HEC determined that 5.94 acres of wetlands are present on the project, consisting
of 5.29 acres of wet meadow and 0.65-acre of riverine emergent wetlands. These
wetlands areas are primarily associated with the wet meadow habitat in the south-
west and central portions of the project site; the riverine emergent wetlands occur
in three small areas along the primary (intermittent) drainage in the central portion
of the project site.
ii. Non-wetland Waters
HEC determined that 1.84-acre of non-wetland waters (“other waters”) are present
on the project site. Non-wetland waters are associated with the numerous ephem-
eral and intermittent drainages on the project site. These drainages convey mostly
surface runoff and snow melt, but also include some groundwater recharge.
Based on the findings from the HEC delineation, included as Appendix D of the
2012 Draft EIR, the wetlands and non-wetland waters on the project site total 7.78
acres. These waters are tributary to the Truckee River and subject to regulation by
the USACE as waters of the U.S. These areas would also likely be subject to regu-
lation by the RWQCB and CDFW.
C. Standards of Significance
The proposed project would have a significant impact with regard to biological
resources if it would:
Have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifica-
tions, on any species identified as a candidate, sensitive, or special status spe-
cies in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California De-
partment of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive nat-
ural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, and regulations or
by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Have a substantial adverse effect on federally protected wetlands as defined by
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (including, but not limited to, marsh, ver-
nal pool, coastal, etc.) through direct removal, filling, hydrological interruption,
or other means.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-36
Interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory
fish or wildlife species or with established native resident or migratory wildlife
corridors, or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites.
Conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources,
such as a tree preservation policy or ordinance.
Conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural
Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state hab-
itat conservation plan.
D. Impact Discussion
This section provides a discussion of the project impacts to biological resources
that may occur with implementation of the proposed project. The determination
of impacts is based on the biological resources present, or reasonably likely to be
present, on the project site as described herein.
Features of the proposed project that could impact biological resources include the
proposed construction of 185 residential homes, a recreational use area, associated
roadways (including four drainage crossings), the 4.5-mile publically accessible trail
system comprised of 2-foot-wide soft surface trails, and 12-foot-wide gravel trails,
which would also provide utility access, and water quality retention ponds. In addi-
tion, the project would also include the installation of approximately 2,600 linear
feet of new off-site water mains adjacent to existing roadways in the Glenshire res-
idential area located to the west of the project site.
For purposes of the impacts discussion, an average building footprint of 2,500
square feet per residential lot was used. After including the impact footprints from
the internal roadways, publically accessible trail system, and retention basins, the
project would result in the removal of approximately 27.92 acres of Jeffrey pine
community, removal of approximately 7.25 acres of sagebrush community, and
removal of approximately 26 snags.
The 2-foot-wide soft-surface trails would be located primarily on existing trails or
roads, and would not be improved where the alignment crosses the wet meadow or
drainages; however, as shown on Figure 4.13-1 in Section 4.13, Public Services and
Recreation, of the 2012 Draft EIR, footbridges would be placed at these crossings.
The footbridges would be treated wood style bridges with single wood piles spaced
about every 8 feet, and would be 4 to 5 feet wide with a low wood curb. The po-
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-37
tential impacts to upland vegetation from this soft-surface trail feature are deter-
mined to be negligible. However, the installation of the wood piles would impact
approximately 78 square feet of wetlands and non-wetland waters.
An additional approximately 76.68 acres of Jeffrey pine and sagebrush communities
are within the proposed residential and recreation area (in addition to the estimated
2,500-square-foot building envelopes), and would be subject to indirect impacts
due to the increased human presence. On individual housing lots, the introduction
of pets, alteration of native vegetation, etc., would decrease the overall value of
these habitats and could discourage wildlife from using these areas.
Figures 4.4-3 and 4.4-4 show the proposed project overlaid on the plant communi-
ties mapping and jurisdictional waters, respectively.
1. Project Impacts
The following section evaluates the project impacts by comparing the standards of
significance thresholds to the various project features.
a. Have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifica-
tions, on any species identified as a candidate, sensitive, or special status spe-
cies in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California De-
partment of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Implementation of the project would result in removal of approximately 27.92
acres of Jeffrey pine community, approximately 7.25 acres of sagebrush communi-
ty, and removal of approximately 26 snags. These communities provide potential
habitat for Sierra Nevada red fox, Lewis’s woodpecker, goshawk, willow flycatcher,
and yellow warbler, and removal of this habitat could impact these species if they
are present on the project site during construction. An additional approximately
76.68 acres of these combined communities would occur within the residential and
recreation lots, subject to increased human presence, and could result in this habitat
becoming less suitable for these species.
Implementation of the proposed project would not directly impact the wet mead-
ow community or the riverine emergent wetlands on the project site, which could
potentially support Bolander’s bruchia, broad-nerved hump moss, and three-ranked
hump moss. Therefore, impacts to these species would be less than significant.
Impacts to Sierra Nevada red fox could include loss of potential foraging habitat
and potentially direct impacts to individuals. Due to the vast amount of Jeffrey
pine and sagebrush communities present in the region compared to the amount of
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-38
these communities that would be removed or degraded on the project site, the loss
of potential foraging habitat for Sierra Nevada red fox would be less than significant.
There is also a very low potential for the project to impact denning habitat for Sier-
ra Nevada red fox. The potential impacts to individuals or denning habitat would
be significant.
Impacts to northern goshawk and willow flycatcher could include loss of foraging
or migration habitat. Due to the vast areas of Jeffrey pine and sagebrush commu-
nities present in the region compared to the amount of these communities that
would be removed or degraded on the project site, the loss of habitat for these
species would be less than significant.
Impacts to Lewis’s woodpecker, and yellow warbler could include loss of foraging
habitat, and potentially disturbance of active nests. Due to the vast areas of Jeffrey
pine and sagebrush communities present in the region compared to the amount of
these communities that would be removed or degraded on the project site, the loss
of habitat for this species would be less than significant. However, the potential dis-
turbance of active nests would be significant.
b. Have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive nat-
ural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, regulations, or by
the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-
vice.
Sensitive plant communities on the project site include the wet meadow and pebble
meadow. As previously discussed the Town recognizes wildlife movement and
migration corridors as sensitive resources. Impacts to wildlife movement and mi-
gration corridors are discussed below under Threshold (d) below.
Implementation of the proposed project would not result in removal of, or land
development on the sensitive plant communities on the project site. The project
could indirectly impact these communities through modification of the hydrology
that supports these areas. Consistent with Town Development Code Section
18.38.040.A.2.a, all proposed building envelopes would be outside of the Town-
required 50-foot setback from designated 100-year floodplains for the two blue line
waterways.26
26 Town of Truckee Municipal Code, Title 18, Development Code, Chapter 18.38,
Lake and River/Stream Corridor Development, Section 18.38.040.A.2.a – River and Stream
Development Standards.
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Biological Study Area
Snags
Lot Lines
Building Envelopes
Retention Basin
Pedestrian Trail
Plant Communities (290.73 ac)
Sagebrush Series (59.71 ac)
Jeffery Pine Series (225.65 ac)
Pebble Meadow (0.70 ac)
Wet Meadow (4.67 ac)SOURCE: Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Foothill Associates (2004); Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
FIGURE 4.4-3
Canyon Springs Subdivision
Plant Communities and Pr oposed Project
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LEGEND
Biological Study Area
Snags
Lot Lines
Building Envelopes
Retention Basin
Pedestrian Trail
Plant Communities (290.73 ac)
Sagebrush Series (59.71 ac)
Jeffery Pine Series (225.65 ac)
Pebble Meadow (0.70 ac)
Wet Meadow (4.67 ac)SOURCE: Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Foothill Associates (2004); Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
FIGURE 4.4-3
Canyon Springs Subdivision
Plant Communities and Pr oposed Project
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LEGEND
Biological Study Area
Snags
Lot Lines
Building Envelopes
Retention Basin
Pedestrian Trail
Plant Communities (290.73 ac)
Sagebrush Series (59.71 ac)
Jeffery Pine Series (225.65 ac)
Pebble Meadow (0.70 ac)
Wet Meadow (4.67 ac)SOURCE: Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Foothill Associates (2004); Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
FIGURE 4.4-3
Canyon Springs Subdivision
Plant Communities and Pr oposed Project
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LEGEND
Biological Study Area
Snags
Lot Lines
Building Envelopes
Retention Basin
Pedestrian Trail
Plant Communities (290.73 ac)
Sagebrush Series (59.71 ac)
Jeffery Pine Series (225.65 ac)
Pebble Meadow (0.70 ac)
Wet Meadow (4.67 ac)SOURCE: Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Foothill Associates (2004); Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
FIGURE 4.4-3
Canyon Springs Subdivision
Plant Communities and Pr oposed Project
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LEGEND
Biological Study Area
Snags
Lot Lines
Building Envelopes
Retention Basin
Pedestrian Trail
Plant Communities (290.73 ac)
Sagebrush Series (59.71 ac)
Jeffery Pine Series (225.65 ac)
Pebble Meadow (0.70 ac)
Wet Meadow (4.67 ac)SOURCE: Basemap - ESRI Imagery (2010); Mapping - Foothill Associates (2004); Heal Environmental Consulting (2011)
FIGURE 4.4-3
Canyon Springs Subdivision
Plant Communities and Pr oposed Project
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TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
FIGURE 4.4-3
PLANT COMMUNITIES AND THE PROPOSED SITE PLAN
Source: ESRI Imagery, 2010; Foothill Associates, 2004; Heal Environmental Consulting, 2011; LSA Associates, Inc., 2012.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
FIGURE 4.4-4
JURISDICTIONAL WATERS AND THE PROPOSED SITE PLAN
Source: ESRI Imagery, 2010; Heal Environmental Consulting, 2011; LSA Associates, Inc., 2012.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-41
For the proposed project, private housing lot boundaries are proposed within 50-
feet of designated 100-year floodplain, but as recommended by CDFW, a minimum
50-foot setback to building envelopes, which includes secondary units, outbuild-
ings, and all other structures, would be maintained along the designated 100-year
floodplain and all on-site ephemeral drainages. Furthermore, as recommended by
CDFW, the project includes a 100-foot setback from private housing lots to the
main drainage and with the exception of ten housing lots (122 to 131), which
would have a minimum 50-foot setback from the building envelopes to Buck
Spring, the project includes a 100-foot setback from private housing lots to all wet
meadows.27
Through implementation of these setbacks, and by preserving 176.17 acres that
primarily include the on-site wet meadow and pebble meadow communities within
the future Canyon Springs Home Owner’s Association-owned and maintained
open space/common area, the project would avoid encroachment into the wet
meadows. Accordingly, the project would minimize the effects to upland surface
hydrology supporting the wet meadow community by limiting the area of impervi-
ous surface and associated runoff which can result in erosion, sedimentation, and
increased pollutants. In addition, at the four locations where vehicular roadways
would cross drainages, the project’s clear-span bridges would avoid any impacts to
the drainages and wet meadows located downstream of the crossings. Therefore,
direct effects (i.e. removal) to sensitive plant communities resulting from the pro-
posed project would not occur. The proposed project would result in minor indi-
rect impacts to wet meadows through modification of surface hydrology that sup-
ports these areas due to the introduction of impervious surfaces; however, as a
result of the project design features described above, this impact would be less than
significant and no mitigation measures are required.
c. Have a substantial adverse effect on federally protected wetlands as defined by
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (including, but not limited to, marsh, ver-
nal pool, coastal, etc.) through direct removal, filling, hydrological interruption,
or other means.
Approximately 5.94 acres of wetlands occur on the project site. Implementation of
the project would result in a minimal amount of fill being placed in wetlands on the
project site during installation of the wood piles for the pedestrian trail footbridges.
Of the nine footbridges shown in Figure 4.13-1 in Section 4.13, Public Services and
27 Jeff Drongesen, Environmental Program Manager, CDFW. Written correspond-
ence to Denyelle Nishimori, Associate, Town of Truckee, May 23, 2011.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-42
Recreation, only three of the bridges would cross at the wet meadows, resulting in
approximately 54 square feet of impact to wetlands. An additional five footbridges
would cross ephemeral and intermittent drainages, resulting in approximately 24
square feet of impact to non-wetland waters. One of the footbridges, located near
the southeast corner of the project, would not cross jurisdictional waters. At the
four locations where vehicular roadways would cross drainages, the project’s clear-
span bridges would avoid any impacts to the drainages. In addition, as described
above, the project includes a 100-foot setback from private housing lots to the
main drainage and, with the exception of ten housing lots (122 to 131) which
would have a minimum 50-foot setback from the building envelopes to Buck
Spring, the project includes a 100-foot setback from private housing lots to all wet
meadows. Therefore, direct impacts (e.g. removal) to wetlands from the proposed
project would be limited to the piles from the footbridges. The impacts to wet-
lands, while minimal, would be significant.
The project could indirectly impact these wetlands through modification of the
hydrology that supports these areas. As described above, the project includes a
100-foot setback from private housing lots to the main drainage and with the ex-
ception of ten housing lots (122 to 131), which would have a minimum 50-foot
setback from the building envelopes to Buck Spring; the project includes a 100-foot
setback from private housing lots to all wet meadows. Furthermore, the project
would preserve within the future Canyon Springs Home Owner’s Association
owned and maintained open space/common area, the 176.17 acres that primarily
include the on-site wetlands. Therefore, the project would minimize the effects to
surface hydrology supporting these areas by limiting the area of impervious surface
and associated runoff which can result in erosion, sedimentation, and increased
pollutants. Still, the proposed project would result in minor indirect impacts to
wetlands through modification of surface hydrology that supports these areas due
to the introduction of impervious surfaces; however, as a result of the project de-
sign features described above, this impact would be less than significant and no miti-
gation measures are required.
d. Interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory
fish or wildlife species or with established native resident or migratory wildlife
corridors, or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites.
The Jeffrey pine and sagebrush communities, including snags, provide potential
nesting habitat for numerous bird species. The removal of approximately 27.92
acres of Jeffrey pine community and approximately 7.25 acres of sagebrush com-
munity, including removal of approximately 26 snags, could result in disturbance to
active nests. This impact would be significant.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
CANYON SPRINGS REVISED DRAFT EIR
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-43
The snags and mature trees in the Jeffrey pine community on the project site pro-
vide potential roost sites for bats. The removal of approximately 26 snags and ap-
proximately 27.92 acres of the on-site Jeffrey pine community could result in the
loss of bat roosts. In addition, approximately 76.68 acres of these combined com-
munities would occur within the proposed residential lots and recreation area sub-
ject to increased human presence, and could result in this habitat becoming less
suitable for bats. This impact would be significant.
Bats could also forage over the wet meadow and sagebrush habitat on the project
site. Since the project would not result in the loss of wet meadow habitat and
would result in only minimal loss of sagebrush habitat compared the quantity of
this habitat present in the region, impacts to foraging habitat for bats would be less
than significant.
As discussed in the various reports that have been prepared for the project site, it is
well documented that the Verdi subunit of the Loyalton-Truckee mule deer herd
utilize the project site and surrounding area for foraging movement, migration, and
the critical fawning habitat for this deer herd occurs approximately 1.5 miles south
and approximately seven miles southwest of the project site. However, there is no
direct evidence that deer use the site for critical winter habitat or that known major
migratory routes (i.e. migration in substantial numbers) for this mule deer herd or
other important migratory animals in the region exist within the project site.
As previously discussed, recent data suggests that only a few individual mule deer
use the site for movement or forage at any given time.28 The recent CDFW and
NDOW data sets of radio-collared deer in the project vicinity show records of
mule deer use near the southeastern corner of the project site, the project site and
surrounding areas. The distribution of mule deer data points near the southeast
corner of the project site suggests that local and on-site topography (a high ridge on
the southeast corner of the project site) may cause mule deer to move around the
southeastern end of the northwest to southeast ridge on the project site. If this is
the case, the two northwest to southeast ridges within the project site may serve to
deflect deer movement to the southeast of the project site during migration.
28 Data sets of radio-collared deer in the project vicinity provided by the California
Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2013 and 2014.
TOWN OF TRUCKEE
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BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
4.4-44
According to the CDFW, impacts resulting from residential development and rec-
reational use are currently the biggest concern for the future of this deer herd.29
Given the project site is currently heavily used for unauthorized and unregulated
recreation use including snowmobile users, off-road vehicle users, and dog walkers
with unleashed dogs, potential impacts from the proposed project would result
from the introduction of permanent residential development. As such, implementa-
tion of the proposed project could result in a disturbance to the Verdi subunit of
the Loyalton-Truckee mule deer herd. The following disturbances would result in a
potentially significant impact:
Temporary disturbances in the form of noise, dust, etc. during project con-
struction;
The direct loss of habitat for movement, foraging and migration as it is con-
verted to other land uses; and
Long-term disturbances in the form of increased human activity, vehicular and
bicycle traffic, equestrian use, and the presence of domestic animals such as
pet dogs.
i. Temporary Construction Disturbances
Land development related construction impacts would be phased and most con-
struction phases would last approximately 18 to 24 months, but some may be as
long as 24 to 30 months. While some phases may be under construction simulta-
neously, the entire project site would not be under construction at the same time.
While primarily corridor linear-type improvements, project infrastructure construc-
tion, including approximately 15,976 linear feet of roadway, on-site utilities, reten-
tion ponds and 2,610 linear feet of off-site utilities installation, would span an eight-
year period. In general, all construction staging would occur within the project
boundaries with the exception of utilities upgrades per the Truckee-Donner Public
Utilities District (water) requirements. Subsequent to site preparation, buildout of
the future homes is anticipated to take 20 or more years. There would be adequate
undisturbed areas for wildlife throughout the 20-year buildout period for project
completion. Additionally, in accordance with Mitigation Measure AIR-2 (see Chap-
ter 4.3, Air Quality, Section E), the project applicant shall submit a construction
plan and dust control plan for the project. The conditions in these plans will mini-
mize impacts to wildlife from dust during construction. Accordingly, the prolonged
29 Jeff Drongesen, Environmental Program Manager, CDFW. Written correspond-
ence to Denyelle Nishimori, Senior Associate, Town of Truckee, May 23, 2011.
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construction impacts to wildlife movement and migration would be less than signifi-
cant and no mitigation measures are required.
ii. Direct Loss of Habitat for Movement, Foraging, and Migration
As previously discussed the development of the proposed project on individual
housing lots, the introduction of domestic pets such as dogs, and alteration of na-
tive vegetation would decrease the overall value of these habitats and could dis-
courage wildlife from using these areas. In response to these potential impacts, the
proposed project includes design features, which are explained in detail in Chapter
3, Project Description, of the 2012 Draft EIR, which would minimize impacts to
the wildlife habitat for movement, foraging and migration, and resident wildlife
species. These include the following:
The proposed project would implement Rural Suburban clustered devel-
opment consistent with Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan Land Use Policy
P7.3 to minimize the loss of natural habitat.
The project includes the preservation of approximately 176 acres of public
open space and natural habitat (which equals about 60 percent of the total
project site) to protect natural habitat.
The proposed open space would link to open space adjacent to the pro-
ject site and would be preserved within the future Canyon Springs Home
Owner’s Association-owned and maintained open space/common area, to
provide a permanent wildlife corridor free of development. The
linked/connected open space would minimize impacts to plant communi-
ties and wildlife from fragmentation.
The project includes a 4.5-mile publically accessible trail network in the
open space. The network would include 2-foot-wide soft-surface trails
that would be located primarily on existing trails or roads. The soft-
surface trail design would minimize impacts to plant communities and wa-
ter quality.
The project includes the construction of clear-span bridges at the four ve-
hicular roadway drainage crossings. Bridges would be built to ensure that
the undercrossing is of sufficient height to allow for safe passage of wild-
life and minimize impacts to wildlife movement.
The project also includes a 100-foot setback from private housing lots to
the main drainage and, with the exception of ten housing lots (122 to 131)
which would have a minimum 50-foot setback from the building enve-
lopes to Buck Spring; the project includes a 100-foot setback from private
housing lots to all wet meadows. The setbacks would avoid encroachment
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into the wildlife corridors on the project site and minimize impacts to
wildlife from water borne contaminants.
Native perennial grasses and bitterbrush (high quality foraging) would be
planted on the areas damaged by unauthorized public uses of the private-
ly-owned project site (e.g. off-road vehicle and motorcycles). This resto-
ration effort would improve the open space habitat for the mule deer
herd, as well as other resident wildlife species.
The landscaping proposed in the Draft Design Guidelines encourages the
use of native, sustainable landscaping indigenous to the Truckee region on
individual lots. In addition to other benefits, the landscaping has been de-
signed to muffle noise and moderate heat and glare impacts from lighting.
All exterior lighting would be low level illumination and would be shielded
(downward facing) to minimize light spill, glare and reflection, and to
maintain dark skies and avoid open space and sensitive habitat areas adja-
cent to the development area.
Vehicular roadways would not exceed maximum speed design of 25 miles
per hour to minimize impacts to wildlife from speeding vehicles.
Roadway signage for deer crossing warnings would be posted on-site to
raise awareness of wildlife movement.
Trail signage would be posted on the proposed 4.5-mile publically acces-
sible trail network and provide users of with educational information re-
garding the qualities of the natural characteristics of the project site—both
biological and ecological. Trail signage would include trail use protocol to
ensure user safety and the protection of wildlife and the natural habitat.
Flora and fauna education, seasonal condition warnings, and other rele-
vant information depending on the trail would be included. Equestrian
uses would not be expected to impact biological resources, as horses do
not pose a threat to deer. Other trail use protocol would include inform-
ing the public that domestic dogs must be under both immediate voice
and visual control (but in support of wildlife, dog leashes are recommend-
ed May through October), and that no motorized use of the trails by off-
road vehicles (e.g. dirt bikes and snowmobiles) would be permitted. Dogs
under voice and visual control consistent with the Municipal Code30
would not be expected to impact on-site deer or create a dog-at-large-
issue. See Figure 4.13-1 in Chapter 4.13, Public Services and Recreation,
30 Municipal Code, Title 8, Animal Control, Chapter 8.01, Humane Animal Con-
trol, Section, 8.01.420, Animals Running At Large.
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of the 2012 Draft EIR for a representative example of trail signs proposed
for the project site.
With implementation of these project design features, impacts from the loss of
habitat for movement, foraging, and migration would be less than significant and no
mitigation measures are required.
With respect to indirect impacts to native plant communities and wildlife from
edge effects such as fragmentation of habitat, increase noise and lighting, and air
and water borne contaminants (including dust). As discussed above, the project
includes several design features, which are described in detail in Chapter 3, Project
Description that would minimize edge effects. Furthermore, in accordance with
Mitigation Measure AIR-2 (see Chapter 4.3, Section E), the project applicant shall
submit a construction plan and dust control plan for the project. The conditions in
these plans will minimize impacts to native plant communities and wildlife from
dust during construction.
As result of the project design features and air quality mitigation measures de-
scribed above, potential indirect impacts to native plant communities and wildlife
from edge effects would be less than significant and no mitigation measures are re-
quired.
iii. Long-term disturbances in the form of increased human activity, vehicular and bicycle traffic,
equestrian use, and the presence of domestic animals such as pet dogs.
Although the site is heavily used for unregulated and unauthorized recreational
uses, the recent data on the Verdi subunit of the Loyalton-Truckee mule deer herd
show that this herd frequents the project site as well as the surrounding residential
subdivisions and open space areas. Therefore, given the CDFW’s high interest and
concerns for the Verdi subunit of the Loyalton-Truckee mule herd, impacts from
the long-term disturbances associated with permanent residents on the project site
are considered significant.
e. Conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources,
such as a tree preservation policy or ordinance.
The Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan Land Use, Community Character and Con-
servation and Open Space Elements includes goals and associated policies that are
applicable to biological resources, as described above in Section A.3, Regulatory
Framework, Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan. The goals reflect the means by
which the built environment should protect significant wildlife habitat and sensitive
biological resources, and maintain biodiversity, respectively.
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The project site supports wildlife habitat and corridors, and sensitive biological
resources such as wet meadows and pebble meadows. The project site also sup-
ports a myriad of wildlife and plant species as described throughout this section.
Implementation of the proposed project could impact the biological resources on
the project site and reduce biodiversity. As described in Chapter 3, Project De-
scription, of the 2012 Draft EIR, one of the objectives of the project is to “Protect
open space areas that serve as native habitat and wildlife corridors.” The project
aims to integrate residential and recreation components with surrounding residen-
tial developments on a site comprised of informal trails, native habitat, and wildlife
resources. The project would include approximately 176 acres, or 60 percent of the
290-acre site, of connected public open space and natural habitat. The public open
space would be preserved within the future Canyon Springs Home Owner’s Asso-
ciation-owned and maintained open space/common area. The residential lots
would be located to the north and south of the proposed public open space that
would serve as a wildlife corridor.
Housing lots are designed to meet the Rural Suburban cluster requirements (i.e.
groupings of 10 to 30 dwellings separated by connected open space areas or green-
ways on Residential [0.5 to 1 units/acre] land use designations peripheral to Town
core, but generally not on sites within the rural fringe). The housing lots would
connect with the project’s 4.5-mile publically accessible trail system and surround-
ing open space while providing setback buffers between future homes and envi-
ronmentally-sensitive areas such as wet meadows and ephemeral drainages. In ad-
dition, the proposed open space would connect to existing open space areas adja-
cent to the project site providing a contiguous open space corridor. Therefore,
impacts related to project consistency with applicable Town of Truckee 2025 General
Plan goals and policies associated with the protection of biological resources and
loss of biodiversity and would be less than significant and no mitigation measures are
required.
f. Conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural
Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state hab-
itat conservation plan.
There are no Habitat Conservation Plans, Natural Community Conservation Plans,
or other approved local, regional, or State habitat conservation plans that have ju-
risdiction of the project site. Therefore, conflicts to these types of plans from im-
plementation of the proposed project would not occur and no mitigation measures
are required.
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2. Cumulative Impacts
This section analyzes potential impacts to biological resources that could occur
from a combination of the project with the Town buildout identified in the Town of
Truckee 2025 General Plan and reasonably foreseeable projects in the surrounding
area. The geographic scope of this analysis is taken as the Town of Truckee sphere
of influence (SOI), as defined in the Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan and reasona-
bly foreseeable projects in the surrounding area. Therefore, a cumulative impact
would be considered potentially significant if, taken together with past, present, and
reasonably foreseeable projects in the Town of Truckee SOI and the Boca Quarry
project in Nevada County, the project would contribute to the ongoing loss of nat-
ural, undisturbed open space in the region resulting in a decline of biological re-
sources and species diversity.
The encroachment of development areas into natural, relatively undisturbed open
space is a continual and direct threat to wildlife species in the vicinity as it removes
habitat for plant species, increases fragmentation of open space in the region effect-
ing wildlife dispersal, and results in an increased human presence leading to the
degradation of natural undisturbed habitats. Cumulative disruptions to the wildlife
movement and migration in the Truckee region include Interstate 80, other road-
ways, reservoirs and dams, fencing, and future and existing development, including
the Glenshire residential area. Buildout of the Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan,
which includes all lands within the SOI, could impact special-status plant and ani-
mal species, sensitive natural communities, jurisdictional waters, and wildlife
movement. Accordingly, the project when considered with the Town of Truckee
2025 General Plan buildout and the Boca Quarry project in Nevada County could
result in a significant cumulative impact to biological resources.
The Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan includes goals, policies, and actions to reduce
potential impacts to these biological resources to less-than-significant levels. The
analysis of the project’s impacts to biological resources concluded that implementa-
tion of the Mitigation Measures BIO-1, BIO-2, and BIO-3 in addition to the pro-
posed project’s design features (described above) would ensure the project-related
impacts to the natural habitats that have an exceptionally high value for wildlife
species, providing water, thermal cover, wildlife corridors, and diverse nesting and
feeding opportunities would be less than significant.
Impacts to biological resources from the Boca Quarry project to the north of the
project site would be limited to removal of native vegetation during mining activi-
ties that is used by local and migrating (e.g. Loyalton-Truckee mule deer herd) wild-
life. These impacts would be adequately addressed by implementing a concurrent
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revegetation strategy that would ensure that revegetation of mined areas would
occur at the same time as the start of mining in new areas, thereby reducing the
length of time that previously mined lands would be unvegetated and unusable by
wildlife.31
However, while buildout of the Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan would create sig-
nificant and unavoidable cumulative impacts on biological resources in the planning
area,32 the project’s contribution to this significant impact is not considered cumu-
latively considerable because the project includes mitigation measures and design
features (described above) that would ensure the project-related impacts to the
natural habitats that have an exceptionally high value for wildlife species would be
less than significant. Therefore, cumulative impacts identified with project implemen-
tation would be less than significant and additional mitigation measures are required.
3. Impacts and Mitigation Measures
This section provides a summary discussion of the project impacts to biological
resources, and appropriate mitigation measures to reduce impacts to levels that are
less than significant.
Impact BIO-1: Removal of Jeffrey pine and sagebrush habitat could potentially
impact Sierra Nevada red foxes if suitable den sites occur on the project site.
Mitigation Measure BIO-1: Prior to the start of construction for each phase of
development, a qualified biologist selected by the Town of Truckee shall sur-
vey the project site to determine if any burrows or other den sites suitable for
use by Sierra Nevada red fox are present. The selected surveyor shall coordi-
nate with CDFW to determine an acceptable survey methodology. If no evi-
dence of this species is found during field surveys, no further measures are re-
quired.
If an active Sierra Nevada red fox den is identified on the project site, CDFW
shall be contacted to determine how to proceed. It may be possible to pro-
ceed with construction with implementation of appropriate avoidance and
minimization measures (e.g. no-disturbance buffers, seasonal work windows)
to prevent incidental take of Sierra Nevada red fox. If incidental take cannot
31 Nevada County Community Development Agency, 2010. Boca Quarry Initial Study.
32 Town of Truckee 2025 General Plan EIR, Chapter 4.3, Biological Resources, Section
D, Cumulative Impact Discussion, p. 4.3-22.
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be prevented, it may be necessary to obtain an incidental take permit from
CDFW, pursuant to Section 2081 of CESA, before construction may proceed.
Significance After Mitigation: Less than significant.
Impact BIO-2: Removal of Jeffrey pine and sagebrush habitat could potentially
disturb nesting birds, including Lewis’s woodpeckers and yellow warblers, if these
species are nesting on the project site.
Mitigation Measure BIO-2: The following shall be implemented to mitigate
potential impacts to nesting yellow warblers. These measures shall apply to ac-
tivities associated with construction of infrastructure (e.g., roads, utilities) and
also to future home construction.
All trees, shrubs, and other vegetation that is to be removed within the
proposed work area shall be removed during the non-nesting season, be-
tween September 16 and February 28.
If vegetation removal is not possible during the non-nesting season, a qual-
ified biologist selected by the Town of Truckee shall survey the proposed
work area and lands within a 500-foot radius (this area may be decreased
due to property access constraints) for nesting birds. The nesting survey
shall be conducted within 14 days prior to the start of construction.
If no active nests are discovered, work can proceed.
If an active nest is discovered, the project proponent shall implement one
of the following two approaches:
A no-disturbance buffer shall be established around the active nest(s) us-
ing orange construction fencing (or equivalent). For raptors, the buffer
shall be established at a 500-foot radius; for non-raptors, the buffer shall
be established at a 100-foot radius. The fencing marking the buffer shall
be maintained in place until construction is complete, the young have
fledged, or the nest fails (the latter two shall be determined by a qualified
biologist); or
A qualified biologist selected by the Town of Truckee shall evaluate the
potential for the proposed project to disturb nesting activities. The eval-
uation criteria shall include, but are not limited to, the loca-
tion/orientation of the nest in the nest tree, the distance of the nest from
the proposed work area, and line of sight between the nest and the pro-
posed work area. CDFW shall be contacted to review the evaluation and
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determine if the project can proceed without adversely affecting nesting
activities. If work is allowed to proceed, at a minimum, a qualified biol-
ogist shall be on-site during the start of construction activities during the
nesting season to monitor nesting activity. The monitor shall have the
authority to stop work if it is determined the project is adversely affect-
ing nesting activities.
The above measures shall be repeated, as necessary, in accordance with the
phasing of project construction.
Significance After Mitigation: Less than significant.
Impact BIO-3: Installation of the wood piles for the pedestrian trail footbridges
would impact wetlands and non-wetland waters present on the project site.
Mitigation Measure BIO-3: The following shall be implemented to mitigate
potential impacts to wetlands and non-wetland waters.
Wetlands and non-wetland waters permanently impacted during construc-
tion shall be mitigated by one of the following methods or by using a com-
bination of the methods.
Preservation, creation, and/or restoration of the impacted resources at a
minimum ratio of 2:1 (creation could potentially be implemented at a 1:1
ratio if completed and functional prior to the start of construction).
Purchase of credits at an approved mitigation bank at a minimum 1:1
mitigation ratio.
Payment of in-lieu fees per the current USACE, Sacramento District in-
lieu fee schedule.
All mitigation lands shall be protected in perpetuity through recordation of
a conservation easement or equivalent method.
Prior to issuance of a grading permit or other authorization to proceed with
project construction, the project proponent shall obtain any regulatory
permits that are required from the Army Corps of Engineers, Regional Wa-
ter Quality Control Board, and/or California Department of Fish and Wild-
life.
The project proponent shall obtain a Minor Use Permit pursuant to Section
18.46.040.C of the Town of Truckee Development Code.
Significance After Mitigation: Less than significant
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Impact BIO-4: Removal of Jeffrey pine habitat and snags could potentially dis-
turb roosting bats if active breeding roosts are present on the project site.
Mitigation Measure BIO-4: The following shall be implemented to mitigate
potential impacts to roosting bats. All snags and potential roost trees (i.e. 20
inches in diameter at breast height (dbh) or greater) within the project impact
area shall be removed between September 1 and April 14. Removal of trees
during this period would avoid impacts to any bats occurring on the project
site during the normal breeding season (April 15 to August 30).
If removal of snags and potential roost trees within the project impact area is
not possible between September 1 and April 14, a qualified biologist shall sur-
vey all potential roost trees within the project impact area to determine if any
trees can be excluded as suitable bat roosts due to the lack of suitable structur-
al characteristics. If any trees can be excluded as bat roosts, removal of these
trees would not be subject to the seasonal restrictions described above. Any
trees that cannot be excluded as bat roosts shall be surveyed by a qualified bi-
ologist to determine if bats are present using an aerial-lift (or equivalent meth-
odology) to access cavities or other potential roost locations Alternatively, an
emergence survey shall be conducted to determine if roosting bats are present.
The above measures shall be repeated, as necessary, in accordance with the
phasing of project construction.
Significance After Mitigation: Less than significant.
Impact BIO-5: Long-term disturbances in the form of increased human activity
and pet dogs or other similar domestic animals from residents and visitors to Can-
yon Springs could potentially disturb the Verdi subunit of the Loyalton-Truckee
mule.
Mitigation Measure BIO-5a: The Canyon Springs Homeowner’s Association
shall distribute educational brochures to residents and visitors discussing the
protocol for interacting with wildlife and avoiding sensitive habitat with em-
phasis on the southeast corner of the project site between the months of May
to October. Educational materials shall specifically include information regard-
ing the confinement of domestic dogs as a conservation threat to deer and
other resident wildlife species. Distribution of educational materials would oc-
cur each May.
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Mitigation Measure BIO-5b: The Project Applicant shall realign the proposed
publically accessible trail to avoid the southeast corner of the project site and
install split-rail fencing along the southeast corner of the project site to prohib-
it residents and visitors of Canyon Springs and their dogs from entering this
area from May to October. The precise location of the trail and fencing shall
be approved by the Town and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife
prior the construction of Phase I.
Mitigation Measure BIO-5c: Residents or visitors of Canyon Springs and their
dogs shall be prohibited from entering the southeast corner of the project site
from May to October. The Project Applicant shall post signage approved by
the Town and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife along the
boundaries of the development area indicating such prohibitions and educating
the community about the confinement of dogs as a conservation threat to deer
and other resident wildlife.
Mitigation Measure BIO-5d: The Canyon Springs Homeowner’s Association
shall maintain all Town- and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife-
approved roadway, trail and site boundary signage and fencing related to wild-
life protection through bi-annual inspections to insure signage and fencing is
intact and unobstructed.
Mitigation Measure BIO-5e: The Canyon Springs Homeowners Association
shall require confinement fencing for those residents with domestic pets such
as dogs, of suitable materials to confine the pet. The fencing shall not to ex-
ceed 6 feet in height within the development area of individual lots.
Mitigation Measure BIO-5f: No fencing of sufficient height or construction
that would impede wildlife movement shall be permitted to be installed along
the outer edges of any individual residential lot in its entirety or the perimeter
of the project site in its entirety.
Mitigation Measure BIO-5g: The Canyon Springs Homeowner’s Association
shall annually educate future residents and visitors that the development of
lands within deer habitat contains associated risks of damage, which is ac-
ceptable, and that no depredation permits for controlling deer shall be permit-
ted.
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Mitigation Measure BIO-5h: The Canyon Springs Homeowner’s Association
shall require management practices of landscapes treated with pesticides that
minimize low-level exposures and sub-lethal effects to wildlife. Herbicides,
pesticides, and fungicide application records and other landscape and turfgrass
management records shall be made available to the Homeowner’s Association
at any time upon request.
Mitigation Measure BIO-5i: The Canyon Springs Homeowner’s Association
shall post off-site roadway signage for deer crossing warnings to raise aware-
ness of wildlife movement during migration season. The time of sign posing,
type of sign and posting location shall be approved by the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Wildlife.
Significance After Mitigation: Less than significant.
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